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      非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的尿鉛水平及其臨床意義

      2024-12-31 00:00:00劉亞杰王睿林
      臨床肝膽病雜志 2024年9期
      關(guān)鍵詞:患病人群水平

      通信作者:王睿林,wrl7905@163.com(ORCID:0000-0002-7129-016X)

      摘要:目的探討尿鉛與非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的關(guān)系。方法選取2017—2020年美國健康和營養(yǎng)檢查調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)(NHANES)中年齡≥18歲的注冊參與者,并排除缺乏肝臟瞬時(shí)彈性成像數(shù)據(jù)、尿鉛指標(biāo)及患有乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、飲酒量顯著的人群。將納入人群(n=2 492)分為NAFLD組852例,Non-NAFLD組1 640例。采用高效液相色譜-電噴霧電離-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜和在線固相萃取聯(lián)合同位素稀釋等方法定量檢測尿鉛水平。計(jì)量資料兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn)或Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。通過多因素Logistic回歸分析、限制性立方樣條函數(shù)、亞組分析、交互作用,探究尿鉛與NAFLD的關(guān)聯(lián)。結(jié)果NAFLD組尿鉛水平高于Non-NAFLD組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=?2.023,P=0.043)。調(diào)整年齡、性別、種族、婚姻、教育、家庭收入與貧困比比值、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病、高血壓、高脂血癥協(xié)變量后,尿鉛水平Q3組NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增加(比值比=1.360,95%CI:1.019~1.817,P=0.037)。尿鉛與NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在正向劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(P=0.047)且為非線性關(guān)系(Pnon-linear=0.037)。尿鉛與種族之間存在顯著的交互作用,墨西哥裔美國人尿鉛每上升1個(gè)四分位數(shù),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加32.40%(比值比=1.324,95%CI:1.017~1.632,Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論尿鉛水平與NAFLD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著相關(guān)。

      關(guān)鍵詞:非酒精性脂肪性肝??;鉛;尿;Logistic模型

      基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金(81673806);中國醫(yī)藥教育協(xié)會科研課題(2020KTY001)

      Levels and clinical significance of urinary lead in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

      LIU Yajie1,WANG Ruilin2.(1.Department of Spleen,Stomach,Liver and Gallbladder Diseases,The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine,Zhengzhou 450099,China;2.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Liver Diseases,The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100039,China)

      Corresponding author:WANG Ruilin,wrl7905@163.com(ORCID:0000-0002-7129-016X)

      Abstract:Objective To investigate the association between urinary lead and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods The participants,aged≥18 years,were selected from the 2017—2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES),with the exclusion of the participants with a lack of liver transient elastography data and urinary lead markers and those with hepatitis B,hepatitis C,and significant alcohol consumption.A total of 2 492 participants were enrolled and divided into NAFLD group with 852 participants and non-NAFLD group with 1 640 participants.High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and online solid-phase extraction combined with isotope dilution were used to measure urinary lead level.The independent-samples t test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups,and the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis,restricted cubic spline,subgroup analysis,and interaction analysis were used to investigate the association between urinary lead and NAFLD.Results The NAFLD group had a significantly higher urinary lead level than the non-NAFLD group(Z=?2.023,P=0.043).After adjustment of the covariates of age,sex,race,marital status,education,family income-to-poverty ratio,body mass index,smoking,drinking,diabetes mellitus,hypertension,and hyperlipidemia,there was a significant increase in the risk of NAFLD in the Q3 urinary lead group(odds ratio[OR]=1.360,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.019—1.817,P=0.037).There was a positive dose-response relationship between urinary lead and the risk of NAFLD(P=0.047),which was anon-linear relationship(Pnon-linear=0.037).There was a significant interaction between urinary lead and race,and for every quartile increase in urinary lead,the risk of NAFLD in Mexican-Americans was increased by 32.40%(OR=1.324,95%CI:1.017—1.632,Plt;0.05).Conclusion Urinary lead level is significantly associated with the risk of NAFLD.

