李群貞 黃福瓊 朱禮乾 袁夢(mèng) 龍勇 王男麒 凌麗俐 淳長(zhǎng)品
摘? ? 要:【目的】了解眉山市主栽柑橘品種果實(shí)品質(zhì),對(duì)各個(gè)區(qū)縣愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),為眉山市柑橘品種示范和推廣提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳悦忌绞袗?ài)媛28、春見(jiàn)果園采集的共72個(gè)果實(shí)為材料,測(cè)定果實(shí)品質(zhì),利用主成分分析和聚類分析對(duì)來(lái)自不同區(qū)縣的同一品種進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),計(jì)算得分排名并篩選品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)?!窘Y(jié)果】各區(qū)縣愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)幾項(xiàng)外在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)(a*、單果質(zhì)量、縱徑、皮厚度)在不同區(qū)縣間存在顯著差異,內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)各區(qū)縣之間無(wú)顯著差異;各區(qū)縣春見(jiàn)果實(shí)內(nèi)外品質(zhì)指標(biāo)均存在顯著差異。對(duì)兩品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)通過(guò)主成分分析提取到4個(gè)主成分,累積貢獻(xiàn)率分別為75.646%、76.940%。綜合評(píng)價(jià)得分結(jié)果表明,愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)闁|坡區(qū)>仁壽縣>丹棱縣>彭山區(qū);春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)榕砩絽^(qū)>東坡區(qū)>丹棱縣>仁壽縣>青神縣?!窘Y(jié)論】明確了眉山市主栽柑橘品種的品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)和不同區(qū)縣間的異同,對(duì)優(yōu)化調(diào)整眉山市柑橘品種結(jié)構(gòu)、提高眉山市整體柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)具有一定的參考意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:眉山柑橘;愛(ài)媛28;春見(jiàn);果實(shí)品質(zhì);聚類分析;主成分分析
中圖分類號(hào):S666 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)04-0651-14
Analysis and evaluation of fruit quality of Ehime 28 and Harumi in Meishan City, Sichuan province
LI Qunzhen1, HUANG Fuqiong1, ZHU Liqian2, YUAN Meng2, LONG Yong3, WANG Nanqi1, LING Lili1, CHUN Changpin1*
(1Southwest University/Citrus Research Institute/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; 2Dongpo Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Meishan 620010, Sichuan, China; 3Meishan Bureau of? Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Meishan 620010, Sichuan, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 The study aimed to understand and master the fruit quality of the main citrus varieties in Meishan City, and comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality of each variety in various districts and counties to provide theoretical basis for the adjustment and promotion of citrus variety structure in Meishan City. 【Methods】 Using Ehime 28 (Citrus reticulate) and Harumi [C. reticulate × (C. reticulata× C. sinenesis)] orchards collected from 4 or 5 districts and counties in Meishan City as materials, 15 kinds of fruit quality indicators were measured, and principal component analysis was used to comprehensively evaluate the same variety from different districts and counties, and the score ranking was calculated. 