摘要: 古土壤是研究古氣候的重要載體。目前針對成土作用的研究主要圍繞著成土過程中元素的遷移行為和成土演化過程等方面,但對成土作用表現(xiàn)形式的相關(guān)報道卻很少。江西省信江盆地上白堊統(tǒng)塘邊組以發(fā)育大型交錯層理紅色砂巖為特征,是華南白堊紀(jì)溫室氣候陸地沉積的典型代表。本文在詳細(xì)的野外調(diào)查基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用巖石學(xué)和地球化學(xué)方法對信江盆地白堊系塘邊組的紅色砂巖開展成土作用研究,探究晚白堊世信江盆地的古氣候特征。研究區(qū)塘邊組紅色砂巖的巖石類型主要為中粒長石砂巖。塘邊組沉積物普遍經(jīng)歷了成土作用,其主要識別特征包括發(fā)育于碎屑顆粒邊部的黏土膜、微晶—亮晶碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物和潛育作用?;瘜W(xué)蝕變指數(shù)(CIA)分布在50.20~83.30之間(平均值58.08),反映該套紅色砂巖處于弱化學(xué)風(fēng)化水平。微量元素分析以及成土作用的識別,共同指示研究區(qū)砂巖形成于干旱—炎熱的古氣候,這種干旱—炎熱的古氣候可能與中國東部晚白堊世高大沿岸山系阻礙古太平洋濕潤水汽向華東南內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的流入有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:紅色砂巖;成土作用;地球化學(xué);古氣候;信江盆地;塘邊組;晚白堊世
doi:10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20240015 中圖分類號:P581 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
收稿日期: 2024-01-14
作者簡介: 叢云燕(1997—), 女, 碩士研究生, 主要從事沉積巖石學(xué)和沉積地球化學(xué)方面的研究, E-mail: congyy21@mails.jlu.edu.cn
通信作者: 劉娜(1984—), 女, 副教授, 碩士生導(dǎo)師, 主要從事沉積巖石學(xué)和儲層沉積學(xué)方面的研究, E-mail: liuna_jlu@126.com
基金項(xiàng)目: 國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(42272146)Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42272146)
Pedogenesis Characteristics and Geological Significance of the Red Sandstone in Upper Cretaceous Tangbian Formation, Xinjiang Basin, Jiangxi Province
Cong Yunyan, Liu Na, Gao Fuhong, Zhang Songxu
College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
Abstract: Paleosol is a significant carrier for studying paleoclimate. Presently, the research on pedogenesis principally focuses on the migratory behavior of elements and the evolutionary process of pedogenesis, with limited reports on the manifestations of pedogenesis. The Upper Cretaceous Tangbian Formation in Xinjiang basin is dominantly composed of red sandstone with large cross-beddings, which is a typical representative of Cretaceous greenhouse climate terrestrial deposits in South China. Based on detailed field investigation, petrological and geochemical methods were employed to study the pedogenesis of red sandstone during the Cretaceous Tangbian Formation and explore paleoclimate characteristics of the Xinjiang basin during the Upper Cretaceous. The red sandstone of Tangbian Formation in the study area is primarily medium-grained arkose. The sediments have universally experienced pedogenesis, the key identification features of red sandstone include clay films on the edge of the detrital grains, micritic-sparry carbonate cement and gleization. The CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) ranges from 50.20 to 83.30 (58.08 on average), indicating that the red sandstone is at a low level of chemical weathering. The analysis of microelement and the recognition of pedogenesis collectively indicate that the sandstone in the study area was formed in a hot and dry paleoclimate. This may be attributed to the high coastal mountain system that emerged during the Upper Cretaceous period in Eastern China, hindering the flow of moist water vapor from the Paleo-Pacific Ocean into the inland areas of Southeast China and forming a sedimentary paleogeographic environment dominated by aridity and torridity.