      Key words:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease;Lead;Urine;Logistic Models

      Research funding:National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673806);China Medical Education Association Research Project(2020KTY001)

      非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)是一種與胰島素抵抗和遺傳易感密切相關(guān)的代謝應(yīng)激性肝損傷,其特征性病理表現(xiàn)是非酒精性因素引起的肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)甘油三酯過量沉積[1]。NAFLD全球患病率高達(dá)25.24%(95%CI:22.10%~28.65%)[2]。隨著生活水平的提高,NAFLD患病率逐年升高且發(fā)病趨向年輕化,已成為我國第一大慢性肝病和健康體檢肝臟生物學(xué)指標(biāo)異常的首要原因[3]。NAFLD作為一種進(jìn)行性疾病,后期可進(jìn)展為肝硬化、肝細(xì)胞癌,是肝衰竭和肝移植的重要原因。

      鉛是一種可干擾內(nèi)分泌且具有累積效應(yīng)和不可生物降解性質(zhì)的強(qiáng)效環(huán)境毒素[4]。鉛暴露包括食物積累、直接吸入和皮膚接觸等多種方式[5]。無論暴露途徑如何,吸收的鉛都會在肝臟中結(jié)合,肝臟是鉛毒性作用的靶器官[6]。NAFLD的發(fā)病機(jī)制包括炎癥、氧化應(yīng)激、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激、脂代謝異常等[7]。鉛毒性主要是由于鉛離子(Pb2+)可取代其他二價(jià)陽離子(Ca2+、Mg2+)和單價(jià)陽離子(Na+),從而擾亂氧化-抗氧化平衡和炎癥反應(yīng)[8]。鉛還可影響脂質(zhì)代謝導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞變性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)NAFLD的發(fā)展[9]。尿液和血清中的鉛濃度可作為鉛暴露的生物標(biāo)志物[10]。既往研究[11]表明血清鉛與NAFLD密切相關(guān)。然而尿鉛與NAFLD的關(guān)系尚未可知。目前尚無針對NAFLD的特效藥,改變不良生活方式(飲食及運(yùn)動(dòng))、減少體質(zhì)量和腰圍是預(yù)防及治療NAFLD的關(guān)鍵措施[12]。

      基于受控衰減參數(shù)(CAP)的瞬時(shí)彈性成像在量化NAFLD患者脂肪變性方面具有良好的準(zhǔn)確性,該方法快速、可靠且可重復(fù)[13]。多項(xiàng)關(guān)于NAFLD的研究選用CAP作為NAFLD脂肪變性的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14-15]。肝瞬時(shí)彈性成像已被廣泛用于普通人群中檢測NAFLD[16]。故本研究選取CAP作為NAFLD脂肪變性的診斷依據(jù)來探討尿鉛與NAFLD疾病進(jìn)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性,旨在從不同角度探索NAFLD發(fā)展的生物標(biāo)志物,以利于在個(gè)人和人群水平上制訂預(yù)防策略。

      1資料與方法

      1.1研究對象國家健康和營養(yǎng)檢查調(diào)查(NHANES)是一項(xiàng)評估美國人口健康和營養(yǎng)狀況的橫斷面調(diào)查[17]。在本研究中,選取NHANES 2017—2020年數(shù)據(jù),納入NHANES數(shù)據(jù)庫中2017—2020年≥18歲的注冊參與者(n=9 693)。排除:(1)缺乏肝瞬時(shí)彈性成像數(shù)據(jù)的人群(n=1 376);(2)患有乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎的人群(n=128);(3)飲酒量顯著的人群(男性gt;30 g/天、女性gt;20 g/天)(n=456);(4)缺乏尿鉛指標(biāo)的人群(n=5 241)。最終共有2 492例受試者納入分析。

      1.2 NAFLD的評估依據(jù)2023年美國肝病學(xué)會(AASLD)發(fā)布的NAFLD臨床評估和管理實(shí)踐指南[18],將CAP≥288 db/m同時(shí)排除患有乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎及飲酒量顯著的人群(男性gt;30 g/天、女性gt;20 g/天)確診為NAFLD。乙型肝炎定義為HBsAg陽性;丙型肝炎定義為HCV RNA陽性或丙型肝炎抗體陽性;飲酒量取飲食調(diào)查問卷第1天和第2天酒精攝入量的平均值[19]。