【Results】 The single fruit weight of Ehime 28 varied from 149.8 g to 353.13 g, with an average of 245.24 g. The soluble solids content (TSS) range was 7.6% to 13.4%, with an average of 10.79%; The titratable acid content (TA) ranged from 0.49% to 0.94%, with an average of 0.70%; The vitamin C content (Vc) ranged from 26.4 mg·100 mL-1 to 50.47 mg·100 mL-1, with a mean of 36.82 mg·100 mL-1; The variation range of TSS/TA was 10.42-21.25, with an average of 15.66. The single fruit weight of Harumi varied from 162.38g to 392.74 g, with an average of 242.84 g. The distribution range of TSS was 9.7% to 13.7%, with an average of 10.97%; The distribution range of TA was 0.4% to 1.2%, with an average of 0.81; The distribution range of Vc was 24.95 mg·100 mL-1 to 42.71 mg·100 mL-1, with a mean of 35.37 mg·100 mL-1; The distribution range of solid acid ratio was 8.82-27.99, with an average of 14.43. Discriminant analysis showed that the comprehensive quality of Ehime 28 and Harumi fruits collected from different districts and counties had varying degrees of separation, and the comprehensive quality of the citrus fruits collected from the same district and county tended to cluster together, indicating that there are certain differences in the comprehensive quality of the citrus fruits collected from different districts and counties. 11 fruit quality indicators of Ehime 28 were selected and the principal component extraction was performed. Four principal components were extracted based on the principle of eigenvalues over 1, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 75.646%. The single fruit weight and juice yield loadings were higher on PC1, the longitudinal diameter loadings were higher on PC2, the CCI loadings were higher on PC3, and the edibility loadings were higher on PC4. Similarly, after converting the data of the 11 fruit quality indicators of Harumi, the principal component extraction was performed. A total of 4 principal components were extracted based on the principle of eigenvalues over 1, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 76.940%. On PC1, the load on longitudinal diameter, skin thickness, and juice yield were higher, on PC2, the load on peel hardness were higher, on PC3, the load on TA was higher, and on PC4, the load on CCI was higher. The average comprehensive scores of fruit quality of Ehime 28 were arranged in the order of Dongpo District>Renshou County>Danling County>Pengshan District. The average comprehensive score of Dongpo District was significantly higher than that of Pengshan District, but there was no significant difference between Renshou County and Danling County. The average comprehensive scores of Harumi fruit quality was arranged in the order of Pengshan District>Dongpo District>Danling County>Renshou County>Qingshen County. The average comprehensive score of Pengshan District was significantly higher than Renshou, Danling, and Qingshen County, and there was no significant difference from Dongpo District. For the convenience of rapid detection and grading of the fruit quality in the future, the evaluation factors for the quality of Ehime 28 and Harumi fruits in