摘要:克羅恩病(CD)是一種以慢性、非特異性炎癥為特征的自身免疫性腸道疾病,其病因及發(fā)病機制仍未明確。中性粒細胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白(NGAL)是從中性粒細胞中分離出的一種分泌性糖蛋白,廣泛參與腸道炎癥反應(yīng)、細胞凋亡、腫瘤進展等病理生理過程。NGAL在CD的臨床診斷及活動性監(jiān)測方面具有生物標志物的潛能。就NGAL在CD不同臨床樣本中的應(yīng)用價值進行綜述,以期為CD的臨床診治提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:Crohn??;脂籠蛋白質(zhì)2;診斷;中性粒細胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白
中圖分類號:R574 文獻標志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20240286
Application value of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in
clinical diagnosis of Crohn's disease
MA Kai, YAO Yibo, WANG Chen△
Department of Anal and Intestinal Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail: wangchen_longhua@163.com
Abstract: Crohn's disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease characterised by chronic and non-specific inflammation, and the exact etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein and isolated from neutrophils, is widely involved in pathophysiological processes such as intestinal inflammation response, apoptosis and tumour progression. It has been found that NGAL has the potential to be a clinical biological marker in clinical diagnosis and monitoring of CD activity. Therefore, this paper reviews the application value of NGAL in different clinical samples of CD, in order to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of CD.
Key words: Crohn disease; lipocalin-2; diagnosis; neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin
克羅恩?。–rohn′s disease,CD)是一種易累及全胃腸道的慢性透壁性腸道炎癥性疾病,近年來其發(fā)病率迅速上升,已成為21世紀全球性疾?。?]。最新流行病學調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),美國CD的發(fā)病率高達4.1/10萬[2],我國的CD發(fā)病率也呈逐年上升趨勢,目前華東地區(qū)CD的發(fā)病率為1.86/10萬[3]。CD的發(fā)病機制復(fù)雜,迄今仍未明確。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要與環(huán)境影響、腸道菌群紊亂、免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)失衡等因素有關(guān)[4-5]。目前CD的臨床診斷尚缺乏金標準,需要結(jié)合患者癥狀、實驗室指標、影像學評估、內(nèi)鏡及組織病理學檢查進行綜合判斷[6-7]。中性粒細胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運載蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,NGAL)又稱脂質(zhì)運載蛋白2(lipocalin-2,LCN2),是由中性粒細胞合成并分泌的一種含有178個氨基酸殘基的小分子外分泌蛋白,分子質(zhì)量約為25 ku,是脂質(zhì)運載蛋白家族的重要成員之一[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL在預(yù)判炎癥性疾病活動度、病情嚴重程度評估及預(yù)后監(jiān)測中具有臨床生物學標志物的潛能[9]。因此,本文就臨床不同樣本中NGAL對CD的診斷價值進行綜述,以期為CD的臨床診治提供參考。