      1.3尿鉛水平采用高效液相色譜-電噴霧電離-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜和在線固相萃取聯(lián)合同位素稀釋等方法定量檢測尿鉛水平[20]。本研究尿鉛的檢出限為0.03μg/L,低于檢測限的值被替換為檢測限除以[21]。考慮到尿液樣本中尿鉛稀釋度的變化,將尿鉛除以肌酐以調(diào)整尿肌酐中鉛的暴露量來進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化[22]。

      1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用R 4.2.2軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。連續(xù)變量若符合正態(tài)分布以±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布以M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)。分類資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法進(jìn)行組間比較。采用多元Logistic回歸模型探討尿鉛水平與NAFLD的關(guān)系,將尿鉛分為連續(xù)變量和分類變量分別分析,并計(jì)算比值比(OR)和95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI)。使用限制性立方樣條函數(shù)以檢驗(yàn)?zāi)蜚U與NAFLD是否存在非線性關(guān)聯(lián),并可視化二者之間的劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系。此外,本研究根據(jù)年齡、性別、種族、教育、婚姻、家庭收入貧困比率(FMPIR)、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、糖尿病(DM)、高血壓(HTN)、高脂血癥(HL)將數(shù)據(jù)分為不同的亞組,構(gòu)建包含上述變量的回歸模型,然后加入乘法交互項(xiàng)以考量尿鉛與各個(gè)亞組之間的交互作用,最后通過似然比檢驗(yàn)來檢測這些交互作用是否顯著,從而明確尿鉛在不同人群中對NAFLD影響的差異[23]。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2結(jié)果

      2.1一般人口學(xué)特征納入的2 492例研究對象中NAFLD 852例,Non-NAFLD 1 640例,NAFLD組尿鉛水平高于Non-NAFLD組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=?2.023,P=0.043)。與Non-NAFLD組相比,NAFLD組的年齡、BMI較高,且主要集中在≥60歲年齡段,BMI≥30 kg/m2的肥胖人群(P值均lt;0.001)。此外,NAFLD組女性占比、非西班牙裔白人占比、已婚/與伴侶同居占比以及患有DM或HTN或HL的比例均高于Non-NAFLD人群,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0.001)(表1)。

      2.2尿鉛與NAFLD的Logistic回歸分析構(gòu)建多元Logistic回歸模型探究尿鉛與NAFLD的關(guān)系。首先將尿鉛作為連續(xù)性指標(biāo)分析,在模型1、模型3中尿鉛水平與NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān);在模型2中尿鉛每上升1個(gè)四分位數(shù),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加17.70%(OR=1.117,P=0.026)。

      其次,將尿鉛水平按四分位數(shù)分類,Q1組(0~0.160μg/L)592例、Q2組(0.161~0.291μg/L)579例、Q3組(0.292~0.521μg/L)644例、Q4組(≥0.522μg/L)677例。在模型1中,與Q1組相比,Q3、Q4組NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加34.70%(OR=1.347,P=0.014)、28.80%(OR=1.288,P=0.036);在模型2中,與Q1組相比,Q3組NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加31.00%(OR=1.310,P=0.031);在模型3中,與Q1組相比,Q3組NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加36.00%(OR=1.360,P=0.037)(表2)。

      2.3尿鉛與NAFLD的劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系調(diào)整年齡、性別、種族、教育、婚姻、FMPIR、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、DM、HTN、HL后進(jìn)一步使用限制性立方樣條函數(shù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),尿鉛與NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在正向劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(P=0.047)且為非線性關(guān)系(Pnon-linear=0.037)。以0.315μg/L為參考值,當(dāng)尿鉛水平lt;0.315μg/L時(shí),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低;當(dāng)尿鉛水平gt;0.315μg/L時(shí),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,隨著尿鉛的增加,NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸增大(圖1)。

      2.4尿鉛與NAFLD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)變量的亞組分析及交互作用檢驗(yàn)以NAFLD為因變量,調(diào)整年齡、性別、種族、教育、婚姻、FMPIR、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、DM、HTN、HL多個(gè)協(xié)變量,結(jié)果顯示尿鉛與種族之間存在顯著的交互作用,墨西哥裔美國人尿鉛每上升1個(gè)四分位數(shù),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加32.40%(OR=1.324,95%CI:1.017~1.632),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)(表3)。