Meishan City were simplified, and the most representative indicators were selected. The cluster analysis was performed on various quality indicators, and the indicators clustered into one category showed high similarity. Combined with the PCA load matrix, the highest load indicator was selected to replace this type of quality indicator. The indicators grouped separately into one category were relatively independent. Finally, the single fruit weight, lateral diameter, juice yield, TSS and Vc were chosen for Ehime 28; the CCI, longitudinal diameter, skin thickness, juice yield, and Vc were selected for Harumi as core indicators. 【Conclusion】 This study clarifies the quality performance of the main citrus varieties planted in Meishan City and the differences between different counties, which has certain reference significance for optimizing and adjusting the structure of citrus varieties in Meishan City.
Key words: Meishan citrus; Ehime 28; Harumi; Fruit quality; Cluster analysis; Principal component analysis
柑橘是世界第一大水果,是南方栽培面積最大、經(jīng)濟(jì)地位最重要的果樹(shù)[1]。四川部分地區(qū)處于長(zhǎng)江中上游優(yōu)勢(shì)柑橘帶,近年來(lái)四川省柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)良好,柑橘種植規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,產(chǎn)量不斷提高,品種豐富多樣,2021年全省柑橘總產(chǎn)量達(dá)522.3萬(wàn)t,居全國(guó)第四位[2]。眉山全年基本無(wú)0 ℃以下低溫、早春升溫平穩(wěn)等現(xiàn)象,有利于晚熟柑橘安全越冬,延長(zhǎng)留樹(shù)保鮮時(shí)間,是全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)晚熟柑橘的最適宜生長(zhǎng)地區(qū)。眉山種植的品種類型主要包括春見(jiàn)、清見(jiàn)、不知火、沃柑等,同時(shí)也發(fā)展了相當(dāng)一部分早、中熟品種如愛(ài)媛28和金秋沙糖橘。全市柑橘種植面積7.07萬(wàn)hm2,其中種植面積前二位的春見(jiàn)、愛(ài)媛28分別達(dá)2.13萬(wàn)hm2、1.60萬(wàn)hm2,均為全國(guó)最多[3]。眉山市的土壤疏松肥沃、土層較深、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高,適合柑橘的生長(zhǎng),柑橘產(chǎn)業(yè)為果農(nóng)脫貧致富做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn),系統(tǒng)性地對(duì)眉山市的主栽品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)分析和評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)提高眉山市整體柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)有重要幫助,也對(duì)眉山柑橘持續(xù)、健康和高質(zhì)量發(fā)展有重要意義。
柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)包括色澤、果形、大小和可食率、出汁率、糖、酸、維生素C含量等外觀和內(nèi)在品質(zhì),也包括果實(shí)硬度、果皮厚度這些影響果實(shí)貯藏性能的指標(biāo)。果實(shí)品質(zhì)直接影響到柑橘的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,品種差異對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)起決定性作用,同時(shí)也受地域氣候、栽培管理水平的影響。因此采用科學(xué)合理的評(píng)價(jià)方法,篩選表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的品種和種植水平較高的地區(qū),有利于進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)柑橘品種結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,幫助果農(nóng)增產(chǎn)增收。前人已對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)不同產(chǎn)區(qū)紐荷爾臍橙[4]、沃柑[5]、金秋沙糖橘[6]進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)價(jià),篩選出了評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)和適宜種植區(qū)域,關(guān)于眉山市主栽柑橘品種的果實(shí)品質(zhì)分析,前人也做了一些研究。張偉清等[7]對(duì)全國(guó)6個(gè)產(chǎn)地的紅美人雜柑的糖酸特征和品質(zhì)進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同產(chǎn)地果實(shí)糖酸品質(zhì)間存在差異,眉山的果實(shí)糖低酸高,糖酸比最低為8.55。以上研究樣本量較少(n=3),未涉及到全區(qū)縣范圍,代表性和針對(duì)性不強(qiáng)。