1 NGAL的生物學特性
1.1 NGAL的結(jié)構(gòu) NGAL是從中性粒細胞等細胞中分離出的一種糖蛋白,編碼該蛋白質(zhì)的基因序列與脂質(zhì)運載蛋白超家族的基因結(jié)構(gòu)類似,因此將其歸類于脂質(zhì)運載蛋白超家族。NGAL以多種形式存在,包括單體、同源二聚體以及與基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase 9,MMP9)共價結(jié)合形成的異二聚體。NGAL的編碼基因由63 bp的5′端非翻譯區(qū)和591 bp的編碼區(qū)組成,基因全長為5 869 bp,位于9號染色體上,細胞遺傳學圖譜為9q34.11。NGAL的蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)由N端的310-螺旋與C端的α-螺旋組成,并與中間的8個反平行式β-折疊區(qū)構(gòu)成保守的三級結(jié)構(gòu),即“載脂蛋白折疊”,使其具有結(jié)合疏水性小分子物質(zhì)的能力[10]。NGAL啟動子區(qū)域包含多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)合位點,包括核因子(nuclear factor,NF)-κB、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活蛋白(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)1/3、環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)等,可見NGAL在維持炎癥平衡等方面具有潛在作用[11-12]。
1.2 NGAL的合成與分泌 除中性粒細胞外,NGAL可在多種細胞中表達,如消化道和呼吸道的內(nèi)皮細胞、脂肪細胞、上皮細胞及巨噬細胞等。正常狀態(tài)下,NGAL主要由早期的髓細胞合成和分泌,當機體受到炎性因子攻擊時,中性粒細胞被炎性因子激活進而釋放大量的NGAL,并誘導(dǎo)促炎細胞因子的產(chǎn)生[13]。NGAL的表面受體主要有2種,一種是特異性結(jié)合蛋白受體,即溶質(zhì)載體家族22成員17(solute carrier family 22 member 17,SLC22A17),又稱24p3R或LCN2-R;另一種是非特異性結(jié)合蛋白受體,即低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白2(lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2,LRP2),又稱Megalin/glycoprotein GP330受體[14]。
1.3 NGAL的生理功能 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL在炎癥反應(yīng)、細胞凋亡、腫瘤侵襲及免疫應(yīng)答等病理生理過程中均可發(fā)揮重要作用[15]。NGAL能夠運輸親脂性分子,并與其表面的受體結(jié)合,如NGAL與MMP9結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物后能阻止MMP9降解,有助于穩(wěn)定和保護MMP9的酶活性,進而增強腫瘤細胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力[16]。此外,NGAL可參與體內(nèi)鐵的運輸以及與鐵死亡相關(guān)信號通路的調(diào)控,通過調(diào)節(jié)細胞內(nèi)鐵的含量,激活鐵死亡介導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激與炎癥反應(yīng),從而進一步促進疾病的發(fā)展[17]。NGAL還廣泛參與細胞內(nèi)信號傳導(dǎo)通路,如NF-κB通路、STAT3通路、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)及細胞自噬等通路[18-19],見表1。
2 NGAL在臨床中的應(yīng)用