Key words: red sandstone; pedogenesis; geochemistry; ancient climate;Xinjiang basin; Tangbian Formation; Upper Cretaceous
0 引言
白堊紀(jì)時期,華南總體為構(gòu)造隆起區(qū),發(fā)育許多陸相斷陷盆地,位于江西省東北部的信江盆地是其典型代表。信江盆地上白堊統(tǒng)塘邊組以發(fā)育紅色大型交錯層理風(fēng)成砂巖為特征,在經(jīng)歷了地殼抬升、流水侵蝕和風(fēng)化剝蝕后形成了著名的以龍虎山—龜峰世界地質(zhì)公園為代表的丹霞地貌[1-2]。前人對信江盆地的古生物化石[3]、沉積巖石特征[4-5]以及沉積環(huán)境[6-7]開展了大量的工作,主要包括利用露頭沉積組構(gòu)進(jìn)行沉積相分析[4,8-10]、利用礫石成分和砂巖碎屑成分分析物源和物源區(qū)構(gòu)造屬性[10-12],以及研究陸相紅層與丹霞地貌的成因關(guān)系[13-14]和構(gòu)造演化[15-16]等。成土作用是指殘積物及其他沉積物的表層在一定條件下形成土壤的過程。成土過程一經(jīng)發(fā)生,一定與巖石的風(fēng)化過程同時進(jìn)行,兩個過程無法分離[17]。成土作用發(fā)生在陸相環(huán)境沉積和成巖作用初期,包含了沉積、成巖、風(fēng)化和運(yùn)移作用等一系列過程[18-19]。郝立波等[20]對吉林省中部地區(qū)花崗質(zhì)巖石及上覆殘積土壤進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)采樣分析,研究了表生環(huán)境中常量元素和微量元素含量變化,確定了花崗質(zhì)巖石的風(fēng)化特征及元素活動性規(guī)律。楊社峰等[21]對紅土型風(fēng)化殼中20種微量元素含量進(jìn)行了測定,發(fā)現(xiàn)As、Au、Bi、Cu、Mo顯著富集于高嶺土風(fēng)化帶上部。目前針對成土作用的研究主要圍繞著成土過程中元素的遷移行為和成土演化過程等方面,但對成土作用表現(xiàn)形式的相關(guān)報道卻很少。
本文以江西省信江盆地鷹潭地區(qū)上白堊統(tǒng)塘邊組紅色砂巖為研究對象,在詳細(xì)的野外調(diào)查基礎(chǔ)上,綜合運(yùn)用巖石礦物顯微分析和地球化學(xué)分析的方法,識別了成土作用的表現(xiàn)形式,對塘邊組紅色砂巖的母巖巖石類型和物源風(fēng)化強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行了分析,為探究信江盆地晚白堊世的古氣候和古環(huán)境提供依據(jù),同時對熱帶亞熱帶地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境的演化過程具有指示意義。
1 區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景
信江盆地位于江西省東北部,地處揚(yáng)子板塊和華夏板塊結(jié)合帶[4],即九嶺東西向隆起帶南緣與新華夏系懷玉山—武夷山復(fù)式隆起帶的復(fù)合部位[2],盆地整體呈近東西向展布,其延伸方向和形態(tài)明顯受控于早期近東西向構(gòu)造帶。研究區(qū)鷹潭地區(qū)位于信江盆地的中部[13],地處武夷山脈向鄱陽湖平原過渡的交接地帶[22](圖1a)。信江盆地上白堊統(tǒng)包括贛州群(茅店組和周田組)和圭峰群(河口組、塘邊組和蓮荷組)(圖1b)。研究區(qū)塘邊組為典型的陸相沉積,以河湖相沉積為主,另常見大型交錯層理風(fēng)成砂巖,可見遺跡化石[2,13,24],與下伏河口組成平行不整合接觸。塘邊組下部主要發(fā)育粉砂巖,產(chǎn)恐龍蛋化石;中部為紫紅色礫質(zhì)粗砂巖、粉砂質(zhì)細(xì)礫巖及含礫中細(xì)砂巖;上部發(fā)育磚紅色砂巖、粉砂巖和含礫砂巖。
2 樣品采集和分析方法
本次研究選取江西省信江盆地鷹潭地區(qū)塘邊組具有代表性的4個紅色砂巖剖面進(jìn)行采樣(圖2a—d),其中取自b、d野外剖面的樣品中可觀察到青灰色暈斑(圖2e、f)。樣品采集時避開脈體發(fā)育的部位,共采集11件新鮮巖石樣品,切制薄片11片,樣品加工處理及地球化學(xué)分析在吉林大學(xué)地球科學(xué)學(xué)院進(jìn)行。采集的樣品粉碎至200目,進(jìn)行地球化學(xué)主微量元素測試分析。主量元素測試采用X射線熒光光譜分析儀,微量元素分析采用電感耦合等離子質(zhì)譜儀(ICP-MS),精度誤差優(yōu)于±5%。