主成分分析法是一種以數(shù)據(jù)降維的方式,將指標(biāo)由繁化簡(jiǎn),使用幾個(gè)成分來(lái)包含大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)信息,如今這種方法已廣泛應(yīng)用于各種果實(shí)的品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)[8-10]。李勛蘭等[11]利用因子分析法對(duì)11種柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),發(fā)現(xiàn)甜橙果實(shí)綜合品質(zhì)普遍優(yōu)于雜柑。嚴(yán)鑫等[12]利用主成分分析法對(duì)19個(gè)產(chǎn)地的圓黃梨果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),得到綜合得分最高的兩個(gè)地區(qū)。林媚等[13]利用主成分分析法對(duì)12個(gè)柑橘品種的果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià),發(fā)現(xiàn)沃柑的綜合得分最高。以上研究未涉及到眉山市主栽柑橘品種果實(shí)的品質(zhì)分析與評(píng)價(jià),因此,筆者以眉山市區(qū)縣種植較多的愛(ài)媛28、春見(jiàn)兩個(gè)柑橘品種為研究對(duì)象,系統(tǒng)地分析了各個(gè)區(qū)縣的果實(shí)品質(zhì)表現(xiàn),明確不同地區(qū)間的果實(shí)品質(zhì)差異,對(duì)提高眉山市整體柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)具有一定的參考意義。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
試驗(yàn)材料取自眉山市的5個(gè)區(qū)縣(東坡區(qū)、彭山區(qū)、青神縣、丹棱縣、仁壽縣)的72個(gè)果園,品種包括愛(ài)媛28(Citrus reticulate ‘Ehime 28,32個(gè))、春見(jiàn)[Citrus reticulate × (C. reticulata× C. sinenesis) ‘Harumi tangor,40個(gè)],采樣點(diǎn)信息見(jiàn)圖1。愛(ài)媛28采樣時(shí)間為2022年10月15—25日,春見(jiàn)采樣時(shí)間為2023年2月10—20日,樹(shù)齡均處于3~5 a(年)范圍,砧木主要為資陽(yáng)香橙。每個(gè)果園每個(gè)品種按“S”形挑選長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好、掛果數(shù)基本一致的10株樹(shù),采摘樹(shù)冠外圍東南西北四個(gè)方位的無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害、大小一致、無(wú)機(jī)械創(chuàng)傷、無(wú)外觀明顯日灼的果實(shí)各1個(gè),40個(gè)果實(shí)混為1個(gè)樣品。果實(shí)采后立即運(yùn)送至實(shí)驗(yàn)室,每個(gè)樣品中再挑選20個(gè)果實(shí),洗凈擦干后進(jìn)行品質(zhì)分析。
1.2 試驗(yàn)方法
用電子天平稱取果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量(g)和果皮質(zhì)量(g),計(jì)算果實(shí)可食率/%=(果實(shí)質(zhì)量-果皮質(zhì)量)/果實(shí)質(zhì)量×100;用刻度尺測(cè)量果實(shí)的縱徑和橫徑,計(jì)算果形指數(shù)(縱徑/橫徑);用CR-400手持式色差儀測(cè)定果皮亮度(L*)、紅綠色差(a*)、黃藍(lán)色差(b*),CCI(綜合色澤指數(shù))=(1000×a*)/(L*×b*);用硬度計(jì)(艾德堡GY-4,探頭直徑3.5 mm)測(cè)定果皮硬度;參照GB/T 8210—2011柑橘鮮果檢驗(yàn)方法[14]測(cè)定果汁率;利用手持式折射計(jì)(ATAGO PAL-1)測(cè)定可溶性固形物含量(%);利用NaOH滴定法[15]測(cè)定果汁可滴定酸含量(%),計(jì)算果實(shí)固酸比(可溶性固形物/可滴定酸);采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚法[16]測(cè)定果汁的維生素C含量(mg·100 mL-1)。
1.3 果實(shí)品質(zhì)的綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法
采用主成分分析法(PCA)進(jìn)行賦權(quán)重評(píng)價(jià),分析前將果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行歸一化,將原始數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換到[0,1]之間,其中正指標(biāo)的轉(zhuǎn)換公式見(jiàn)(1)、負(fù)指標(biāo)的轉(zhuǎn)換見(jiàn)(2):
[Uij=Xij-Xminj/Xmaxj-Xminj],? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(1)
[Vij=1-Xij-Xminj/Xmaxj-Xminj]。? ? ? ? ? ? ? (2)
其中,[Uij]、[Vij]分別代表了正、負(fù)指標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化后的值,[Xij]代表第i個(gè)樣品的第j個(gè)指標(biāo)的原始值,[Xminj]代表第j個(gè)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)中的最小值,[Xmaxj]代表第j個(gè)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)中的最大值。歸一化的數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)過(guò)主成分分析后,通過(guò)公式(3)進(jìn)行得分計(jì)算。
