關(guān)鍵詞 EA4T車軸;機(jī)器人磨拋;工藝優(yōu)化;磨拋軌跡;離線編程
中圖分類號 TG580.6文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼A
文章編號 1006-852X(2025)02-0266-08
DOI碼 10.13394/j.cnki.jgszz.2024.0187
收稿日期 2024-11-30修回日期2025-01-18 文
高速鐵路是國家重要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,而動車組車軸制造技術(shù)是國家工業(yè)水平和科研實力的體現(xiàn)之一[1-2]。EA4T車軸是動車組車體承重的重要部件,其性能直接影響行車安全性與可靠性,是技術(shù)要求高、生產(chǎn)難度大的尖端產(chǎn)品[3-4]。EA4T車軸服役時,其軸肩部位反復(fù)受力且存在應(yīng)力集中問題5,因此需要在生產(chǎn)過程中對軸肩部位進(jìn)行精密磨拋,嚴(yán)格控制其表面粗糙度和材料去除深度。磨拋質(zhì)量直接影響車軸的服役性能[]
目前EA4T車軸軸肩部位的磨拋方式主要為人工手動打磨,存在作業(yè)強(qiáng)度大、環(huán)境差、磨拋質(zhì)量受操作人員技能水平影響大等問題7。EA4T車軸具有尺寸長、質(zhì)量大等特點(diǎn),難以采用傳統(tǒng)數(shù)控機(jī)床進(jìn)行裝夾和磨拋[8]。工業(yè)機(jī)器人具有靈活性好、可靠性高等優(yōu)勢,通過機(jī)器人末端夾持柔性磨頭的方式,配合優(yōu)化的磨拋工藝和合理的磨拋軌跡,可實現(xiàn)大尺寸車軸軸肩部位的自動隨形磨拋[。
近年來,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對車軸磨拋工藝的研究有了較大進(jìn)展。LORANG等[1研究了不同打磨參數(shù)對車軸表面粗糙度和微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,并給出了最佳車軸壽命對應(yīng)的打磨參數(shù)。馮中立等1針對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)動車組車軸卸荷槽部位,探究了砂紙目數(shù)與車軸表面粗糙度和表面殘余應(yīng)力之間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)采用180目砂紙與轉(zhuǎn)速為 300r/min 的拋光參數(shù)可以保證車軸表面穩(wěn)定的打磨性能。在車軸磨拋軌跡規(guī)劃方面,BULZAK等[采用數(shù)控斜軋機(jī)對空心鐵路車軸鍛件進(jìn)行了磨拋軌跡規(guī)劃研究,通過對斜軋機(jī)編程獲得了與仿真一致的刀具運(yùn)動軌跡。韓杰[13采用機(jī)器人打磨工作站對動車組箱體進(jìn)行了打磨軌跡研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)下刀方式為切線式并從工件加工邊緣的中心位置下刀,可有效避免過切現(xiàn)象。
綜上所述,目前在車軸磨拋工藝方面大多只研究了不同工藝參數(shù)對磨拋效果的影響規(guī)律,而最優(yōu)磨拋工藝參數(shù)基本通過人工經(jīng)驗直接獲得,針對兼顧表面粗糙度和材料去除深度綜合需求的EA4T鋼多目標(biāo)磨拋工藝優(yōu)化方法研究較少。目前EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋多采用手動示教的編程方式,而采用離線編程軟件自動規(guī)劃磨拋軌跡是今后的發(fā)展趨勢,因此亟須開發(fā)適應(yīng)實際應(yīng)用場景的EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋工藝優(yōu)化和軌跡規(guī)劃方法。
本研究中采用機(jī)器人智能磨拋系統(tǒng)對EA4T鋼試件進(jìn)行磨拋正交試驗,以表面粗糙度和材料去除深度最小化為綜合優(yōu)化目標(biāo)對正交試驗結(jié)果進(jìn)行多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化;然后采用離線編程方法規(guī)劃EA4T車軸軸肩部位磨拋軌跡并生成機(jī)器人加工程序;最后在控制系統(tǒng)中輸人最優(yōu)磨拋工藝參數(shù)并導(dǎo)人磨拋軌跡程序,以實現(xiàn)EA4T車軸機(jī)器人自動高質(zhì)高效磨拋加工。
1EA4T鋼磨拋工藝試驗
1.1試驗條件與方案
由于EA4T車軸尺寸較長、質(zhì)量較大,如直接在軸肩部位進(jìn)行機(jī)器人磨拋工藝試驗,后續(xù)測量表面粗糙度和材料去除深度時將存在一定困難,因此選擇與車軸材料相同的EA4T鋼平板試件進(jìn)行磨拋工藝正交試驗,平板試件尺寸為 150mm×63mm×9mm ,如圖1所示。根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN13261—2003,EA4T鋼中各元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)如表1所示,磨拋前表面粗糙度 Ragt;1μm 。
采用如圖2所示的機(jī)器人智能磨拋系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行EA4T鋼磨拋工藝正交試驗和EA4T車軸磨拋軌跡驗證。磨拋系統(tǒng)由庫卡 KR210R2700 機(jī)器人、盈連科技3002HD力位補(bǔ)償器、配套主軸電機(jī)、專用工裝夾具、砂紙圈磨頭等組成。其中,砂紙圈磨頭目數(shù)可更換,形狀支持非標(biāo)定制,能夠適應(yīng)不同軸肩部位的隨形磨拋。通過機(jī)器人示教器和力位補(bǔ)償器的協(xié)同,系統(tǒng)可實現(xiàn)進(jìn)給速度、磨拋力、主軸轉(zhuǎn)速的穩(wěn)定控制。
1.2試驗參數(shù)確定
基于田口法設(shè)計四因素四水平的EA4T鋼磨拋正交試驗,試驗次序與參數(shù)如表2所示。根據(jù)EA4T車軸磨拋表面粗糙度 Ra?0.4μm 的質(zhì)量控制要求,結(jié)合人工磨拋經(jīng)驗[14],選用砂紙圈磨頭目數(shù)( A )的水平為 A1- 120#、 A2-240 # A3-320 #、 A4=400 #。
