張禹 黃潔帆 喬沈啟 王亞童 趙雯昊 張明輝 劉炳響
摘? ? 要:【目的】探究野生紅樹莓(Rubus idaeus L.)的果實(shí)品質(zhì)差異,為紅樹莓高效栽培和品種選育提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳院颖笔〖綎|區(qū)(秦皇島市)、冀北區(qū)(承德市)、冀西北區(qū)(張家口市)以及冀西太行山區(qū)(保定市)4個(gè)野生紅樹莓種質(zhì)資源主要分布區(qū)域的13個(gè)縣域野生紅樹莓為研究對(duì)象,通過對(duì)果實(shí)外在表型性狀和內(nèi)在營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分等指標(biāo)的測(cè)定,對(duì)比分析不同區(qū)域野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)特性差異,運(yùn)用相關(guān)性分析、主成分分析和聚類分析法,對(duì)野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)?!窘Y(jié)果】冀北區(qū)野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)大小顯著大于冀東區(qū)、冀西太行山區(qū)和冀西北區(qū),縱徑與橫徑分別在9.64~14.41 mm、9.48~16.30 mm之間,且該區(qū)的單果質(zhì)量和單株產(chǎn)量更高,最高單株產(chǎn)量為306.70 g,各區(qū)域果形無顯著差異;冀西太行山區(qū)的紅樹莓可溶性蛋白含量(w,后同)高于其他地區(qū),在1.78~1.84 mg·g-1之間;冀西北區(qū)的紅樹莓具有較高的維生素C含量(22.83~29.79 mg·100 g-1)和較高的氨基酸含量(12.47~12.96 mg·g-1);冀東區(qū)的紅樹莓花青素含量較為突出,在587.82~599.19 mg·kg-1之間;經(jīng)主成分分析,將18個(gè)指標(biāo)經(jīng)簡(jiǎn)化為4個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的綜合指標(biāo),累積方差貢獻(xiàn)率為88.530% ,綜合得分排名前三位的地區(qū)為寬城、興隆和圍場(chǎng);通過聚類分析,將13個(gè)樣地的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)分為3類?!窘Y(jié)論】結(jié)合河北省分區(qū)綜合評(píng)價(jià)果實(shí)品質(zhì),得出冀北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓產(chǎn)量大、風(fēng)味佳,適合鮮食生產(chǎn),而冀西北區(qū)、冀西太行山區(qū)和冀東區(qū)的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)有機(jī)物含量突出,適合不同需求的加工生產(chǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:野生紅樹莓;果實(shí)品質(zhì);主成分分析;聚類分析;評(píng)價(jià)
中圖分類號(hào):S663.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)04-0712-13
Analysis and evaluation of difference in fruit quality of wild red raspberries in Hebei province
ZHANG Yu, HUANG Jiefan, QIAO Shenqi, WANG Yatong, ZHAO Whenhao, ZHANG Minghui, LIU Bingxiang*
(College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 The study investigated the differences in the fruit quality of wild red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) in order to provide reference for efficient cultivation and variety breeding of red raspberry. 【Methods】 Wild red raspberries in Hebei Province was used as the research object, and a comparative analysis of the differences in the fruit characteristics of wild red raspberries from different regions was performed involving the determinations of external phenotypic traits, internal nutrient composition and other indexes of the fruit, and correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality of wild red raspberries. 【Results】 Longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruits in each area ranged from 9.64 to 14.41 mm and 9.48 to 16.30 mm, respectively, with the largest fruit size occurring in Xinglong and the smallest in Changli and Fuping. Comprehensive comparisons revealed that the fruit size of wild red raspberries in northern Hebei was significantly greater than that in eastern Hebei, the West Hebei Taihang Mountains and northwestern Hebei, with longitudinal and transverse diameters ranging from 11.68 to 16.30 mm. There was no significant difference in fruit shape among areas. There were obvious regional differences in fruit yield, and single fruit weight and yield per plant in each area ranged from 0.34 to 2.03 g and 23.89 to 306.70 g, respectively, with those in Xinglong area being significantly higher than those of the other areas, and Changli and Fuping being the lowest. A comprehensive comparison found that the single fruit weight and yield per plant in Northern Hebei were significantly higher than those of the other regions. In fruit nutrient composition, the soluble protein and amino acid contents in wild red raspberry fruits in each area were between 1.10 to 1.97 mg·g-1 and 9.84 to 12.96 mg·g-1, respectively, and the soluble protein content of Funing red