[S=Q1T1+Q2T2+…+QnTn/T]。? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (3)
其中[S]代表最終得分,[Qn]代表第n個(gè)因子的得分,[Tn]代表第n個(gè)因子的方差貢獻(xiàn)率,T代表特征根大于1的累積方差貢獻(xiàn)率[12]。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26進(jìn)行描述統(tǒng)計(jì)、單因素方差分析(ANOVA)、采用鄧肯法(Duncan)多重比較分析數(shù)據(jù)的差異顯著性(p<0.05),使用Origin 2023作圖。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 眉山市愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)分析
通過(guò)對(duì)2個(gè)柑橘品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)分析并繪制箱線圖(圖2)可以看出品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的最大值、最小值、中位數(shù)、均值情況。愛(ài)媛28果皮亮度(L*)分布范圍為68.03~76.13,均值為70.96;果皮紅綠色度(a*)分布范圍為14.18~32.66,均值為27.73;果皮黃藍(lán)色度(b*)分布范圍為67.87~76.99,均值為70.84;單果質(zhì)量分布范圍為149.80~353.13 g,均值為245.24 g;縱徑分布范圍為6.65~10.57 cm,均值為7.64 cm;橫徑分布范圍為6.60~10.50 cm,均值為7.94 cm;果形指數(shù)分布范圍為0.74~1.35,均值為0.97;果皮硬度分布范圍10.23~23.94 N,均值為16.04 N;果皮厚度分布范圍為2.01~4.37 mm,均值為2.95 mm;可食率分布范圍為72.80%~88.30%,均值為77.33%;出汁率分布范圍為55.02%~76.63%,均值為62.71%;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)分布范圍為7.60%~13.40%,均值為10.79%;可滴定酸含量分布范圍為0.49%~0.94%,均值為0.70%;維生素C含量(ρ,后同)分布范圍為26.40~50.47 mg·100 mL-1,均值為36.82 mg·100 mL-1;固酸比分布范圍為10.42~21.25,均值為15.66。
方差分析結(jié)果表明,愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)幾項(xiàng)外在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在不同區(qū)縣間存在顯著差異。果皮黃綠色度a*彭山區(qū)顯著高于仁壽縣;單果質(zhì)量東坡區(qū)和彭山區(qū)均顯著高于仁壽縣;果實(shí)橫徑東坡區(qū)顯著高于仁壽縣和丹棱縣;果皮厚度彭山區(qū)和丹棱縣顯著高于仁壽縣;其余內(nèi)在品質(zhì)指標(biāo)各區(qū)縣之間無(wú)顯著差異。
2.2 眉山市春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)分析
如圖3所示,春見(jiàn)果皮亮度(L*)分布范圍為69.86~78.36,均值為74.64;果皮紅綠色度(a*)分布范圍為10.27~30.45,均值為20.67;果皮黃藍(lán)色度(b*)分布范圍為70.56~79.64,均值為75.93;單果質(zhì)量分布范圍為162.38~392.74 g,均值為242.84 g;縱徑分布范圍為5.70~9.60 cm,均值為8.05 cm;橫徑分布范圍為3.60~10.20 cm,均值為8.30 cm;果形指數(shù)分布范圍為0.78~1.58,均值為0.98;果皮硬度分布范圍7.42~16.16 N,均值為11.82 N;果皮厚度分布范圍為2.32~6.35 mm,均值為3.83 mm,可食率分布范圍為59.19%~77.90%,均值為67.67%;出汁率分布范圍為21.67%~66.06%,均值為38.02%;可溶性固形物含量分布范圍為9.70%~13.70%,均值為10.97%;可滴定酸含量分布范圍為0.40%~1.20%,均值為0.81%;維生素C含量分布范圍為24.95~42.71 mg·100 mL-1,均值為35.37 mg·100 mL-1;固酸比分布范圍為8.82~27.99,均值為14.43。
方差分析結(jié)果表明,春見(jiàn)果皮黃綠色度a*東坡區(qū)顯著高于仁壽縣;果皮黃藍(lán)色度b*東坡區(qū)顯著高于青神縣;單果質(zhì)量彭山縣顯著高于仁壽縣;果皮硬度彭山區(qū)最高,仁壽縣、丹棱縣、青神縣次之,東坡區(qū)最低;果皮厚度東坡區(qū)和彭山區(qū)顯著高于仁壽縣、丹棱縣、青神縣;可食率和出汁率彭山區(qū)、仁壽縣和青神縣均顯著高于東坡區(qū);可溶性固形物含量東坡區(qū)顯著高于丹棱縣;可滴定酸含量丹棱縣顯著高于仁壽縣和彭山區(qū),東坡區(qū)最低;維生素C含量青神縣顯著高于東坡區(qū)和彭山區(qū);固酸比以東坡區(qū)最高,其余4個(gè)區(qū)縣無(wú)顯著差異。
2.3 眉山市愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)判別和聚類分析
為了解眉山市主栽的2個(gè)柑橘品種在各個(gè)區(qū)縣的表現(xiàn)特征,對(duì)2個(gè)品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行判別和聚類分析。判別分析(圖4)表明各區(qū)縣種植的愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)果實(shí)綜合品質(zhì)有不同程度的分離,且同一區(qū)縣種植的柑橘果實(shí)綜合品質(zhì)有聚集在一起的趨勢(shì),說(shuō)明不同區(qū)縣的柑橘果實(shí)綜合品質(zhì)有一定差異。