基于人工磨拋EA4T車軸時采用測力儀測量磨拋力大致范圍為 12~30N ,設(shè)定磨拋力( (B )的水平為 B1 115N,B2=20N,B3=25N,B4=30N,C ,根據(jù)EA4T車軸磨拋效率要求,同時考慮到磨拋軌跡疊壓[15],設(shè)定進(jìn)給速度( ?C) 的水平為 C1-20mm/s ! C2=30mm/s 一 C3–40mm/s. C4?50mm/s 。根據(jù)人工磨拋經(jīng)驗,設(shè)定主軸轉(zhuǎn)速( D )的水平為 D1-750r/min 、 D2?1500r/min 、 D3?2250r/min 、D4=3000r/min 。
1.3磨拋質(zhì)量檢測方法
EA4T鋼平板試件磨拋完成后,需要對磨拋后試件的表面粗糙度和材料去除深度進(jìn)行測量,具體檢測方法如圖3所示。表面粗糙度測量采用手持式表面粗糙度測量儀,測量精度為 0.001μm ,取磨拋區(qū)域內(nèi)10個測量點(diǎn)的平均值作為表面粗糙度結(jié)果。材料去除深度的測量方法為選用精密分析天平(測量精度為 0.001g ))分別測量磨拋前后EA4T鋼試件的質(zhì)量,然后根據(jù)EA4T鋼密度 ρ=7.85g/cm3 和磨拋區(qū)域面積 s 為 26cm2 從而計算出材料去除深度。
2試驗結(jié)果與工藝優(yōu)化
2.1正交試驗結(jié)果分析
根據(jù)上述EA4T鋼磨拋試驗方案和檢測方法,得到正交試驗結(jié)果如表3所示,誤差列用于進(jìn)行誤差分析。16組正交試驗中,表面粗糙度 Ra 變化范圍為 0.309~ 0.978μm ,材料去除深度變化范圍為 (204號結(jié)果表明:通過優(yōu)化磨拋工藝參數(shù)組合能夠保證上述指標(biāo)滿足EA4T車軸質(zhì)量控制要求。
由于砂紙圈磨頭只能購買到特定型號,因此需要提前確定能夠達(dá)到指標(biāo)要求的磨頭目數(shù)。另外,合理調(diào)控磨拋過程中的磨拋力和進(jìn)給速度,也能夠獲得較為光直平整的磨拋表面。
2.2方差分析與顯著性檢驗
為分析不同磨拋工藝參數(shù)對EA4T鋼試件磨拋后表面粗糙度和材料去除深度的影響程度,引入方分析和顯著性檢驗來判斷影響程度的差異,結(jié)果分別如表4和表5所示。其中 F 值表示方差分析檢驗統(tǒng)計量,如顯著性水平在 0.1~0.5 ,則證明該磨拋工藝參數(shù)對試驗結(jié)果具有顯著性影響[。各磨拋工藝參數(shù)對EA4T鋼磨拋表面粗糙度的影響程度主次順序為磨頭目數(shù)( A ) gt; 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 進(jìn)給速度
磨拋力
,其中磨頭目數(shù)對表面粗糙度的影響最為顯著;各磨拋工藝參數(shù)對材料去除深度的影響程度主次順序為主軸轉(zhuǎn)速
磨頭目數(shù) (A)gt; 進(jìn)給速度 (C)gt; 磨拋力 Ξ(B) ,其中主軸轉(zhuǎn)速對材料去除深度的影響最為顯著。
2.3磨拋工藝參數(shù)優(yōu)化
熵值法是廣泛應(yīng)用于多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化的方法,其基本原理是指標(biāo)變化程度越大,對應(yīng)的熵值越小;指標(biāo)離散程度越大,其權(quán)重系數(shù)越大[]。本研究中采用熵值法對EA4T車軸磨拋表面粗糙度和材料去除深度進(jìn)行多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化,首先對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行規(guī)范化處理,然后計算各指標(biāo)熵值并確定相應(yīng)的權(quán)重系數(shù),將表面粗糙度與材料去除深度轉(zhuǎn)化為綜合評分值進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,獲得具有最小表面粗糙度及材料去除深度的磨拋工藝參數(shù)。所涉及的計算公式如下:
式中: λi* 為第 i 次試驗的規(guī)范化結(jié)果; λi 為第 i 次試驗的原始結(jié)果; λmax 為所有試驗結(jié)果的最大值, λmin 為所有試驗結(jié)果的最小值; ?m 為試驗次數(shù),且 m=16;Ej 為目標(biāo)熵值; wj 為目標(biāo)權(quán)重; n 為評價指標(biāo)數(shù),且 n=2 Si 為基于熵值法的綜合評分; Yij 為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的指標(biāo)值,其核心作用是消除量綱差異,確保后續(xù)熵值計算和權(quán)重分配的客觀性。
基于正交試驗結(jié)果,通過式(1)~式(4)計算得到表面粗糙度與材料去除深度的熵值和權(quán)重,求解其綜合評分,結(jié)果如表6所示。
對表6中所得的綜合評分值進(jìn)行極差分析,得到各因素對評價指標(biāo)的影響趨勢,根據(jù)式(5)~式(7)進(jìn)行極差計算,所得結(jié)果如表7所示。
Rj=max{k1,k2,k3,k4}-min{k1,k2,k3,k4}
式中, Sji 為 i 水平下第 j 個因素的綜合評分值; Kj 為各因素在 i 水平下的綜合評分之和; kj 為 Kj 的平均值;i 為水平數(shù),且 i=4;j 為因素數(shù),且 j=4;Rj 為極差。
根據(jù)極差分析表,以表面粗糙度及材料去除深度綜合評分最小為優(yōu)化目標(biāo),選取各組參數(shù)均值最低的水平,確定EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋最佳工藝參數(shù)組合方案為 A4B1C4D1 ,即磨頭目數(shù)為 400#. 、磨拋力為 15N, 進(jìn)給速度為 50mm/s 、主軸轉(zhuǎn)速為 750r/min 。采用該最優(yōu)磨拋工藝參數(shù)組合進(jìn)行EA4T鋼磨拋試驗驗證,得到磨拋后表面粗糙度 Ra 為 0.338μm 、材料去除深度 h 為 1.67μm ,有效提升了磨拋表面質(zhì)量。
3機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡規(guī)劃
3.1磨拋軌跡離線編程
EA4T鋼磨拋工藝制定后,采用離線編程方法規(guī)劃EA4T車軸軸肩部位的機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡,具體流程如圖4所示,主要步驟如下所述。