研究中通過化學(xué)蝕變指數(shù)(CIA)計算以及A-CN-K投圖對物源區(qū)的風(fēng)化程度進(jìn)行判別。CIA計算公式為:CIA = Al2O3 /(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)×100[25],CaO*僅代表硅酸鹽礦物中Ca的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),氧化物為摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)。CaO*物質(zhì)的量的選取采用Mclernnan的近似估計方法[26],當(dāng)樣品中CaO的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)lt; Na2O的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)時,將CaO的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)視為CaO*的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù);當(dāng)樣品中CaO的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)≥Na2O的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)時,將Na2O的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)視為CaO*的摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)。根據(jù)A-CN-K圖解[26],將每個樣品中A(Al2O3)、CN(CaO*+Na2O)和K(K2O)的物質(zhì)的量進(jìn)行投圖,利用CIA數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢線,重建平行于A-CN的母巖理想風(fēng)化趨勢線。校正后的CIA為砂巖樣品的投點(diǎn)和A端的連線與理想風(fēng)化趨勢線交點(diǎn)處的值。
3 巖石學(xué)特征
信江盆地塘邊組紅色砂巖為中粒長石砂巖(表1,圖3,圖4),分選中等,顆粒呈次圓狀—次棱角狀(圖5a)。石英以單晶石英為主,體積分?jǐn)?shù)在38%~55%之間;長石以鉀長石為主,偶爾可見斜長石和微斜長石,體積分?jǐn)?shù)在31%~40%之間;巖屑主要以硅質(zhì)巖屑為主,體積分?jǐn)?shù)在13%~25%之間,另見安山巖巖屑和泥質(zhì)巖巖屑等,體積分?jǐn)?shù)在3%~6%之間。自生礦物包括次生加大石英、碳酸鹽礦物、鐵質(zhì)和黏土礦物(表1)。次生加大石英與碎屑石英光性一致,在次生加大邊和碎屑石英之間存在黏土線(圖5b)。碳酸鹽礦物成分主要為方解石,包括微晶和亮晶方解石。微晶方解石形成早于亮晶方解石,方解石膠結(jié)物主要以充填孔隙和交代碎屑長石和碎屑石英兩種產(chǎn)狀產(chǎn)出(圖5c、d、e),其中微晶—亮晶方解石也被作為成土作用特征之一。鐵質(zhì)體積分?jǐn)?shù)為1%~2%,在單偏光鏡下呈黑色不透明狀,形狀為圓狀—似圓狀,主要生長于顆粒間的孔隙內(nèi)(圖5f)。在偏光顯微鏡下能明顯觀察到碎屑長石及石英顆粒的邊緣發(fā)育呈黃色的黏土薄膜,這類薄膜為黏土膜,與碎屑顆粒邊界明顯。部分黏土膜呈全包狀包裹顆粒狀態(tài)(圖5g),部分黏土膜呈半包狀包裹顆粒狀態(tài)(圖5h),還可見黏土膜呈一個大包裹體同時包裹著多個顆粒的狀態(tài)(圖5i)。通過對比同一樣品中不同的自生礦物類型,可知黏土膜發(fā)育較好的砂巖樣品中次生加大石英發(fā)育較差(表1),這說明黏土膜形成的時間較早,其發(fā)育限制了后期石英次生加大的生長。
4 樣品測試結(jié)果