raspberry and the amino acid content of Chicheng red raspberry were significantly higher than those in the other areas. The vitamin C and anthocyanin contents varied greatly among areas, ranging from 8.40 to 29.79 mg·100 g-1 and 203.02 to 599.19 mg·kg-1, respectively, with vitamin C content of red raspberries in Chicheng, and flavonoid content in Kuancheng area being significantly higher than those in the other areas. There was no regional distribution pattern of flavonoids and total phenols in wild red raspberry fruits, which ranged from 2.32 to 6.69 mg·g-1 and 1.91 to 4.24 mg·g-1, respectively, and the total phenol content of red raspberries in Luanping, and the anthocyanins content of red raspberries in Funing and Changli were significantly higher than those in the other areas. Comprehensive comparisons revealed that the soluble protein content of red raspberries from West Hebei Taihang Mountains was higher than that of other regions, ranging from 1.78 to 1.84 mg·g-1; the red raspberries from Northwestern Hebei had a high vitamin C content of 22.83 to 29.79 mg·100 g-1 and a high amino acid content of 12.47 to 12.96 mg·g-1. The anthocyanin content of red raspberries from Eastern Hebei was relatively high, ranging from 587.82 to 599.19 mg·kg-1. Soluble sugar and titratable acid contents differed significantly, ranging from 51.24 to 84.69 mg·g-1 and 45.53 to 75.27 mg·g-1, respectively; the soluble sugar content of red raspberries in Kuancheng, and the titratable acid of red raspberries in Funing and Yixian were significantly higher than those in the other areas. The acid-sugar ratio ranged from 0.72 to 1.48, with the highest in Xinglong and the lowest in Changli. The soluble solid content and solid-acid ratios ranged from 9.53% to 14.77% and 1.45 to 2.67, respectively, and the two indexes in Xiahuayuan were significantly higher than those in the other areas. Comprehensive comparison revealed that Kuancheng, Xinglong and Weichang in the northwestern Hebei and northern Hebei regions had a higher soluble sugar content, solid-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio, together with a lower amount of titratable acid, resulting in a sweeter fruit flavor and a richer texture; however, Changli and Funing in East Hebei and Yixian, Lai and Fuping in the West Hebei Taihang Mountains had a lower soluble sugar content and greater amount of titratable acid, which resulted in a more acidic fruit flavor. Correlation analysis of 18 indicators, including fruit traits, yield, nutrient composition and flavor, revealed a total of 19 pairs of correlated indicators. Accordingly, through principal component analysis, the 18 indicators were simplified into 4 relatively independent composite indicators, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 88.530%, and the top three areas in terms of fruit quality composite score were Kuancheng, Xinglong and Weichang. A cluster analysis revealed that wild red raspberries in northern Hebei Province had outstanding fruit quality compared with those in the other regions; the wild red raspberries in the 13 sampling sites were divided into three categories: the first category included Weichang and Longhua, and the second Funning, Yixian, Laishui, Chicheng, Xiahuayuan, Fuping, and Changli.; and the third Luanping, Chengde, Kancheng and Xinglong. 【Conclusion】 A comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality revealed that the wild red raspberries in northern Hebei Province have large yields and good flavors and are suitable for table fruit production, whereas those in northwestern Hebei Province, the West Hebei Taihang Mountains and eastern Hebei Province, which have outstanding fruit organic content, are suitable for the production of wild red raspberries for processing and other purposes.