第1步,在任務(wù)界面將EA4T車軸三維模型導(dǎo)人機(jī)器人離線編程軟件,選擇待磨拋的軸肩過渡圓弧部位,設(shè)定磨拋工具型號尺寸與實際磨頭相符,設(shè)置步進(jìn)量等路徑參數(shù)后生成軸肩部位的曲面磨拋路徑。
第2步,在工具模塊導(dǎo)人機(jī)器人末端恒力控制器和主軸電機(jī)三維模型,建立機(jī)器人法蘭坐標(biāo)系并添加TCP工位坐標(biāo)系,導(dǎo)出工具文件以完成末端磨拋工具建模。
第3步,在工作站模塊導(dǎo)入庫卡KR210R2700機(jī)器人和底座模型,調(diào)整位置使其與實際安裝位置一致,設(shè)定Home位置和工作站配置,導(dǎo)出機(jī)器人工作站文件以完成工作站建模。
第4步,在設(shè)備界面載入機(jī)器人工作站并分配工序,調(diào)整車軸相對于機(jī)器人工作站的位置,優(yōu)化機(jī)器人各軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)類型等其他參數(shù),進(jìn)而保證機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡無干涉、無奇異、全可達(dá)。
3.2車軸磨拋仿真與試驗
根據(jù)上述方法規(guī)劃EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡后,在離線編程軟件中載人后處理文件,選定工藝為KukaDefaultProcess,在軟件中運(yùn)行3段EA4T車軸軸肩部位的機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡,如圖5所示。
磨拋軌跡仿真運(yùn)行無誤后,生成機(jī)器人加工程序SRC文件并導(dǎo)人機(jī)器人示教器的Programmain文件夾。在控制系統(tǒng)中輸入最優(yōu)磨拋工藝參數(shù)對應(yīng)的磨拋力(15N)、進(jìn)給速度( 50mm/s )和主軸轉(zhuǎn)速( 750r/min ),自動運(yùn)行程序以完成機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡試驗,如圖6所示。試驗表明,離線編程方法規(guī)劃的EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋仿真軌跡與試驗軌跡完全重合,驗證了磨拋軌跡規(guī)劃的合理性。采用EA4T車軸最優(yōu)磨拋工藝參數(shù)配合磨拋軌跡規(guī)劃方法,機(jī)器人響應(yīng)迅速且運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定,磨拋效率大幅提高,可為EA4T車軸實際生產(chǎn)帶來便利。
4結(jié)論
采用自主搭建的機(jī)器人智能磨拋系統(tǒng),對EA4T鋼試件進(jìn)行了四因素四水平的機(jī)器人磨拋正交試驗,對試驗結(jié)果進(jìn)行了多目標(biāo)磨拋工藝參數(shù)優(yōu)化,并采用離線編程方法規(guī)劃了EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡,采用優(yōu)化后的工藝參數(shù)和規(guī)劃的磨拋軌跡進(jìn)行了EA4T車軸磨拋試驗驗證,得出以下主要結(jié)論:
(1)砂紙圈磨頭目數(shù)對EA4T車軸磨拋表面粗糙度的影響程度最大,需要選定合適的磨頭目數(shù)以獲得特定的表面粗糙度;主軸轉(zhuǎn)速對材料去除深度的影響程度最大,適當(dāng)降低主軸轉(zhuǎn)速可以獲得較小的材料去除深度。
(2)以最小表面粗糙度和最小材料去除深度為綜合評價指標(biāo),熵值法優(yōu)化后的EA4T車軸機(jī)器人磨拋工藝參數(shù)組合為磨頭目數(shù) 400#. ,磨拋力 15N 、進(jìn)給速度 50mm/s 、主軸轉(zhuǎn)速 750r/min ,該參數(shù)組合下磨拋表面粗糙度 Ra 為 0.338μm 、材料去除深度 h 為 1.67μm 完全符合指標(biāo)要求。
(3)采用離線編程方法規(guī)劃的EA4T車軸軸肩部位的機(jī)器人磨拋軌跡能夠?qū)藱C(jī)器人穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行,配合最優(yōu)磨拋工藝參數(shù)組合,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)EA4T車軸軸肩部位的自動磨拋。
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作者簡介
通信作者:張峰,1977年生,學(xué)士學(xué)位,正高級工程師,主要從事軌道車輛轉(zhuǎn)向架工藝工作。
E-mail: zhangfeng@cqsf.com
(編輯:趙興昊)
Research on process optimization and trajectory planning of EA4T axle robot grinding
ZHANG Feng1, FENG Zhongli1, XU Feng1, ZHANG Deming1, ZENG Xiangrui2,MA Jianwei2,ZHANG Shilei1
(1. CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd., Qingdao 2660oo, Shandong, China ) (2.State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, DalianUniversity ofTechnology,Dalian116024,Liaoning,China)
