閱讀理解中的推理判斷題型分析

劉素梅

推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的線索和事實進行邏輯推理，推測作者未提到的事實或某事發(fā)生的可能性，將間接論據(jù)連貫起來，得出一個合理的結(jié)論。合理，就是論，推理有事實根據(jù)，而不是讀者主觀臆斷的。

推理判斷題常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等詞提問。提問中往往含有表示推測的情態(tài)動詞，如can, could, might, would等和其他表示可能性的副詞，如probably, most likely等。

推理判斷題常見的表述形式有：

1. It can be inferred / concluded from the passage that ...

2. The passage suggests / implies that ...

3. The author may probably agree with / support ...

4. By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means ...

5. The author seems to be in favour of / be against ...

6. The authors purpose of writing this passage is...

推理判斷題的解題技巧：

所謂推斷就是從已知的事情中推測未知的事情。這里所說的未知是指文章或作者沒有直接說明但已暗示出來，或者根據(jù)作者提供的信息，可能引出的必然性結(jié)論。所以推斷類題目盡管不能在文章中直接找到答案，但我們可以在文章中找到可供推論的依據(jù)。

還有一個重要的技巧就是排除法的適當運用。很多錯誤選項的排除要靠我們對于文章事實和細節(jié)的準確把握。因此我們也要相應(yīng)加強對于文章事實細節(jié)的訓練。

推理判斷題主要題型：

（一）細節(jié)推理題：

抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息，即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷，結(jié)合上下文或上下句推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。在推斷中，我們要嚴格依據(jù)作者所陳述的細節(jié)、事實，找出能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語，然后利用自己已獲得的相關(guān)知識進行推理判斷，從而得出符合邏輯的結(jié)論。

例１： When she looked ahead, florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim across the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.

On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.

Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and her trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasnt much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had... until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.

Question: What does “she never had ...” in the third paragraph mean?

A. She had never been so desperate.

B. She had never thought of giving it up.

C. She had never seen such thick fog.

D. She had never swum across the strait before.

解析： B。根據(jù)上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推斷出，她當時并沒有想放棄，只不過是后來情況變化了。

例2： Decision-thinking is not unlike poker—it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. The mental process（過程） is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.

The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games fall into two classes; there are what he called games of “perfect information”, games like chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks; they dont win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.

One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors（因素）, which would ever puzzle best poker players. But few business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that they are playing chess, not poker.

Question: An important factor in a game of imperfect information is_________.

A. rules B. luck C. time D. ideas

解析： 短文第二段有這樣一段說明：……游戲可分為兩類，一種是被稱為 “perfect information”的游戲，雙方無法隱瞞或進行欺騙，他們不是靠碰巧獲勝 （... they dont win by chance）。另一種則是 “imperfect information”的游戲，如打牌，游戲者不可能預先知道他出的這一張牌是否比另一張好。從作者的這種表達可以推斷出，“imperfect information”游戲獲勝的一個因素就是運氣，因此選B。

（二）推測文章的觀點或結(jié)論

推測文章的觀點或結(jié)論的語言表述形式有：

1） It can be inferred from the passage that________.

2） What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

3） From the passage we can conclude that________.

這類問題問的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點，而可能只是文章中的某一觀點。但要推測出文中的某一觀點，仍離不開對全文主要觀點或中心思想的把握。

例1： Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.

“To reduce pain, take two tablets（藥片） with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief（緩解疼痛） take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.

For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount(量). For children less than six years old, ask your doctors advice. Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”

Question: It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine________.

A. helps you to fall asleep quickly

B. may be dangerous to small children

C. cannot be taken if one feels sleepy

D. shouldnt be taken by children under six

解析： 所有的選項都是針對文章的，所以要通讀全文后再進行判斷。從文章第三段第二句得知，六歲以下兒童是否可用此藥需要向醫(yī)生咨詢，但并未加以禁止，因此可判斷B 為正確選項。

例2. “In general,”writes Rubin in her new book, “womens friendship with each other rest on shared emotions and support, but mens relationships are marked by shared activities.” For the most part, Rubin says interactions（交往）between men are emotionally controlled—a good fit with the social requirements of many behavior.

“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share little about their innermost feelings. Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.”

Question 1: According to the text, which type of behavior is NOT expected of a man by society?

A. Ending his marriage without good reasons.

B. Spending too much time with his friends.

C. Complaining about his marriage trouble.

D. Going out to ballgames too often.

Question 2: Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph?

A. Men keep their innermost feelings to themselves.

B. Women are more serious than men about marriage.

C. Men often take sudden action to end their marriage.

D. Women depend on others in making decisions.

Keys： 1. C 2. A

（三）推測作者的寫作目的和態(tài)度

常見推測作者寫作目的的語言表述有：

The purpose in writing this text is to________.

The author writes this passage to________.

The author in this passage intends to________.

What does the author mainly want to say?

Whats the authors attitude towards________?

作者的態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點是贊同、反對還是猶豫不定，對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此，在推斷過程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。

我們要從作者的字里行間中找有用的提示，主要是判斷作者本人的態(tài)度和觀點的語句，而且一定要與文章中所論述的內(nèi)容區(qū)分開，因為同樣的事實和內(nèi)容，不同的作者會有不同的看法和態(tài)度。切勿用自己的主觀想法去理解試題。

T-shirts out; uniforms in

School uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the U.S.A. Thats no surprise because they offer many benefits. They immediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling（標記） that come from clothing. If all students are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too much attention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the “wrong” clothes.

Some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule—wanting to look just like their friends. The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down.

As in other places, uniforms remind the wearers of their purposes and duties. For example, when a man or woman puts on a police uniform, he or she becomes, for a time, the symbol（象征） of law and order. The uniform means to the wearer his or her special duties and sends the same message to everyone the wearer meets. People with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind or another. For students, the school uniform reminds them that their task for the six or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.

Some parents are unhappy about uniforms, saying that school uniforms will affect their childrens “creativity”. First, as noted above, the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality（個性）. They just copy their classmates. Second, students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like. While theyre in school, their job is to master reading, writing and maths; this should take up all the creativity they have. Mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way.

Question: The author would probably agree that________.

A. it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or not

B. students individuality may not come from school education

C. students creativity is related to the clothes they choose

D. school uniforms help to create

equality among students

解析：D。 在第二段最后，作者說：The difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down.