Key words: Wild red raspberry; Fruit quality; Principal component analysis; Cluster analysis; Evaluation
紅樹莓(Rubus idaeus L.)為薔薇科(Rosaceae)懸鉤子屬(Rubus L.)多年生落葉果樹,為小漿果灌木。果實(shí)顏色鮮艷,味道酸甜,營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高,富含人體所需的多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素[1-3],被稱為“天然綠色食品”、“維生素寶庫”,具有食品、醫(yī)藥等多領(lǐng)域的開發(fā)潛力和利用價(jià)值[4-6]。
我國(guó)有200多個(gè)紅樹莓品種[7],野生種質(zhì)資源非常豐富,但多處于未經(jīng)深度研究與開發(fā)利用的狀態(tài)[8]。雖然國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上紅樹莓品種繁多但產(chǎn)地各異,而不同產(chǎn)地的紅樹莓品質(zhì)存在較大差距。目前國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)于紅樹莓的果實(shí)品質(zhì)相關(guān)研究也多集中于相同產(chǎn)地間[9-10],李鵬舉[11]對(duì)綏化地區(qū)引種的26個(gè)樹莓品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)經(jīng)綜合分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),北京32和紅玉的平均單果質(zhì)量最大,澳洲紅維生素C含量、歐洲紅花青素含量較高。陳天樂[12]對(duì)北京基地栽植的24個(gè)樹莓品種果實(shí)的感官品質(zhì)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分、香氣成分等相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行調(diào)查和測(cè)定,結(jié)果表明,R24和R33的綜合性狀較好,果實(shí)大小、營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量突出,為育種親本選擇提供了依據(jù)。有研究對(duì)東北地區(qū)24個(gè)紅樹莓品種的綜合品質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),利用主成分分析法篩選出8個(gè)重要的加工屬性指標(biāo),并初步篩選出糖酸比適宜、適合鮮食或直接加工成果汁或其他產(chǎn)品的品種[13]。目前對(duì)于不同產(chǎn)地間紅樹莓營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的差異卻鮮見報(bào)道。野生紅樹莓具有很高價(jià)值,尤其我國(guó)本土野生紅樹莓,不僅在糖分含量、口感氣味及抵御病蟲害方面有著優(yōu)異表現(xiàn),還具有可溶性固形物含量較高、豐產(chǎn)性和抗逆性較強(qiáng)等突出特點(diǎn)[14]。近年來紅樹莓的綜合利用逐漸成為研究熱點(diǎn),國(guó)內(nèi)分布的野生紅樹莓也因具有較強(qiáng)的抗性且營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分突出[15],受到了更多研究者的關(guān)注。
河北省山區(qū)的紅樹莓資源豐富,挖掘出適應(yīng)河北省的野生紅樹莓資源,對(duì)種質(zhì)資源高效利用、功能食品開發(fā)和鄉(xiāng)村振興等具有重要意義。因此筆者依托河北省豐富的紅樹莓野生資源,進(jìn)行果實(shí)特性的調(diào)查和測(cè)定,比較省內(nèi)不同區(qū)域野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)品質(zhì)差異,對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)合理開發(fā)利用紅樹莓野生資源、推進(jìn)不同用途紅樹莓良種選擇和定向育種具有重要作用。
1 材料和方法
1.1 研究區(qū)概況
河北省野生紅樹莓多沿燕山及太行山山區(qū)分布,燕山和太行山都處于暖溫帶大陸性季風(fēng)氣候區(qū)。燕山、太行山年均溫6~10 ℃,年降水量534~700 mm。河北省不同地區(qū)都具有較多的野生紅樹莓資源,依照河北省野生紅樹莓種質(zhì)資源分布狀況[16],將調(diào)查地主要?jiǎng)澐譃?大區(qū)域,分別是冀東區(qū)(秦皇島市)、冀北區(qū)(承德市)、冀西北區(qū)(張家口市)以及冀西太行山區(qū)(保定市),共包含13個(gè)樣地。采集區(qū)具體信息如表1所示。
1.2 試驗(yàn)材料