AbstractObjectives: The EA4T axle is a critical load-bearing componentof electric multiple unit (EMU) train bodies,directly influencingoperationalsafetyandreliability.As a high-end product with stringent technical requirements and complex manufacturing processes,the shoulder position of the EA4T axle is stresed repeatedly and there is stress concentrationduring service.Consequentlyintheprocessofaxleproduction,itisnecessrytogrindtheaxleshoulder to contro itssurface roughnessandmaterialremoval depth.Current manual grinding methods forEA4Taxleshoulder suffer from high labor intensity,inconsistent surfacequality,and loweficiency.Inordertoeffectively breakthrough the current manual grinding dilemma ofthe EMUEA4Taxle, the implementation of flexible grinding using an industrial robotic intelligent grinding system equipped with a constant-force control device presents a feasible solution to replace manual operations andachieve automated processing. Therefre,it is essntialtocarryout researchon the grinding process ofEA4T steel components,and explore the grinding process methods that meet the surface quality requirements ofEA4Taxle machining.Combined withthe of-line programming method for EA4Taxle robot grinding trajectory,the axis shoulder grinding trajectory is plannedandtherobot machining program is generated torealize high-quality and eficient automatic grinding of the EA4Taxle by robot.Methods: Firstly,an independently developed robotic intelligent constant-force grinding system serves as the experimental platform. EA4T steel specimens with dimensions of 150mm×63mm×9mm are prepared as test pieces. Based on the quality control requirement that the surface roughness of the EA4T axle after grinding must not exceed 0.4μm ,and considering the actual situation of manual grinding process parameters,a Taguchi method-based orthogonal experiment with four factors and four levels is designed and implemented.In the experiment, a hand-held surface roughnessmeasuring instrument is used to measure the surface roughness after grinding,and a precision analytical balance is used to measure the weight of the specimen before and after grinding to calculate the material removal depth.Thus,the surface roughnessand the material removal depth of the specimen under diferent process parameters are obtained. Secondly,analysis of variance and significance testing are conducted to determine the significance level of the influence ofeach process parameter on the experimentalresults.The influenceof the gritsizeof grinding tools,grinding force,feedspeed,and spindle speedonthe surfaceroughessand materialremoval depth is analyzed.Then,bycalculating theentropyof each index to determine the weight coeficient, the surfaceroughnessand material removal depth in the experimental results ofeach groupareconverted into comprehensive score values for evaluation.The optimal grinding processparameter combination with minimum surface roughness and materialremoval depth is obtained throughcomprehensive score rangeanalysis.Finally,theof-line programming methodisemployed to establishavirtual modelof therobotic intellgent grinding system within therobotoff-line programming software.The 3D model of the EA4Taxle is imported into the virtual