聚類分析結(jié)果表明4個(gè)區(qū)縣種植的愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)可以分為4類(圖5-A)。第一類包括仁壽區(qū)5個(gè)樣本、東坡區(qū)2個(gè)樣本、丹棱縣1個(gè)樣本,特征為果皮亮度、黃藍(lán)色度、可滴定酸和維生素C含量較高,果皮厚度、可食率和出汁率低。第二類包括彭山區(qū)、仁壽縣和丹棱縣各1個(gè)樣本,特征為果皮紅綠色度、皮厚、固酸比高,果皮亮度、黃藍(lán)色度、可食率、出汁率、糖酸含量低。第三類包括仁壽縣、丹棱縣、東坡區(qū)各1個(gè)樣本,仁壽縣4個(gè)樣本,特征為果皮紅綠色度高,果皮亮度和黃藍(lán)色度低,果實(shí)小、糖酸含量適中。第四類包括彭山區(qū)、仁壽縣、丹棱縣各2個(gè)樣本,東坡區(qū)6個(gè)樣本,特征為果皮紅綠色度和單果質(zhì)量高、可溶性固形物含量和固酸比較高,果皮亮度和黃藍(lán)色度低,其余指標(biāo)適中。
春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)也可以分為4類(圖5-B)。第一類包括東坡區(qū)6個(gè)樣本,彭山區(qū)、仁壽縣各1個(gè)樣本,特征為果皮色澤和果實(shí)縱橫徑較大,固酸比高,可食率、出汁率、糖酸含量較低。第二類包括仁壽縣10個(gè)樣本,青神縣2個(gè)樣本,丹棱縣和彭山區(qū)各1個(gè)樣本,特征為可滴定酸和維生素C含量高,果皮色澤、可食率、出汁率居中,單果質(zhì)量、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比低。第三類包括丹棱縣4個(gè)樣本,青神縣、仁壽縣各2個(gè)樣本,特征為縱橫徑和維生素C含量高,果皮色澤居中,可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比較低。第四類包括彭山區(qū)4個(gè)樣本,丹棱縣和仁壽縣各2個(gè)樣本,東坡區(qū)和青神縣各1個(gè)樣本,特征為果皮亮度和黃藍(lán)色度、縱橫徑、可滴定酸含量、可食率、出汁率和維生素C含量高,果皮紅綠色度、固酸比低。
2.4 眉山市愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)主成分分析及綜合評(píng)價(jià)
上述分析表明不同區(qū)縣間各品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)存在差異和相似性,但是各區(qū)縣果實(shí)綜合品質(zhì)如何排序,還需要進(jìn)行主成分分析及綜合評(píng)價(jià)。選取愛(ài)媛28共11個(gè)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化后進(jìn)行主成分提取,按特征值大于1的原則共提取4個(gè)主成分,累積方差貢獻(xiàn)率75.646%(表1),在PC1中單果質(zhì)量和出汁率載荷較高,在PC2中縱徑載荷較高,在PC3中CCI載荷較高,在PC4中可食率載荷較高。同樣的對(duì)春見(jiàn)11個(gè)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化后進(jìn)行主成分提取,按特征值大于1的原則共提取4個(gè)主成分,累積方差貢獻(xiàn)率76.94%(表1)。在PC1中縱徑、皮厚度、出汁率載荷較高,在PC2中果皮硬度載荷較高,在PC3中可滴定酸含量載荷較高,在PC4中CCI載荷較高。
依據(jù)主成分分析結(jié)果,參照1.3中提到的公式計(jì)算綜合得分。結(jié)果表明愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)闁|坡區(qū)>仁壽縣>丹棱縣>彭山區(qū),東坡區(qū)綜合得分均值顯著高于彭山區(qū),與仁壽縣和丹棱縣無(wú)顯著差異(圖6-A)。春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)榕砩絽^(qū)>東坡區(qū)>丹棱縣>仁壽縣>青神縣,彭山區(qū)綜合得分均值顯著高于仁壽、丹棱和青神縣,與東坡區(qū)無(wú)顯著差異(圖6-B)。
將兩品種各樣本的果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分從小到大排序后進(jìn)行聚類分析,可以分成3個(gè)類別,分別定義為普通果園、良好果園、優(yōu)等果園(圖7)。愛(ài)媛28(圖7-A),仁壽縣6個(gè)、丹棱縣1個(gè)果園為普通果園,東坡區(qū)5個(gè)、仁壽縣4個(gè)、丹棱縣4個(gè)、彭山區(qū)3個(gè)為良好果園,東坡區(qū)6個(gè)、仁壽縣2個(gè)、彭山區(qū)1個(gè)果園為優(yōu)質(zhì)果園。春見(jiàn)(圖7-B),彭山縣6個(gè)、東坡區(qū)4個(gè)、仁壽縣3個(gè)、丹棱縣2個(gè)、青神縣1個(gè)果園為普通果園;仁壽縣5個(gè)、丹棱縣4個(gè)、青神縣3個(gè)、東坡區(qū)2個(gè)果園為良好果園;仁壽縣7個(gè),東坡區(qū)、青神縣、丹棱縣各1個(gè)果園為優(yōu)質(zhì)果園。
2.5 眉山市愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的選擇
為方便以后對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)快速檢測(cè)分級(jí),因此簡(jiǎn)化眉山市愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的評(píng)價(jià)因素,挑選出最具代表性的幾個(gè)指標(biāo)[17]。將各品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行聚類分析(圖8),聚為一類的指標(biāo)相似性較高,結(jié)合PCA載荷矩陣,選擇其中載荷最高的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo)代替這類品質(zhì)指標(biāo),單獨(dú)為一類的指標(biāo)相對(duì)獨(dú)立。最終愛(ài)媛28選擇單果質(zhì)量、橫徑、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、維生素C含量作為核心指標(biāo);春見(jiàn)選擇CCI、縱徑、皮厚度、出汁率、維生素C含量作為核心指標(biāo)。隨后對(duì)篩選出來(lái)的指標(biāo)再次進(jìn)行主成分分析,計(jì)算綜合得分(表2)。結(jié)果表明愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分在篩選前后高度擬合(p<0.001,R2=0.95),春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分在篩選前后擬合也較好(p<0.001,R2=0.35),可以反映大部分信息(圖9)。