于2020—2021年每年6—8月,在河北省4個(gè)分區(qū)共13個(gè)分布區(qū)域中,分別隨機(jī)選取3~6株生長(zhǎng)健壯、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致、具有代表性的野生紅樹莓植株,選取成熟度一致、果實(shí)面完全均勻著色、無病蟲害的果實(shí)進(jìn)行采集,各樣地隨機(jī)取樣100個(gè)果實(shí),設(shè)3次重復(fù),分裝后放入車載冰箱-16 ℃保存。
1.3 測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法
1.3.1? ? 外部形態(tài)指標(biāo)測(cè)定? ? 在采集地現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行外部形態(tài)指標(biāo)測(cè)定,主要包括:(1)果實(shí)大小及果形:隨機(jī)選取大小均勻的果實(shí)10顆,用數(shù)顯游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量果實(shí)橫徑、果實(shí)縱徑,重復(fù)測(cè)定3次,精確到0.01 mm,計(jì)算果形指數(shù)(縱徑/橫徑);(2)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量:隨機(jī)選取新鮮采摘的不帶花托的果實(shí)10個(gè),置于電子天平上稱取質(zhì)量,重復(fù)測(cè)定3次,精確到0.01 g,計(jì)算平均去托單果質(zhì)量。觀測(cè)記錄各植株的果實(shí)數(shù)量取均值,根據(jù)單果質(zhì)量估算野生紅樹莓的單株產(chǎn)量。
1.3.2? ? 內(nèi)在營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分測(cè)定? ? 除可溶性固形物含量用儀器即時(shí)測(cè)定外,其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分均是對(duì)前期采集并用車載冰箱保存帶回的紅樹莓果實(shí),進(jìn)行-20 ℃低溫冷凍,試驗(yàn)時(shí)進(jìn)行破碎處理后測(cè)定。主要包括:(1)可溶性糖含量測(cè)定:蒽酮比色法[17];(2)可滴定酸含量測(cè)定:氫氧化鈉滴定法[18];(3)可溶性固形物含量測(cè)定:手持折光儀測(cè)量,精確到0.01%,重復(fù)測(cè)定3~5次取平均值[19];(4)可溶性蛋白含量測(cè)定:考馬斯亮藍(lán)染色法[20];(5)維生素C含量測(cè)定:2,6二氯靛酚滴定法[21];(6)氨基酸含量測(cè)定:茚三酮顯色法[22];(7)黃酮含量測(cè)定:氯化鋁顯色法[23];(8)總酚含量測(cè)定:福林酚試劑比色法[24];(9)花青素含量測(cè)定:pH示差法[25]。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
使用Excel進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,使用SPSS Statistics 24軟件對(duì)不同區(qū)域野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析、相關(guān)性分析、主成分分析及聚類分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 野生紅樹莓果實(shí)特性
2.1.1? ? 野生紅樹莓果實(shí)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀差異? ? 13個(gè)樣地的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)如圖1所示。由表2可知,各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)的縱徑與橫徑分別在9.64~14.41 mm、9.48~16.30 mm之間。其中興隆、圍場(chǎng)和隆化的紅樹莓果個(gè)顯著大于其他地區(qū),以興隆地區(qū)的果個(gè)最大;寬城、承德縣、灤平次之;而昌黎和阜平的果個(gè)最小,兩地間果個(gè)差異不顯著。綜合對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),冀北區(qū)紅樹莓的果個(gè)顯著大于其他地區(qū),果形方面地區(qū)間差異不顯著,除下花園、寬城、興隆、承德縣為圓形果外,其他地區(qū)均為圓錐形果。
野生紅樹莓果實(shí)產(chǎn)量有著明顯區(qū)域性差異,各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)的單果質(zhì)量及單株產(chǎn)量分別在0.34~2.03 g、23.89~306.70 g之間,其中興隆地區(qū)果實(shí)的單果質(zhì)量及單株產(chǎn)量顯著高于其他地區(qū);寬城的單果質(zhì)量及寬城、承德縣和灤平的單株產(chǎn)量都次之;而昌黎和阜平果實(shí)的單果質(zhì)量及單株產(chǎn)量最低,兩地間差異不顯著。綜合比較發(fā)現(xiàn),冀北區(qū)的單果質(zhì)量及單株產(chǎn)量顯著高于其他地區(qū),其余各地均存在一定差異。
