世界與環(huán)境

曾沛楷

激活·素養(yǎng)解讀

實(shí)踐·讀寫整合

Climate change

氣 候 變 化

1 Climate change is a longtermshift in global or regional climate patterns. Often climatechange refers specifically to the rise in global temperatures from the mid20thcenturyto the present.

2 Climate is sometimes mistaken for weather. But climate is different from weatherbecause it is measured over a long period of time， whereas weather can change fromday to day， or from year to year. The climate of an area includes seasonal temperature，rainfall averages and wind patterns. Different places have different climates. A desert， forexample， is referred to as an arid climate because little water falls as rain or snow， duringthe year. Other types of climate include tropical climates， which are hot and humid， andtemperate climates， which have warm summers and cold winters.

3 Climate change is the longtermalteration of temperature and typical weather patternsin a place. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as awhole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. These unexpectedweather patterns can make it difficult to maintain and grow crops in regions that relyon farming because expected temperature and rainfall levels can no longer be relied on. Climatechange has also been connected with other damaging weather events such as more frequentand more intense hurricanes， floods， downpours and winter storms.

4 In polar regions， the warming global temperatures associated with climate changehave meant ice sheets and glaciers are melting at an accelerated rate from season to season.This contributes to sea levels rising in different regions of the planet. Together withexpanding ocean waters due to rising temperatures， the resulting rise in sea level has begunto damage coastlines as a result of increased flooding and erosion.

5 The cause of current climate change is largely human activity， such as burning fossilfuels like natural gas， oil and coal. Burning these materials releases what are called greenhousegases into Earth's atmosphere. There， these gases trap heat from the sun's rays insidethe atmosphere causing Earth's average temperature to rise. This rise in the planet's temperatureis called global warming. The warming of the planet impacts local and regional climates.Throughout Earths history， climate has continually changed. When occurring natu?rally， this is a slow process that has taken place over hundreds and thousands of years.The humaninfluencedclimate change that is happening now is occurring at a much fasterrate.

Activity A Reading for understanding

語篇解碼

（一）主題歸納

What is the text mainly about？

_______________________

（二）結(jié)構(gòu)分析與信息梳理

Fill in the blanks according to the text with only one word for each blank.

Activity B Reading for writing

一、詞塊積累

refer specifically to 特指

be measured over a long period of time 經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的測(cè)量

change from day to day 天天變化

fall as rain or snow 以雨或雪的形式落下

have warm summers 有溫暖的夏季

be referred to as 被稱為

rely on 依賴

be connected with 與……有關(guān)聯(lián)

melt at an accelerated rate 加速融化

contribute to 有助于

rise in different regions of the planet 在地球的不同地區(qū)上升

expanding ocean waters（ 不斷）擴(kuò)大的海洋水域

二、典句賞析

（一）讓步狀語從句

But climate is different from weather because it is measured over a long period oftime， whereas weather can change from day to day， or from year to year. 但是氣候與天氣不同，因?yàn)闅夂蚴墙?jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間測(cè)量的，而天氣可以天天變化或年年變化。

【點(diǎn)石成金】whereas引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，當(dāng)置于句首時(shí)，需要用逗號(hào)將從句與主句隔開。

【例句仿寫】壓倒性的科學(xué)證據(jù)支持這一事實(shí)，即氣候變化正在發(fā)生，并且在很大程度上是由人類活動(dòng)引起的， 盡管有些人否認(rèn)氣候變化的存在。

（二）時(shí)間狀語從句

When occurring naturally， this is a slow process that has taken place over hundredsand thousands of years. 當(dāng)它自然發(fā)生時(shí)，這是一個(gè)緩慢的過程，已經(jīng)持續(xù)了幾百甚至幾千年。

【點(diǎn)石成金】When引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，并且when后面省略了it is。

【例句仿寫】當(dāng)忽視人類活動(dòng)對(duì)地球氣候的影響時(shí)，我們正在加速氣候變化并破壞我們的環(huán)境。

三、寫作遷移

每年4月是你校的環(huán)境保護(hù)月。假定你是李華，學(xué)校環(huán)境保護(hù)社社長(zhǎng)，請(qǐng)你代表社團(tuán)以“Slowing down global warming”為主題寫一篇演講稿。內(nèi)容包括：

1. 描述全球氣候變暖的現(xiàn)狀和危害；

2. 分析原因；

3. 列舉措施。

注意：

1. 詞數(shù)80左右；

2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3. 至少需要使用一個(gè)本文中解析過的句式；

4. 注意段落內(nèi)的邏輯關(guān)系。

Dear fellow students，_______________________

寫作導(dǎo)引

激活思維

本次寫作任務(wù)是寫一篇演講稿，要求我們代表環(huán)境保護(hù)社向全校學(xué)生簡(jiǎn)單、清晰地介紹全球氣候變暖的現(xiàn)狀和危害，分析現(xiàn)狀的成因并列舉措施。題目要求我們使用讓步狀語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句。這些寫作要求與所給語篇的主題語境是緊密相關(guān)的。我們可以通過整合同一主題的閱讀材料的內(nèi)容和語言，梳理寫作思路和積累素材。