紅色砂巖樣品主量元素中w(SiO2)為79.06%~85.59%,平均值為82.52%,高于澳大利亞頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值(PASS)(62.80%);w(Al2O3)在6.93%~8.62%之間,平均值為7.52%;w(Fe2O3)在0.46%~0.96%之間,平均值為0.66%;w(MgO)在0.34%~0.65%之間,平均值為0.51%。通過與PASS平均化學(xué)成分相比較,這些主量元素除SiO2外,其他質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均具有不同程度上的偏低。相較于平均上地殼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比值(UCC),研究區(qū)紅色砂巖樣品微量元素Ba、Rb、Cs、Nb等元素相對富集,Co、Cr、Sr、Sc等元素相對虧損(圖6a,表2)。樣品在稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化圖解中表現(xiàn)出明顯的Eu負(fù)異常,其中6#樣品中的稀土元素相對富集(圖6b,表2)。
5 討論
5.1 成土作用特征
成土作用是土壤形成的一個重要過程,屬于成巖作用的早成巖機(jī)制。研究區(qū)塘邊組砂巖成土作用的主要表現(xiàn)形式包括發(fā)育黏土膜、微晶—亮晶碳酸鹽和青灰色暈斑。
5.1.1 黏土膜
黏土膜是成土作用的識別標(biāo)志之一[30-31]。土壤學(xué)中的“黏土”是一個寬泛的術(shù)語,指的是顆粒尺寸小于2 μm的任何物質(zhì)。在成土過程中,上部土壤層中的黏土和可溶性物質(zhì)在滲流水(雨水)作用下向下部層遷移(淋溶作用),并在下部土壤層中沉淀(淀積作用)形成黏土膜。黏土膜可以完全由黏土礦物組成,也可以由黏土礦物和鐵氧化物或強(qiáng)氧化物、黏土礦物及有機(jī)質(zhì)組成。黏土膠膜可描述為骨架顆粒膠膜、土體膠膜、溝道膠膜和孔隙膠膜。從時間上來說,黏土膜的形成是最早發(fā)生的成巖事件。黏土膜形成早于溶蝕作用,在鑄??走吘壙梢娡暾酿ね聊けA粝聛?,且黏土膜的存在阻礙了石英加大的生長(表1)。在較干旱的氣候條件下,當(dāng)顆粒表面的水膜受到蒸發(fā)作用時,黏土礦物析出則會形成黏土膜。而在氣候濕潤、地表徑流量大和沉積物粒度較粗的條件下,黏土膜則難以保存[32]。研究區(qū)塘邊組發(fā)育全包邊、半包邊和呈大包裹體的黏土膜(圖5g、h、i),反映了當(dāng)時干旱的氣候條件。
5.1.2 微晶—亮晶碳酸鹽
與成土作用(風(fēng)化作用、蒸發(fā)作用和生物活動)有關(guān)的碳酸鹽稱為成土碳酸鹽。通過偏光顯微鏡觀察到塘邊組砂巖發(fā)育微晶—亮晶方解石,這類呈環(huán)帶狀包裹碎屑顆粒的微晶方解石一般形成于滲流帶,多發(fā)育于干旱炎熱的大陸環(huán)境[33],部分微晶方解石通過重結(jié)晶作用會形成后期的亮晶方解石(圖5d、e)。
5.1.3 潛育作用
塘邊組紅色砂巖中可見一些青灰色的暈斑(圖2e、f),暈斑分布不均,大小不一,直徑在0.1~1.0 cm之間,青灰色暈斑主要為潛育作用的產(chǎn)物。由于潛育作用發(fā)生的兩個必要條件為漬水和有機(jī)質(zhì)嫌氣性分解[34],因此推測塘邊組砂巖可能在成巖過程中周期性或長期處于漬水條件下,進(jìn)而廣泛發(fā)生潛育作用。大量有機(jī)質(zhì)在分解的過程中產(chǎn)生還原物質(zhì),使下層的土壤長期處于還原狀態(tài),三價鐵被還原成二價鐵,表現(xiàn)為青灰色暈斑。
5.2 風(fēng)化程度與古氣候條件
除4#樣品的CIA為83.30外,其他塘邊組紅色砂巖樣品的CIA分布在50.20~63.68之間,整體平均值為58.08。對比主量元素特征可知,4#樣品的Na2O和K2O質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)明顯偏低,可知是Na元素和K元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)過低導(dǎo)致CIA偏大。但對比采集部位、外觀以及鏡下特征,4#樣品與其他樣品并沒有很大區(qū)別,因此整體上認(rèn)為,塘邊組紅色砂巖處于較弱的風(fēng)化程度,其沉積期以物理風(fēng)化作用為主,化學(xué)風(fēng)化程度較低。根據(jù)Nesbitt等[25]的A-CN-K三角圖解校正(圖7),紅色砂巖樣品都位于低化學(xué)風(fēng)化區(qū),且整體趨勢與A-CN線平行,表明物源區(qū)相對缺乏斜長石。