2.1.2? ? 野生紅樹莓果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分差異? ? 由表3可知,各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)的可溶性蛋白與氨基酸含量(w,后同)分別在1.10~1.97 mg·g-1、9.84~12.96 mg·g-1之間,撫寧紅樹莓的可溶性蛋白含量、赤城紅樹莓的氨基酸含量顯著高于其他地區(qū);各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)的維生素C與花青素含量有較大差異,分別在8.40~29.79 mg·100 g-1、203.02~599.19 mg·kg-1之間,赤城紅樹莓的維生素C含量、撫寧和昌黎紅樹莓的花青素含量顯著高于其他地區(qū);各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)中黃酮與總酚含量無區(qū)域性分布規(guī)律,分別在2.32~6.69 mg·g-1、1.91~4.24 mg·g-1之間,寬城地區(qū)紅樹莓的黃酮含量、灤平地區(qū)紅樹莓的總酚含量顯著高于其他地區(qū)。綜合比較發(fā)現(xiàn),冀西北區(qū)野生紅樹莓具有較高的維生素C和氨基酸含量;冀北區(qū)各樣地營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分存在個(gè)體差異;冀西太行山區(qū)和冀東區(qū)野生紅樹莓大多營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分無顯著差異,且相較其他地區(qū)具有較高的可溶性蛋白和花青素含量。
2.1.3? ? 野生紅樹莓果實(shí)風(fēng)味差異? ? 果實(shí)內(nèi)部可溶性糖和有機(jī)酸的含量,是影響水果風(fēng)味最直觀的因素。由表4可知,各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓的可溶性糖與可滴定酸含量存在顯著差異,分別在51.24~84.69 mg·g-1、45.53~75.27 mg·g-1之間,寬城紅樹莓的可溶性糖含量、撫寧和易縣紅樹莓的可滴定酸含量顯著高于其他地區(qū);各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓的糖酸比在0.72~1.48之間,興隆的紅樹莓糖酸比最高,而昌黎最低;各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓的可溶性固形物含量與固酸比分別在9.53%~14.77%、1.45~2.67之間,下花園紅樹莓的2個(gè)指標(biāo)均高于其他地區(qū)。
綜合比較發(fā)現(xiàn),冀西北區(qū)和冀北區(qū)的寬城、興隆和圍場(chǎng)有著較高的可溶性糖含量、固酸比和糖酸比,以及較低的可滴定酸含量,因此果實(shí)口味更甜、口感更加豐富;而冀東區(qū)的昌黎和撫寧、冀西太行山區(qū)的易縣、淶水和阜平果實(shí)中可溶性糖含量較低,可滴定酸含量較高,果實(shí)口味偏酸。
2.2 野生紅樹莓果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)
2.2.1? ? 果實(shí)品質(zhì)性狀相關(guān)性分析? ? 對(duì)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)性狀、產(chǎn)量、營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分及其風(fēng)味共18項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,由圖2可知,共有19對(duì)指標(biāo)相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著水平(p<0.05),28對(duì)指標(biāo)相關(guān)性達(dá)到極顯著水平(p<0.01)。在3個(gè)果形指標(biāo)中,果實(shí)的橫徑與縱徑呈極顯著正相關(guān),而與縱橫比呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);在4個(gè)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)中,單果質(zhì)量和最大單果質(zhì)量都與果實(shí)縱徑和橫徑呈極顯著正相關(guān),而單株產(chǎn)量也與果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑、單果質(zhì)量和單株果數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān),說明果個(gè)和果數(shù)都顯著影響野生紅樹莓的產(chǎn)量;在6個(gè)果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分指標(biāo)中,黃酮含量與可溶性蛋白含量呈極顯著正相關(guān),而與氨基酸含量呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與維生素C含量呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。