直接引語轉化為間接引語的“變”與“不變”

引述或轉述別人的話稱為 “引語”。直接引用別人的原話，并且用引號標出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉述別人的話，不需要引號，這叫做間接引語。實際上間接引語大都是賓語從句，其中由祈使句轉換的間接引語除外（祈使句轉化為動詞不定式）。直接引語變成間接引語時，先需要對直接引語部分的句子作分析，來確定連詞的選用；其次在轉變過程中還需要對句子的結構、人稱、時態(tài)、時間狀語和地點狀語等作變化，歸納起來可以濃縮為：1.變引號確定連接詞；2.變?nèi)朔Q（遵循“一主，二賓，三不變” ）3.變時態(tài)；4.變時間、地點狀語等。直接引語變間接引語時過程比較復雜，在改寫中應具體注意以下幾點：

（1） 連詞使用

若直接引語引號里的內(nèi)容是陳述句，那么改為間接引語時，要用連詞that（可以省略）。若直接引語引號里的內(nèi)容是一般疑問句，那么改為間接引語時，要用連詞if/whether（不可以省略）。若直接引語引號里的內(nèi)容是特殊問句，那么改為間接引語時，要用wh-（即本身的疑問詞）連詞來引導（不可省略）。

（2） 主句動詞的變化

一般來說，主句謂語動詞常為said 或said to ，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，當直接引語是陳述句時，said不變。當直接引語是一般疑問句和特殊問句時，則要把said 或said to 變?yōu)閍sked/ asked sb.。

（3） 從句人稱的變化

由直接引語變間接引語時，從句的主語人稱要遵循“一主、二賓、三不變”原則。 1.如果直接引語的主語是第一人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句的人稱保持一致。2.如果直接引語的主語是第二人稱， 變間接引語時，要和主句的賓語保持一致。3.如果直接引語的主語是第三人稱，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。

如：1.They said，“ We will go there by bus.”

→They said （that） they would go there by bus.（直接引語的主語we是第一人稱，應和主句主語人稱they一致，故改為they ）

2. She said to me ， “ Are you interested in English?”

→She asked me if I was interested in English. (直接引語的主語you 是第二人稱， 變間接引語時應和主句的賓語me保持一致， 故改為I )

3. His mother said to me ， “ He can’t go to school.”

→His mother told me that he couldn’t go to school. (直接引語的主語he 是第三人稱， 變間接引語時人稱保持不變， 故仍用he)

（4）從句動詞時態(tài)的變化

1）如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時， 從句的時態(tài)則用相應的過去某種時態(tài)(即:過去進行時， 一般過去時， 過去完成時，過去將來時)，具體變化為: 一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時; 一般過去時→過去完成時; 現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時; 現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時; 過去完成時→過去完成時; 一般將來時→過去將來時。

如: He said， “I’m very tired.”

→He said that he was very tired.(一般現(xiàn)在時改為一般過去時)

Tom said， “I’m watching TV.”

→Tom said that he was watching TV.(現(xiàn)在進行時改為過去進行時)

She said， “I’ve seen the film.”

→She said that she had seen the film.(現(xiàn)在完成時改為過去完成時)

He said， “We’ll have a party this week.”

→He said that they would have a party that week.(一般將來時改為過去將來時)

He said to his mum， “ I finished my homework two hours ago.”

→He said to his mum that he had finished his homework two hours ago.(一般過去時改為過去完成時)

2)直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，如果主句中的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，變間接引語時從句的時態(tài)仍用原時態(tài)(即保持不變)。

如： He says，“I have finished my homework.”

→He says that he has finished his homework.

Lucy will say，“I will do it tomorrow.”

→Lucy will say that she will do it the next day.

（5）時間狀語、地點狀語及某些對比性的指示性代詞和動詞的變化

1）時間狀語： now → then； today → that day； tonight → that night； this

morning /week→ that morning / week；tomorrow → the next （following） day；

yesterday → the day before； next year → the next year；last week/month→

the week/ month before； two days ago → two days before

2）指示代詞： this→that； these→those

3）地點狀語： here→there

4）動詞： come→go； bring→take

如： She said， “I won’t come here any more.”

→She said that she wouldn’t go there any more.

He said，“ This will be finished tomorrow.”

→He said that would be finished the next day.

（6）直接引語變間接引語時， 下列幾種情況從句時態(tài)無須變化

1) 當直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語時， 如：

He said，“ I went to college in 1994.”

→He told us that he went to college in 1994.

2) 當直接引語是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或諺語、格言時，如:

He said to us， “ Light travels faster than sound.”

→He told us that light travels faster than sound.

He said， “Practice makes perfect.”

→He said that practice makes perfect.

此外， 轉述中的變化要因實際情況而定， 不能機械照搬。 如果當?shù)剞D述， here不必改為there， 動詞come不必改為go， 如果當天轉述，yesterday， tomorrow， this afternoon等均不必改。如:

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student A: What did the teacher say， Monitor?

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

（7）表示請求或祈使的句子改為句型tell/ask/order sb. （not） to do sth.

當直接引語引號里的內(nèi)容表示要求時用tell sb. （not） to do sth.；

當直接引語引號里的內(nèi)容表示請求時用ask sb. （not） do sth.；

當直接引語引號里的內(nèi)容表示強制要求時用order sb.（not） to do sth.。

【同步訓練】

1. “I’m doing some important work.” Mr Smith said.

Mr Smith said __________________ some important work.

2. “Who are you looking for？” Tom asked Sandy.

Tom asked Sandy __________________ looking for.

3. “We’ll help you with your English.” said he.

He said that __________________ help _____ with _____ English.

4.Millie asked where her book was.

Millie asked， “____________________？”

5. “ I want to know if you can learn it by yourselves.” the teacher said.

The teacher said _________ to know if ________ learn it by ______.

6.My mother asked me， “ Have you finished your homework yet？”

My mother asked me __________________ finished homework yet.

7. Mr Wu asked us where we had found the lost boy the day before.

Mr Wu asked， “___________you _____ the lost boy ？”

8.The teacher said to us， “The earth goes around the sun.”

The teacher ______ us _____ the earth ______ around the sun.

9. “Who did you see in the room？” I asked Mary.

I asked Mary ____________________ in the room.

10.Tom said to me， “ Don’t be late for class again.”

Tom ____ me __________________ late for class again.

Keys:1.he was doing 2.who she was 3.they would，us，our 4.where is my book 5.he wanted，we could，ourselves 6.if I had，my 7.where did，find，yesterday 8.told，that，goes 9.who she had seen 10.asked，not to be