于愛萍
在英語中,表示“讓步”除了用常見的but,though, although, as 等連詞之外,還可以使用其他一些形式來表達,這在平時的閱讀和翻譯中應(yīng)引起注意。
一、并列句(用and連接)
and 連接的并列句有時也有讓步的意義,主要通過兩個分句的語意對比而體現(xiàn)出來。如:
1.He tried haard in the new experiment and he failed. 雖然他在新實驗中努力工作,但還是失敗了。
2.I cannot keep these flowers alive and I have watered them well. 雖然我一直細心地澆水,可是這些花還是沒活。
二、祈使句
有些“動詞原形+連詞(who, what, when, where, how等)”構(gòu)成的祈使結(jié)構(gòu)常含有讓步意義,相當于“no matter+疑問詞”或“疑問詞+ever+may...”所表示的讓步含義。此結(jié)構(gòu)比though,although表示出更強的讓步之意,主句與從句的對立更加明顯。如:
1.Look where you will,you see nothing like him. (=Wherever you may look, ...)無論你到哪里,都找不到他那樣的人。
2.I shall have to buy the new house,cost what it may. (=No matter what it may cost,...)無論花多少錢,我非買這座新房子。
三、定語從句
有的定語從句在結(jié)構(gòu)上屬修飾作用,但從意義上講表示讓步。如:
1.The children insisted on going traveling,which they had no much money.學生們堅持要去旅游,盡管他們沒有多少錢。
2.Students,who had carefully read through the instructions before making the experiment,could not obtain satisfactory result, because they did them first.雖然學生們做實驗前仔細地看了說明書,但由于第一次做,所以不能得到滿意的結(jié)果。
四、when-clause
when通常引導時間狀語從句, 但有時還可引導讓步狀語從句,此時相當于although。如:
1.She paid when she could have entered free.雖然她可以免費入場,但她還是付了錢。
2.He came to help us when he had plenty of work to do.盡管他有許多工作要做,但是還來幫我們。
五、if-clause
有時if 引導的不是條件狀語從句,此時if 相當于even if , 但語氣較弱, 應(yīng)注意與 if 條件狀語從句加以區(qū)別。如:
1.If too old to work much, the retired worker is very enthusiastic about neighborhood affairs.雖因年老不能多操勞,但這位退休工人對鄰里工作非常熱心。(作條件句,意思講不通。)
2.If he is little, he is strong . 他年紀雖小,但力氣倒大。(作條件句,意思講不通。)
另外,這種用法和if 條件句一樣,也有省略if 的主謂倒裝形式。如:
1.Had he been alive, we shouldnt have seen him.即使他還活在世上,我們也見不著他了。
2.Had I enough money,I would not buy it.縱然我有足夠的錢,我也不會去買它。
六、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
有時分詞不用連接詞,單獨構(gòu)成表示“讓步”的短語,和表示“原因”的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)極易混淆,應(yīng)該特別注意。其區(qū)別為:表示原因的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)與主句在語意上通常一致,而表示讓步的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在語意上與主句內(nèi)容相反,多表示前后對立的概念。試比較:
1.Disappointed, Grace followed still.格瑞絲雖然已經(jīng)失望,但仍然在后面追趕。
Disappointed, Grace did not follow again.因為格瑞絲已經(jīng)失望,所以就不再追趕了。
2.Born of the same parents,he bears no resemblance to his brother.雖然是同一父母所生,他和他的弟弟毫無相似之處。
Born of the same parents,he bears a strong resemblance to his brother.由于是同一父母所生,他和他的弟弟特別相似。