花青素含量與多種果形以及果實(shí)產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)呈顯著、極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),即果個(gè)越大、單株產(chǎn)量越多的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)含有的花青素含量越少;在5個(gè)果實(shí)風(fēng)味指標(biāo)中,固酸比與可溶性固形物含量呈顯著正相關(guān),與可滴定酸含量呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。而糖酸比不僅與可溶性糖含量和固酸比呈極顯著正相關(guān),與可滴定酸含量呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),還與果形指標(biāo)縱徑、橫徑呈極顯著正相關(guān),與果實(shí)產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)中的單果質(zhì)量和最大單果質(zhì)量呈顯著正相關(guān),這說明影響果實(shí)風(fēng)味的糖酸比和固酸比有協(xié)同一致的作用,且果形及單果質(zhì)量越大的果實(shí),其糖酸比越高,風(fēng)味越好。
2.2.2? ? 果實(shí)品質(zhì)性狀主成分分析? ? 對(duì)各地區(qū)野生紅樹莓有關(guān)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的18項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行主成分分析,共提取出特征值>1的4個(gè)主成分。由表5可知,4個(gè)主成分方差貢獻(xiàn)率由大到小依次為42.009%、26.101%、14.090%、6.330%,累積方差貢獻(xiàn)率為88.530%,基本代表了果實(shí)指標(biāo)中的18個(gè)性狀,可作為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。為了更好地解釋成分,對(duì)其旋轉(zhuǎn)后系數(shù)更接近1,使各成分貢獻(xiàn)率在累積貢獻(xiàn)率不變的情況下重新分配。
通過最大方差法旋轉(zhuǎn)后的矩陣表6可知,第1主成分綜合了最大單果質(zhì)量、縱徑、單果質(zhì)量、橫徑、糖酸比、可滴定酸含量、花青素含量、單株產(chǎn)量和固酸比的信息,PC1較大時(shí),果實(shí)的果個(gè)、單株產(chǎn)量較大,且可滴定酸含量、花青素含量、糖酸比和固酸比較高;第2主成分綜合了縱橫比、總酚含量和單株果數(shù)的信息,PC2較大時(shí),果實(shí)的縱橫比、單株果數(shù)較大,且總酚含量較高;第3主成分綜合了黃酮、可溶性蛋白、氨基酸和維生素C含量的信息,PC3較大時(shí),果實(shí)中這4個(gè)成分的含量較高;第4主成分綜合了可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量的信息,PC4較大時(shí),果實(shí)中這2個(gè)成分的含量較高。
各地區(qū)的野生紅樹莓主成分得分及果實(shí)品質(zhì)排名如表7所示,興隆、圍場(chǎng)和隆化地區(qū),灤平、承德縣和寬城地區(qū),寬城、撫寧和阜平地區(qū),寬城、下花園和隆化地區(qū)分別在第1至第4主成分的得分較高,果實(shí)品質(zhì)較好;果實(shí)品質(zhì)最終綜合評(píng)價(jià)得分(F)排名前三位的分別是寬城、興隆和圍場(chǎng)。比較發(fā)現(xiàn)冀北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓相較其他區(qū)域有著突出的果實(shí)品質(zhì)。