在臨床上,NGAL廣泛參與多種疾病的發(fā)生及發(fā)展過程,已被用作急慢性腎損傷、肝硬化、肺纖維化等疾病進展的生物學標志物及潛在治療靶點[20-21]。Wang等[22]通過構(gòu)建新生ARDS小鼠與細胞模型發(fā)現(xiàn),模型組較對照組NGAL的表達明顯升高,敲除NGAL基因可抑制MAPK/ERK信號通路,進而抑制因鐵死亡介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)和氧化應(yīng)激損傷。另有研究通過對野生型與NGAL基因敲除型小鼠腹腔注射脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)誘導(dǎo)膿毒性心功能障礙,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL可進一步加重模型小鼠的心功能障礙,促進心肌細胞的凋亡,證明了NGAL是治療膿毒性心功能障礙的有效靶點[23]。Luo等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL的表達水平與缺血缺氧性腦損傷的風險程度相關(guān),NGAL可通過NF-κB/STAT3信號通路促進腦損傷神經(jīng)元鐵死亡的發(fā)生,同樣證明了NGAL可作為缺血缺氧性腦損傷病情進展的生物標志物及臨床治療的有效靶點。
3 不同樣本中NGAL對CD的臨床診斷價值
近年來,有關(guān)NGAL在CD臨床診斷及病情進展評估中的重要作用已逐漸成為研究熱點,NGAL水平與CD臨床活動性和內(nèi)鏡下黏膜病變程度具有相關(guān)性,其診斷的敏感度與特異度優(yōu)于FC,證明了NGAL可作為CD臨床診斷的生物標志物及潛在治療途徑[26]。因此,評估不同臨床樣本中NGAL對CD患者的診斷價值十分重要。
3.1 糞便檢測 糞便檢測是一種無創(chuàng)并客觀反映腸道炎性因子水平的方法,也是診斷CD的重要方式之一。糞便與腸道直接接觸,糞便標志物的濃度可直接反映當前腸道的炎癥程度,且糞便樣本易于采集、患者易接受,可較準確地反映腸道炎癥程度的進展[25]。Zollner等[26]通過對臨床132例炎癥性腸?。↖BD)患者(72例CD,60例潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎)及40例健康對照者的糞便進行檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),IBD患者糞便中NGAL的表達水平較正常對照組明顯升高,且與臨床及內(nèi)鏡下疾病活動性評估具有較強的正相關(guān)性,ROC曲線分析顯示NGAL診斷CD的曲線下面積大于FC,證明了NGAL可作為炎癥性腸道疾病的生物學標志物。Thorsvik等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CD患者糞便NGAL的表達水平較健康對照組明顯升高,NGAL水平與克羅恩病活動指數(shù)(Crohn’s disease active index,CDAI)、克羅恩病內(nèi)鏡嚴重程度指數(shù)(Crohn's disease endoscopic index of severity,CDEIS)、CRP及ESR呈正相關(guān)。Hsieh等[28]通過三硝基苯磺酸(2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid,TNBS)構(gòu)建小鼠CD模型,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)糞便中NGAL的表達水平與腸道炎癥組織病理學評分呈正相關(guān),根據(jù)NGAL在糞便中的表達水平可初步判斷CD病變的嚴重程度。
3.2 尿液檢測 尿液是一種臨床常用的檢測樣本,可無創(chuàng)、連續(xù)并穩(wěn)定留取。由于腎小管的天然濾過屏障作用,尿液中蛋白質(zhì)組成成分復(fù)雜性降低,從而更容易檢測到一些低濃度蛋白質(zhì)的變化,有助于疾病的早期診斷及預(yù)后監(jiān)測。研究表明,尿NGAL已成為急性腎損傷早期診斷的生物標志物[29]。Manfredi等[30]通過分析小兒IBD患者與健康對照組的尿液發(fā)現(xiàn),NGAL-MMP9復(fù)合物表達水平在IBD中明顯升高,其臨床診斷的效能明顯高于其他標志物,如CRP、ESR等,可作為疾病活動期的生物學標志物。另有研究通過分析CD患者靜脈注射IFX治療前后尿液NGAL的表達水平發(fā)現(xiàn),治療后NGAL的表達水平較治療前明顯降低,并推測IFX通過抑制TNF-α的表達水平、Th1細胞介導(dǎo)的免疫炎性細胞的活化和炎性因子的產(chǎn)生,從而降低NGAL表達[31]。
3.3 血清檢測 血清樣本檢測價格低廉、易被患者接受,短期內(nèi)可重復(fù)檢測,在CD的診斷與病情評估中具有重要價值。Janas等[32]通過分析36例CD患兒與126例健康兒童血清中NGAL的表達水平發(fā)現(xiàn),CD患兒血清NGAL的表達水平較健康兒童明顯升高,且血清NGAL水平與疾病活動性及內(nèi)鏡下腸黏膜組織病變的嚴重程度呈正相關(guān)。Korkmaz等[33]研究顯示活動期與緩解期CD患者血清NGAL的表達水平均明顯高于健康對照組,NGAL與白細胞(WBC)、CRP、ESR及疾病嚴重程度呈正相關(guān),進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL可通過促進氧化應(yīng)激、破壞腸道免疫屏障功能進而加重疾病進展。Stallhofer等[34]同樣證明了活動性CD患者血清NGAL的表達水平較健康對照組明顯升高,促炎因子通過IL-23/Th17信號軸促進腸上皮細胞分泌產(chǎn)生NGAL,進一步加重腸道炎癥反應(yīng)的進展。