素材積累

本次寫作任務(wù)是基于同一主題的語篇閱讀的寫作，我們可以通過學(xué)習(xí)、模仿并運(yùn)用閱讀中的語言表達(dá)，如詞塊和句型，積累寫作的語言素材。

（一）開頭

1. Ladies and gentlemen， today I would like to share with you an important issue thataffects our lives—global warming. 女士們，先生們，今天我想和大家分享一個(gè)影響我們生活的重要問題——全球（氣候）變暖。

2. At this critical moment， we must face the challenges brought about by globalwarming and find solutions. 在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵的時(shí)刻，我們必須正視全球（氣候）變暖所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，找到解決之道。

（二）全球氣候變暖的現(xiàn)狀和危害

1. Global warming has made weather patterns become unpredictable， causing greatdifficulties in agriculture as we can no longer rely on expected temperatures and rainfall forplanting and farming. 全球（氣候）變暖導(dǎo)致天氣模式變得不可預(yù)測(cè)，給農(nóng)業(yè)帶來了巨大的困擾，因?yàn)槲覀儫o法再依賴預(yù)期的溫度和降雨量進(jìn)行種植和養(yǎng)殖。

2. Global warming also brings about more frequent and intense natural disasters suchas hurricanes， floods， heavy rainfall and winter storms， posing significant threats to humanlives and property. 全球（氣候）變暖還帶來更頻繁、更強(qiáng)烈的自然災(zāi)害，如颶風(fēng)、洪水、暴雨和冬季風(fēng)暴，給人們的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)造成了極大的威脅。

（三）分析現(xiàn)狀的成因

1. The current climate change is primarily caused by human activity， such as burningfossil fuels like natural gas， oil and coal. The release of greenhouse gases from these combustionprocesses traps solar radiation in the atmosphere， leading to an increase in Earthsaverage temperature. 當(dāng)前的氣候變化主要是由人類活動(dòng)引起的，例如燃燒化石燃料，如天然氣、石油和煤炭。在這些燃燒過程中釋放出的溫室氣體將太陽輻射困在大氣中，導(dǎo)致地球的平均溫度上升。

2. Our deforestation and landusechange also contribute negatively to global climatechange. The destruction of large patches of forests results in increased carbon dioxide emissionsand reduces the capacity to absorb greenhouse gases. 我們?yōu)E伐森林和土地利用的改變也對(duì)全球氣候變化產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響。大片森林的破壞導(dǎo)致了二氧化碳排放量的增加，降低了吸收溫室氣體的能力。

（四）列舉措施

1. We must actively transition to renewable energy sources such as solar and windpower to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. 我們必須積極轉(zhuǎn)向可再生能源，如太陽能和風(fēng)能，以減少我們對(duì)化石燃料的依賴，減少溫室氣體的排放。

2. The government should strengthen the implementation of environmental protection?policies to limit the damage caused by industrial and agricultural activities and promotesustainable practice. 政府應(yīng)強(qiáng)化環(huán)境保護(hù)政策的實(shí)施，以限制工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞，促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的實(shí)踐。

（五）呼吁大家從小事做起，保護(hù)環(huán)境

1. Each one of us can take simple action to reduce our carbon footprints， such as conservingenergy， minimizing waste generation， and recycling. 我們每個(gè)人都可以采取一些簡(jiǎn)單的行動(dòng)來減少我們的碳足跡，如節(jié)約能源、最大限度地減少廢物的產(chǎn)生和回收利用。

2. The government should educate and raise public awareness to help more people understandthe hazards of global warming and the importance of everyones contribution towardsenvironmental protection. 政府應(yīng)該教育和提高公眾意識(shí)以幫助更多的人明白全球（氣候）變暖的危害，以及每個(gè)人為環(huán)境保護(hù)做貢獻(xiàn)的重要性。

寫作支架

本次寫作任務(wù)是寫一篇演講稿，根據(jù)任務(wù)中的要求，語篇結(jié)構(gòu)可定為“主題介紹+問題+措施+呼吁”。文章的框架如下：

Dear fellow students，

I am Li Hua， it is my great honor to stand here to give a speech titled... As we allknow， ... For this reason， ... （主題介紹+問題）

As high school students， we should start by... Additionally， ...cannot be ignored， including...（措施）

In a word， ... Only in this way can we... （呼吁）

Thank you！

語篇過手

根據(jù)以上提供的主題、主題表達(dá)和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)，寫出一篇演講稿。第一段介紹主題內(nèi)容和問題；第二段介紹具體措施；第三段呼吁大家從小事做起，保護(hù)環(huán)境?？傇~數(shù)控制在80左右。

同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用前文閱讀中出現(xiàn)的讓步狀語從句或者時(shí)間狀語從句等高級(jí)表達(dá)和結(jié)構(gòu)。尤其要注意文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，以及語言的準(zhǔn)確性、流暢性和得體性。