2.2.3? ? 聚類分析? ? 依據(jù)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)品質(zhì)的18項(xiàng)指標(biāo)對(duì)13個(gè)樣地中分布的野生紅樹莓進(jìn)行聚類分析。由圖3可知,在歐式距離為7的情況下,可將各樣地的野生紅樹莓分為3類:第一類包括圍場(chǎng)和隆化,此類野生紅樹莓果實(shí)品質(zhì)相較其他地區(qū),果個(gè)、糖酸比和固酸比相對(duì)較高,可用于營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量均衡、果實(shí)風(fēng)味相對(duì)較好的紅樹莓資源的篩選。第二類包括撫寧、易縣、淶水、赤城、下花園、阜平和昌黎,此類野生紅樹莓果個(gè)、單果質(zhì)量、單株果數(shù)以及單株產(chǎn)量較小,但部分營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量較為突出,并且可以分為撫寧、易縣和其他5個(gè)地區(qū)2個(gè)亞類,前者野生紅樹莓可溶性蛋白、花青素、可滴定酸含量較為突出,后者氨基酸、維生素C、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比較為突出,因此第二類可用于上述7個(gè)成分指標(biāo)含量較高的紅樹莓資源篩選。第三類包括灤平、承德、寬城和興隆,此類的野生紅樹莓果個(gè)、單果質(zhì)量、單株果數(shù)以及單株產(chǎn)量都較為突出,且同樣可分為灤平、承德縣和寬城、興隆2個(gè)亞類,前者的總酚含量較為突出,后者的黃酮、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比較為突出,因此第三類可用于果個(gè)、產(chǎn)量較大且上述4個(gè)成分指標(biāo)含量較高的紅樹莓資源篩選。綜合比較發(fā)現(xiàn),冀北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓產(chǎn)量大、風(fēng)味佳,適合鮮食生產(chǎn),而其他3個(gè)區(qū)域的野生紅樹莓,果實(shí)有機(jī)物含量突出,適合加工生產(chǎn)。
3 討 論
3.1 野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)特性
野生紅樹莓果實(shí)的外部性狀及產(chǎn)量通常受生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境條件、基因等多個(gè)因素的影響[26-27],存在區(qū)域性差異。本研究結(jié)果表明,冀北區(qū)的紅樹莓果個(gè)顯著大于其他區(qū)域,且該區(qū)單果質(zhì)量更大,單株產(chǎn)量更高,這可能是由于該區(qū)所處地理位置及其氣候、土壤等環(huán)境因素利于果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)或受優(yōu)良種質(zhì)因素影響。其中興隆地區(qū)的紅樹莓果個(gè)和單株產(chǎn)量顯著高于其他地區(qū),其單果質(zhì)量(2.03 g)顯著高于宋建新等[28]測(cè)定的Sunrise(1.62 g)、周雙等[9]測(cè)定的DNS9(1.82 g)及陳樂天[12]測(cè)定的R22(1.606 5 g)、R10(1.857 g),有引種用于栽培生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
果實(shí)的維生素C、總酚和花青素等都是天然的抗氧化活性劑[29],可幫助人體增強(qiáng)免疫力,促進(jìn)新陳代謝。根據(jù)研究結(jié)果可知,河北省不同區(qū)域的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)存在顯著差異。綜合比較發(fā)現(xiàn),冀西北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓具有較高的維生素C和氨基酸含量,其維生素C含量(22.83~29.79 mg·100 g-1)與張家口地區(qū)海爾特茲紅樹莓測(cè)定結(jié)果相近[30],但顯著高于沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)樹莓種植基地采收的15個(gè)樹莓品種(6.86~10.60 mg·100 g-1)[28],是其中維生素C含量最高品種Cuthbert 的2~3倍;冀西太行山區(qū)和冀東區(qū)野生紅樹莓分別具有較高的可溶性蛋白和花青素含量,其中冀東區(qū)花青素含量(587.82~599.19 mg·kg-1)是北京基地栽植的R4、R6、R7紅樹莓品種的2~3倍[12],且各區(qū)域野生紅樹莓總酚含量(1.91~4.24 mg·g-1)顯著高于北京基地栽植的14個(gè)樹莓品種(0.566~1.882 mg·g-1)[12],因此冀西北區(qū)、冀東區(qū)及冀西太行山區(qū)的紅樹莓果實(shí)富含天然抗氧化成分,具有較強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性,在延長(zhǎng)食品加工保鮮期的同時(shí),改善了口感,提高了營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值[31]。分析冀西北區(qū)維生素C含量較高的原因,可能是該區(qū)生長(zhǎng)地光照充足,促進(jìn)了植株的光合作用及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。而冀東區(qū)花青素含量較高,則可能是由于該地區(qū)適宜的土壤條件和充足的降水促進(jìn)了花青素積累,黃潔帆等[32]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),該地區(qū)野生紅樹莓的適生土壤均為酸性土,加之雨水條件充足,有助于提高植物對(duì)鋁、鎂等合成花青素等關(guān)鍵礦質(zhì)元素的吸收能力,Pott等[33]在黑加侖果實(shí)品質(zhì)的研究中也證明了降雨對(duì)果實(shí)中花青素的含量有積極影響。