environment.Basedon the flexible grinding module at the end-effector,parameters including grinding head dimensions,end-effector tools,and trajectory configurations are defined. The robot machining system program SRC file is generated and subsequently transferred to the robot teach pendant.The grinding force,feed rate and spindle speed corresponding to the optimal grinding process parameters are entered into the control system. Physical grinding experiments are conducted on EA4T axle prototypes to validate the feasibility of the proposed grinding methodology. Results: Through the grinding orthogonal experiments and physical verification experiments,the follwing results are obtained. (1)Theorderof influence of grinding process parameters on the surface roughness of EA4T steel is: abrasive grit size gt; spindle speed gt; feed rate gt; grinding force, with abrasive grit size exhibiting the most significant impact on surface roughness.The order of influence of process parameters on material removal depth is spindle speed gt; abrasive grit size gt; feed rate gt; grinding force, with spindle speed being the most influential. (2) With the goal of minimizing the comprehensive score of surface roughness and material emoval depth,the optimized grinding parameter combination is selected by choosing the levels with the lowest mean values across all parameter groups. The selected parameters are brasive grit size 400# ,grinding force 15N ,feed rate 50mm/s ,and spindle speed 750r/min .Using this parameter combination,the post-grinding surface roughness reaches 0.338μm ,and the material removal depth is 1.67μm ,effectively improving surface quality while meeting specificationrequirements.(3)Theof-line programming methodis used toplan the grinding trajectory.The simulation and experiment trajectories of EA4T robot grinding completely coincide,realizing automatic grinding robot of the EA4T axle shoulder position without interference,singularities and with full reachability. Conclusions: The paper conducts experimental research on process optimization and trajectory planning for robotic intelligent grinding of the EA4T axle. Through orthogonal experiments combined with the entropy weight method,the influence paterns of grinding processes on quality are revealed.The optimal process parametercombination for minimizing surface roughnessand material removal depth is determined.The of-line programming method enables quick and accurate planning of a robot grinding trajectory that is non-interfering, non-singular and fully reachable.The proposed method improves grinding efficiency and surface quality,mets therequirements of grinding efficiency and surface qualityof EA4Taxle,and can be applied in actual production and processing,effectively breaking through the predicament of low efciency and poor consistency of EA4T axle.
Key wordsEA4T axle; robot grinding; process optimization; grinding trajectory; off-line programming