3.4 腸組織檢測 CD主要發(fā)生在回腸末端,呈節(jié)段性或跳躍性分布,可累及整個胃腸道,目前CD診斷的金標準仍然依賴于有創(chuàng)性的內(nèi)鏡和組織病理學檢查[35]。腸道發(fā)生炎癥時,炎性細胞可由循環(huán)池穿過腸壁進入腸腔,聚集在發(fā)生炎癥的腸黏膜上,進而導(dǎo)致腸黏膜屏障功能障礙,受累的腸壁表現(xiàn)為黏膜水腫、淋巴管擴張和纖維組織增生等病理改變[36]。因此,對腸組織的檢測具有重要的臨床意義。?stvik等[37]通過檢測不同時期CD患者腸黏膜組織NGAL表達水平,結(jié)果顯示在活動期其含量最高,炎性因子通過Toll樣受體3介導(dǎo)的信號途徑促進腸道中NGAL的表達。Kim等[38]通過葡聚糖硫酸鈉(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)構(gòu)建IBD動物模型與LPS誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細胞模型以研究NGAL在IBD發(fā)病中的可能作用,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)NGAL可通過NF-κB信號通路促進NOD樣受體熱蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域相關(guān)蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小體復(fù)合物的表達,進一步激活巨噬細胞的促炎作用,證明了NGAL是預(yù)防和治療腸道炎癥性疾病的重要靶點之一。Makhezer等[39]通過對IBD動物模型及臨床樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),炎性因子通過p38MAPK-JNK/NOXO1信號通路誘導(dǎo)腸道上皮細胞中NOX1的表達,進而使腸上皮細胞分泌產(chǎn)生的活性氧與NGAL的表達水平升高,導(dǎo)致腸道的炎癥狀態(tài),抑制腸道中NOX1的表達可在一定程度上控制NGAL對腸上皮屏障的破壞作用,從而達到治療疾病的目的。
3.5 唾液檢測 口腔是消化系統(tǒng)的起始部位,是人體維持健康狀態(tài)的主要屏障,口腔每天分泌的唾液90%以上會進入胃腸道,為唾液細菌進入并定植于腸道表面提供了良好的動力,口-腸屏障的失衡會導(dǎo)致多種腸道疾病的發(fā)生,口腔菌群的異位腸道定植在CD的發(fā)病過程中同樣起到了重要的作用[40]。人體唾液易于采集,其診斷及預(yù)測價值在近年的研究中逐漸顯現(xiàn)。最新研究表明,唾液中的鈣保護蛋白是活動性CD臨床診斷的潛在生物學標志物,鈣保護蛋白和NGAL均可由包括中性粒細胞和腸上皮細胞在內(nèi)的多種細胞分泌產(chǎn)生[41]。雖然目前尚未見關(guān)于對CD患者唾液NGAL表達水平的分析報道,但基于“口-腸軸”及CD的病變特點可推測,NGAL在CD患者與健康人群唾液中可能會有差異性表達。因此,探討活動期CD患者與健康對照組唾液NGAL表達差異,以及根據(jù)蒙特利爾分型研究不同病變部位、不同疾病行為CD患者NGAL的表達水平變化,是一個值得研究的方向。
4 小結(jié)與展望
基于不同臨床樣本探索新的生物學標志物用于評估CD病情進展尤為重要。腎小管濾過作用在一定程度上阻礙了蛋白質(zhì)的蓄積,獲取腸道組織為有創(chuàng)操作,唾液檢測尚未被臨床所證實,相比之下,糞便與血清留取較為方便,因此本課題組更傾向于檢測糞便與血清樣本以評估NGAL水平。未來仍需進行多中心、大規(guī)模及標準化的臨床研究,從而提高NGAL對炎癥性腸道疾病的診斷價值與鑒別水平,不斷擴大其適用范圍;同時借助細胞及動物模型,分離培養(yǎng)關(guān)鍵的細胞亞群,利用多組學技術(shù)深入挖掘NGAL在細胞亞群的異質(zhì)性和動態(tài)變化,進一步明確NGAL誘發(fā)腸道炎癥反應(yīng)的內(nèi)在機制及可能參與的信號通路,以期為炎癥性腸道疾病的預(yù)防與臨床治療提供潛在靶點。
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(2024-03-10收稿 2024-04-10修回)
(本文編輯 李國琪)
基金項目:上海市重中之重臨床研究中心建設(shè)項目(2023ZZ02003);上海市級醫(yī)院中醫(yī)外科臨床能力促進與提升專科聯(lián)盟(SHDC22021316-A);國家中醫(yī)藥管理局高水平中醫(yī)藥重點學科建設(shè)項目——中醫(yī)肛腸病學(ZYYZDXK-2023064)
作者單位:上海中醫(yī)藥大學附屬龍華醫(yī)院肛腸科(郵編200032)
作者簡介:麻凱(1992),男,博士在讀,主要從事炎癥性腸道疾病的臨床與基礎(chǔ)方面研究。E-mail:mk9205010524@163.com
△通信作者 E-mail:wangchen_longhua@163.com