綜合比較各區(qū)域的果實(shí)風(fēng)味發(fā)現(xiàn),冀西北區(qū)和冀北部分地區(qū)的紅樹莓果實(shí)具有較高的糖分、糖酸比、固酸比及可溶性固形物含量,尤其冀西北區(qū)果實(shí)風(fēng)味顯著突出,原因可能是該區(qū)氣候較為干旱,且山區(qū)地形起伏較大,導(dǎo)致晝夜溫差變大,從而在一定程度上促進(jìn)了果實(shí)中有機(jī)物的積累。王程寬等[34]對(duì)柑橘品質(zhì)的研究同樣表明,晝夜溫差顯著影響果實(shí)風(fēng)味,較大的晝夜溫差有助于果實(shí)糖分累積。
3.2 野生紅樹莓的果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)
使用科學(xué)合理的評(píng)估方法挑選出品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的種質(zhì),對(duì)育種工作至關(guān)重要[35]。目前相關(guān)性分析、主成分分析及聚類分析被廣泛應(yīng)用在有關(guān)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的數(shù)據(jù)分析和綜合評(píng)價(jià)中[36-37]。筆者通過對(duì)各樣地中有關(guān)野生紅樹莓果實(shí)性狀、產(chǎn)量、營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分及其風(fēng)味共18項(xiàng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)19對(duì)指標(biāo)相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著水平,28對(duì)指標(biāo)相關(guān)性達(dá)到極顯著水平,表明各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)間既相互獨(dú)立,又有一定關(guān)聯(lián)性,相互影響。進(jìn)而運(yùn)用主成分分析,從18個(gè)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)中提取出4個(gè)主成分,包含所有品質(zhì)指標(biāo)88.530%的信息,可作為指標(biāo)綜合評(píng)價(jià)各樣地的紅樹莓果實(shí)品質(zhì),并依據(jù)各指標(biāo)得分綜合評(píng)價(jià)不同樣地的紅樹莓果實(shí)品質(zhì)。
通過聚類分析,將13個(gè)樣地的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)分為3類,在野生紅樹莓資源的開發(fā)利用中,果形大、產(chǎn)量且營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量高的野生紅樹莓具有較高的價(jià)值,在優(yōu)異種質(zhì)選育中可以作為特異種質(zhì)培養(yǎng)。
4 結(jié) 論
不同區(qū)域的野生紅樹莓果實(shí)特性及果實(shí)營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分存在差異,冀北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓果個(gè)和產(chǎn)量顯著大于其他區(qū)域;冀西北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓具有較高的維生素C和氨基酸含量;冀西太行山區(qū)和冀東區(qū)野生紅樹莓具有較高的可溶性蛋白和花青素含量;而冀北區(qū)各樣地紅樹莓營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分存在個(gè)體差異。經(jīng)主成分分析和聚類分析后,果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分排名前三位的地區(qū)為寬城、興隆和圍場(chǎng),結(jié)合河北省分區(qū)得出,冀北區(qū)的野生紅樹莓產(chǎn)量大、風(fēng)味佳,有發(fā)展為鮮食生產(chǎn)的潛質(zhì),而冀西北區(qū)、冀西太行山區(qū)和冀東區(qū)的野生紅樹莓,果實(shí)有機(jī)物含量突出,適合不同需求的加工生產(chǎn)。
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