      3討論

      基于NHANES 2017—2020年調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NAFLD組尿鉛水平顯著高于Non-NAFLD組(P=0.043)。構(gòu)建多元Logistic回歸模型,調(diào)整年齡、性別、種族、教育、婚姻、FMPIR、BMI、吸煙、飲酒、DM、HTN、HL后發(fā)現(xiàn),尿鉛水平與NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)(Q3 vs Q1:OR=1.360,95%CI:1.019~1.817,P=0.037)。在限制性立方樣條函數(shù)分析中,尿鉛與NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在正向劑量-反應(yīng)關(guān)系(P=0.047)且為非線性關(guān)系(Pnon-linear=0.037)。以0.315μg/L為參考值,當(dāng)尿鉛lt;0.315μg/L時(shí),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低;當(dāng)尿鉛gt;0.315μg/L時(shí),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,隨著尿鉛的增加,NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)率逐漸增大。尿鉛與種族之間存在顯著的交互作用,墨西哥裔美國人尿鉛每上升1個(gè)四分位數(shù),NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加32.40%(OR=1.324,95%CI:1.017~1.632),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。

      一項(xiàng)基于韓國成年人群的橫斷面研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清鉛與肝損傷標(biāo)志物ALT、AST、ALP水平升高有關(guān)。在快速城市化背景下,中國長三角地區(qū)血清鉛水平與NAFLD相關(guān)[11]。血清鉛與NAFLD脂肪變性和纖維化進(jìn)展有關(guān),且在不同性別中的相關(guān)性存在差異[25]。血清鉛與基于ALT升高的疑診NAFLD的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)[26]。一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[27]表明,長期鉛暴露可加劇高脂飲食小鼠的肝糖脂代謝紊亂。長期接觸鉛會誘發(fā)與腸道菌群變化相關(guān)的脂肪肝疾病[28]。鉛暴露是增加肝功能障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的重要因素[29]。Pb2+通過破壞線粒體呼吸復(fù)合物可誘導(dǎo)嚴(yán)重的肝毒性[30]。以上研究均表明血清鉛與肝損傷、NAFLD密切相關(guān)。已有相關(guān)研究表明尿液硒[31]、錳[32]、砷[33]、鎘[34]、鈉[35]與NAFLD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān),同樣作為尿液金屬鉛,是否與NAFLD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有相關(guān)性值得探討。基于血清鉛與肝損傷、NAFLD的相關(guān)性研究,本研究首次探討尿鉛與NAFLD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,發(fā)現(xiàn)尿液高水平的鉛是NAFLD患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高的危險(xiǎn)因素。鉛廣泛存在于自然界和人們生活中,鉛酸蓄電池行業(yè)、新興的電子廢品回收和金屬冶煉是主要的鉛污染源[36]。高職業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)鉛暴露的人群應(yīng)警惕預(yù)防NAFLD。在NAFLD的預(yù)防和臨床實(shí)踐中,檢測尿鉛水平有利于NAFLD的早期預(yù)防和高危人群篩查。有研究[37]表明飲食習(xí)慣偏愛海鮮、罐裝食品、膨化食品的人群尿鉛水平更高。但由于NHANES數(shù)據(jù)庫的局限性,尚未采集人群的飲食偏愛數(shù)據(jù),故本研究未能將膳食鉛攝入納入為協(xié)變量,未來如有條件,將進(jìn)一步探索尿鉛與NAFLD的關(guān)系,并將飲食偏好等其他混雜因素納入為協(xié)變量進(jìn)行分析。

      倫理學(xué)聲明:國家健康和營養(yǎng)檢查調(diào)查研究項(xiàng)目獲得美國國家衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)中心(NCHS)研究倫理審查委員會(ERB)批準(zhǔn),審批批號:Continuation of Protocol#2011-17;Protocol#2018-01,所有調(diào)查對象均提供了書面知情同意。

      利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。

      作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:劉亞杰負(fù)責(zé)論文撰寫,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,繪制圖表;王睿林負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫及提供研究經(jīng)費(fèi)支持。

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      收稿日期:2023-12-03;錄用日期:2024-01-29

      本文編輯:劉曉紅

      引證本文:LIU YJ, WANG RL. Levels and clinical significance of urinary lead in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(9): 1771-1777.

      劉亞杰, 王睿林 . 非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的尿鉛水平及其臨床 意義[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(9): 1771-1777.

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