解析高考英語(yǔ)的“分隔”現(xiàn)象及其解題思路

馬愛(ài)生

英語(yǔ)句子為避免主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等主要句子成分過(guò)長(zhǎng)，往往將其與其修飾語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái), 此即英語(yǔ)中的分隔現(xiàn)象。分隔現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的主要原因一是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或者平衡句子，二是為了使行文精煉，句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)言簡(jiǎn)意賅。分隔成分可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)或是句子，用來(lái)補(bǔ)充含義或做出一些解釋。

分隔現(xiàn)象是英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的一個(gè)顯著區(qū)別，分隔現(xiàn)象很容易干擾考生對(duì)句意的理解，打斷正常的解題思路，造成句意、文意理解方面的障礙。通過(guò)對(duì)高考試題的分析，較常見(jiàn)的分隔現(xiàn)象概括起來(lái)主要有以下六種形式：

一、主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的分隔

英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)一般都緊密相連，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長(zhǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。但有時(shí)為了避免頭重腳輕，保持句子的平衡或者為了語(yǔ)義嚴(yán)密、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間也會(huì)插入其他成分，從而形成分隔現(xiàn)象。例如：

1. The country life he was used to_____ greatly since 1992. （2005山東卷）

A. changeB. has changed

C. changingD. have changed

解析：答案為B。此題中he was used to為定語(yǔ)從句，前面省略了關(guān)系代詞that，修飾主語(yǔ)The country life，它起著分隔主謂語(yǔ)的作用。因?yàn)榫渥拥闹髡Z(yǔ)the country life后需要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以應(yīng)選用has changed。

2. Professor Smith, along with his assistants,_____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. （2005上海卷）

A. workB. working

C. is workingD. are working

解析：答案為C。句子的“along with his assistants”是介詞短語(yǔ)，分割它前后的主謂語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。因主語(yǔ)是Professor Smith，所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。

二、同位語(yǔ)從句和先行詞的分隔

1. A story goes_____ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. （2004年上海卷）

A. whenB. where

C. whatD. that

解析：答案為D。句中的“ ... ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.”是主語(yǔ)A story的同位語(yǔ)。由于該同位語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而謂語(yǔ)較短，為保持句子平衡，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞goes放在了主語(yǔ)與同位語(yǔ)從句之間，造成同位語(yǔ)從句與主語(yǔ)的分隔。

2. —Its thirty years since we last met.

—But I still remember the story, believe it or not,_____ we got lost on a rainy night.（2006四川卷）

A. whichB. that

C. whatD. when

解析：答案為B。此題中“the story”和其同位語(yǔ)從句“that we got lost on a rainy night”被插入語(yǔ)“believe it or not”分隔，在一定程度上影響了考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的判斷。

三、定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞的分隔

1. The film brought the hours back to me _____I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（NMET2001）

A. untilB. that

C. whenD. where

解析：答案為C。此題的主體結(jié)構(gòu)為T(mén)he film brought the hours back to me.它語(yǔ)義清晰，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，同時(shí)也避免了出現(xiàn)類似于the hours when I was taken good care of in that faraway village這樣太長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)，那樣易造成句子失去平衡而且把賓語(yǔ)hours與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)back to me分隔開(kāi)來(lái)也造成理解困難。

2. He is the only one of the students who_____ a winner of scholarship for three

years. （2002年上海春季卷）

A. isB. are

C. have beenD. has been

解析：答案為D。此句中of the students分隔了先行詞the only one和定語(yǔ)從句who has been a winner of scholarship for three years， 影響了考生對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞的判斷，使得考生很容易錯(cuò)誤地把the students作為先行詞而誤選C選項(xiàng)。

四、連詞和其所連接的主體分句的分隔

1. —Is that the small town you often refer to？

—Right，just the one_____ you know I used to work for years. (2005福建卷)

A. thatB. which

C. whereD. what

解析：答案為C。此句中的you know為插入語(yǔ)，它分隔了關(guān)系詞和定語(yǔ)從句的主謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，干擾了考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以應(yīng)該選擇where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。

2. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall,_____, in fact, there were 40.（2006全國(guó)卷）

A. whileB. whether

C. whatD. which

解析：答案為A。句中in fact是插入語(yǔ)，起到了強(qiáng)調(diào)“事實(shí)上”的情況，整個(gè)句子“原以為”與“事實(shí)上”的對(duì)比并列關(guān)系，因此選擇while，表示兩者之間的對(duì)比。

五、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)內(nèi)的分隔

1. An awful accident_____, however, occur the other day.

A. doesB. did

C. has toD. had to

解析：答案為B。 這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)的句子。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)the other day為過(guò)去時(shí)間，所以謂語(yǔ)用did加動(dòng)詞原形。副詞however插入其中，起到了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。

除此之外在英語(yǔ)閱讀中還會(huì)出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)之間的分隔、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)內(nèi)的分隔、介詞與其賓語(yǔ)的分隔、某些詞語(yǔ)與其所要求的介詞的分隔等。英語(yǔ)的分隔應(yīng)遵循尾重原則，即應(yīng)把長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜的成分放在句末，以使結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱。

在解題時(shí)，當(dāng)分隔成分在英語(yǔ)句子中運(yùn)用是為了提高英語(yǔ)句子的效果時(shí)，可以把插入語(yǔ)從原文中抽取出來(lái)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)不會(huì)發(fā)生變化。如果插入語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，可以先跳過(guò)這部分，等從整體上把握句意之后再回頭看插入部分的內(nèi)容。雖然插入語(yǔ)會(huì)使考生思路被打斷，容易分散他們的注意力，但實(shí)際上在這種情況下它對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解不造成任何影響。若先把插入語(yǔ)省略掉，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。

【鞏固練習(xí)】

1. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,_____ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

A. wasB. were

C. had beenD. would be

2. Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, ____ in the clothing industry.

A. is workingB. works

C. workD. worked

3. —Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons,_____ to go to university.

—So do I.

A. hopeB. hopes

C. hopingD. hoped

4. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks_____ so small that a day is unimportant.

A. isB. are

C. has beenD. have been

5. Danby left word with my secretary_____ he would call again in the afternoon.

A. whoB. that

C. asD. which

6. A fast food restaurant is the place_____, just as the name suggests, eating is done quickly.

A. whichB. where

C. thereD. what

7. We all know that,_____, the situation will get worse.

A. not if dealt carefully with

B. if not carefully dealt with

C. if dealt not carefully with

D. not if carefully dealt with

8. The number of the people present, as we had expected,_____ very large.

A. wasB. were

C. isD. are

9. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at_____ I thought was a dangerous speed.

A. asB. which

C. whatD. that

10. What we used to think_____ impossible now does seem possible.

A. isB. was

C. has beenD. will be

11. The film brought the hours back to me__________I was taken good care of in that far-away village.

A. untilB. that

C. whenD. where

12. Jim plays football_____, if not better than, Mike.

A. as wellB. as well as

C. so wellD. so well as

13. He told me the news_____, believe it or not, he had earned $1, 000 in a single day.

A. thatB. which

C. asD. because

14. He ran as fast as he could_____ the bus.

A. catchB. to catch

C. catchingD. caught

15. A warm thought suddenly occurred to me__________I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.

A. ifB. when

C. thatD. which

16. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_____, of course, made the others envy him.

A. whoB. that

C. whatD. which

17. He made another wonderful discovery, __________of great importance to science.

A. which I think is

B. which I think it is

C. which I think it

D. I think which is

18. He is the only one of the students who________good at English.

A. isB. are

C. have beenD. were

19. Information has been put forward_____more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. whileB. that

C. WhenD. as

20. He arrived in New York in 1896,_____, some time later, he became an actor.

A. whenB. where

C. thatD. which

答案: 1-5 ACBAB6-10 BBACB

11-15 CBABC16-20 DAABB