相對于主量元素,微量元素對環(huán)境的變化更加敏感,可以更好地指示氧化還原條件。由于沉積環(huán)境的氧化還原條件不同,導(dǎo)致水體微量元素發(fā)生遷移、沉淀、自生貧化或富集,這些微量元素被稱為氧化還原敏感微量元素。U、V、Co、Cr、Cu等元素均屬于氧化還原敏感微量元素,處于氧化環(huán)境下U、V、Cr、Co、Cu等元素表現(xiàn)為溶解態(tài),處于還原環(huán)境下為不溶解狀態(tài),在弱還原環(huán)境中會以硫化物、低價氧化物或絡(luò)合物形態(tài)沉積富集,因此可以將他們作為劃分氧化還原環(huán)境的指標(biāo)[35-37]。國內(nèi)外學(xué)者[38-43]利用微量元素地球化學(xué)指標(biāo)來示蹤古沉積環(huán)境,并建立了U/Th、V/(Ni+V)、V/Cr、Ni/Co等地球化學(xué)指標(biāo)判別氧化還原環(huán)境。通過計算,研究區(qū)U/Th的平均值為0.21、V/(Ni+V)的平均值為0.70、V/Cr的平均值為1.33、Ni/Co的平均值為3.67,暗示了研究區(qū)主體為氧化的沉積環(huán)境(圖8)。
此外,Al、K、Rb和Ga元素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)也記錄了氣候的變化[44]。Ga/Rb值和K2O/Al2O3值已被用作風(fēng)化作用指標(biāo)。Al和Ga主要與細(xì)晶硅酸鋁體積分?jǐn)?shù)有關(guān),富集在與溫暖潮濕氣候有關(guān)的高嶺石中[35];K和Rb與伊利石弱化學(xué)風(fēng)化有關(guān)[34]。因此,富伊利石沉積物應(yīng)具有低Ga/Rb值和高K2O/Al2O3值,而富含高嶺石的沉積物則具有高Ga/Rb值和低K2O/Al2O3值。分析結(jié)果顯示,在Ga/Rb-K2O/Al2O3二元圖(圖9)中,K2O/Al2O3值較高、Ga/Rb值較低,表明伊利石豐度較高,可能與干燥的氣候條件有關(guān),以物理風(fēng)化作用為主。
塘邊組紅色砂巖在沉積過程中經(jīng)常暴露于大氣中,使得該區(qū)廣泛發(fā)育古土壤層[46],為成土作用提供了時間和條件。微量元素分析、CIA的計算以及成土作用的識別都指示著塘邊組形成于極度干燥炎熱的環(huán)境。前人[47-52]研究認(rèn)為,K、Na和Ca元素在早期風(fēng)化成土過程中易被淋失,所以后期淋溶較弱。同時,該地區(qū)保有豐富的鈣板層和鈣質(zhì)結(jié)核,這是古土壤淋溶淀積的產(chǎn)物,這些地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)充分證實(shí)了研究區(qū)的古環(huán)境為高溫干燥的氧化沉積環(huán)境。塘邊組砂巖中的動物潛穴遺跡、植物根跡、青灰色暈斑以及干裂構(gòu)造等都為研究該地區(qū)成土作用提供了理想的條件。另外,前人[46]利用碳氧同位素的研究結(jié)果顯示,塘邊組的碳氧同位素變化范圍較小,可能沉積于干旱的氣候背景。前人在該地區(qū)有關(guān)化石(恐龍蛋化石及孢粉)[53-55]、CIA[56]、風(fēng)成沙丘和沖積扇體系[4]的研究總體上表明塘邊組為干旱炎熱的古氣候條件,這與晚白堊世華東南地區(qū)亞熱帶干燥炎熱的古氣候背景一致[57-59]。這種干燥炎熱的古氣候與現(xiàn)今濕潤的亞熱帶氣候形成了鮮明的對比,可能與中國東部在晚白堊世時期發(fā)育高大沿岸山系(古武夷山脈、仙霞嶺、戴云山、鷲峰山、雁蕩山等)有關(guān)[57-58],晚白堊世早中期中國東南沿岸山脈的高度在海拔3 500~4 000 m之間,東西寬度近500 km,這樣高大而寬闊的屏障,阻礙了古太平洋濕潤水汽向華東南內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的侵入并抑制對流降水,使得當(dāng)時的沿岸山脈西側(cè)氣候干旱炎熱,環(huán)境逐漸干旱化[24],一直持續(xù)到晚白堊世末。
6 結(jié)論
1)江西省信江盆地上白堊統(tǒng)塘邊組紅色砂巖為中粒長石砂巖,自生礦物包括次生加大石英、碳酸鹽礦物、鐵質(zhì)和黏土礦物,成土作用主要識別特征包括黏土膜、微晶—亮晶碳酸鹽和潛育作用。
2)塘邊組砂巖的物源主要來自富含石英質(zhì)的沉積巖?;瘜W(xué)蝕變指數(shù)在50.20~83.30之間,平均值為58.08,處于弱化學(xué)風(fēng)化水平,說明沉積作用以物理風(fēng)化為主,化學(xué)風(fēng)化的程度偏低。結(jié)合微量元素的分析和成土作用的識別,說明信江盆地晚白堊世塘邊組為干旱、炎熱的古氣候條件。
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