大家好!我是動(dòng)詞不定式,初次相識(shí),我想作個(gè)自我介紹,好讓你們更快更好地了解我,從而使我早日成為你們的好朋友。
認(rèn)識(shí)我就從記住我的“長(zhǎng)相”開始吧:我是由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”組成的,to是我的標(biāo)志,雖然to無(wú)實(shí)義,但它卻是我的“鐵桿”,一般情況下,我和它形影不離。我出入于句首、句中、句末,充當(dāng)句子的各種成份(謂語(yǔ)除外),從而使句子變得更加豐富多彩。
我的“基本個(gè)性”:我“為人隨和”,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,例如to live。否定形式在to前加not,例如not to spit in public places。我具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),可以有自己的狀語(yǔ),如是及物動(dòng)詞還可帶賓語(yǔ),一起構(gòu)成“不定式短語(yǔ)”,例如to study English well。
我的“真實(shí)本領(lǐng)”:我雖不能作謂語(yǔ),但具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,在句中可以作“主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”,本領(lǐng)可大了!今天在此向同學(xué)們露幾招,展示一下我的風(fēng)采,你們可要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)啰!
一、作賓語(yǔ):我天生討“人”喜愛,下列及物動(dòng)詞都搶著讓我“作賓語(yǔ)”,如want, decide, refuse, afford, hope, wish, expect, plan, remember, forget, would like等等。例如:
1) We have planned to travel to Hainan next week.
2) He never refuses to help others.
特別點(diǎn)擊:在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而真正的賓語(yǔ)則由我來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,例如:I find it interesting to play chess.
二、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):我“助人為樂”,常來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)“大有作為”,但“to”不能“隨心所欲”。
1. 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask, tell, want, teach, show, invite, encourage, allow時(shí),to請(qǐng)“上座”,例如:
1) Lin Tao invited Jim to have dinner on Mid-Autumn Day.
2) My teacher always encourages me to work hard.
2. 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一“感”(feel)二“聽”(hear, listen to)三“使”(make, have, let)和四“看”(see, watch, notice, look at)時(shí),to會(huì)“讓座”(省略to),但變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后,to不能省略,例如:
We often hear her sing in English. → She is often heard to sing in English by us.
三、作狀語(yǔ):我“服務(wù)熱情”,常在come, laugh, cry, go, run, stop等不及物動(dòng)詞后作狀語(yǔ),說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容“各有千秋”。
1. 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的“目的”。例如:
When I saw the wallet on the ground, I stopped to pick it up.
2. 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的“原因”。例如:
We sang and danced to hear the good news.
3. 說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的“結(jié)果”。例如:
He worked hard to catch up with the others in his class.
特別提醒:
1. 下列句型中我“作狀語(yǔ)”,須牢記在心頭:
1) too+adj./adv.+to do sth.和adj./adv.+enough+to do sth.中我作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。如:
The boy is too young to go to school.
2) be+adj.+to do sth.中我作原因狀語(yǔ)。如:
I’m sorry to hear that you haven’t passed the exam.
2. 我有時(shí)修飾整個(gè)句子。例如:
He started the Cousteau Society to help protect life in the sea.
四、作定語(yǔ):我“要求嚴(yán)格”,常來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞作定語(yǔ)并“后置”。例如:
1) I have lots of work to do.
2) I would like something to eat.
在邏輯上,我和被修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,則請(qǐng)“介詞先生”助一臂之力。試比較:
1) I have a letter to write. (vt.)
2) I have no pen to write with. (vi.)
五、與疑問(wèn)詞連用:作tell, know, show, teach, decide, learn等及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),可改成由這些疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如:
Mr. Zhou showed us how to play the computer.
→Mr. Zhou showed us how we could play the computer.