3 討 論
眉山市屬于川渝高濕寡照區(qū),秋冬季陰雨綿綿,空氣濕度大,光照不足,早、中熟柑橘糖酸含量低,風(fēng)味差,無(wú)法與廣西、江西、湖南、云南等地的柑橘主產(chǎn)區(qū)相比[18]。但在四川盆地黃龍病和潰瘍病發(fā)生率較低的背景下,加上春季晴天較多,氣溫回升快,又為眉山市發(fā)展晚熟柑橘提供了得天獨(dú)厚的條件,適合種植2—4月成熟的晚熟柑橘[5,19]。眉山市現(xiàn)在種植的柑橘品種,春見(jiàn)占據(jù)較大比例,其次是愛(ài)媛28。并且中國(guó)鮮食柑橘品種結(jié)構(gòu)中,中熟品種較多,擴(kuò)大早、晚熟品種比例有利于提高柑橘市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。完成對(duì)眉山市這兩個(gè)柑橘品種的品質(zhì)檢測(cè),可在眉山市內(nèi)建立優(yōu)質(zhì)果示范園、發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)品種、調(diào)整各區(qū)縣的柑橘品種結(jié)構(gòu),以提高眉山柑橘整體競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,這對(duì)提高中國(guó)早、晚熟柑橘品種比例也有積極作用。
在本研究中,樣品采集時(shí)間為2022年10月和2023年2月,2022年夏季的高溫干旱會(huì)對(duì)柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)造成一定影響[20],在采樣和檢測(cè)時(shí)已經(jīng)盡量排除了受干旱和日灼影響較大的果園和果實(shí)個(gè)體。品種對(duì)柑橘的品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)起著決定性作用,不同品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)存在顯著差異,溫度、水分、日照、緯度、海拔、土壤條件等[21]都會(huì)對(duì)柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)造成影響。愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)這兩個(gè)品種內(nèi)在品質(zhì)特征與林媚等[13]在浙江的研究結(jié)果一致。四川與重慶同屬于川渝高濕寡照區(qū),氣候條件相似,愛(ài)媛28在重慶10月中下旬采摘,平均可溶性固形物含量為11%,酸含量為0.89%[22]。孫娟[23]在成都浦江縣進(jìn)行雜柑引種試驗(yàn),結(jié)果為春見(jiàn)平均單果質(zhì)量為165.74 g、皮厚度3.6 mm、固酸比14.16,與眉山春見(jiàn)品質(zhì)相比,浦江春見(jiàn)單果質(zhì)量低32%,內(nèi)在品質(zhì)很接近。11月10日在浙江東部地區(qū)采收的枳砧紅美人可溶性固形物含量為13.80%、總酸含量為0.78[24]。陳細(xì)羽[25]比較不同產(chǎn)地紅美人營(yíng)養(yǎng)功能成分含量差異,結(jié)果為象山>忠縣>眉山。以上結(jié)果表明浙江愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)于眉山,這可能與兩地使用的砧木類型和氣候條件有關(guān),以枳為砧木可提高愛(ài)媛28的可溶性固形物含量,降低可滴定酸含量[26],在浙江東部年均日照時(shí)數(shù)1800~2037 h,年降水量1185~2029 mm,多年平均降水量1632 mm[24],四川年日照時(shí)間1000~1400 h,年降水量1000~1200 mm[27]。王程寬等[28]的研究也表明適宜的降水、光照時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),有利于紅美人柑橘果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu)化,較高的環(huán)境溫度有助于果實(shí)糖分累積。除此之外,浙江柑橘多采用設(shè)施栽培[29],可提早物候期、控制采收期水分,也能顯著提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)[30]。
利用主成分分析法分別對(duì)2個(gè)柑橘品種的11個(gè)果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)降維,主成分累積方差貢獻(xiàn)率均在75%以上。愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)闁|坡區(qū)>仁壽縣>丹棱縣>彭山區(qū);春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)榕砩絽^(qū)>東坡區(qū)>丹棱縣>仁壽縣>青神縣。東坡區(qū)種植的愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)均較好,東坡區(qū)地勢(shì)較為平坦,人才技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,取得了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建園、高光效修剪、高接換種、綠色防控、生草栽培、安全越冬等技術(shù)成果,是全國(guó)晚熟柑橘種植優(yōu)勢(shì)區(qū)[19]。筆者在本研究中還對(duì)所有果實(shí)樣品的綜合評(píng)價(jià)得分由小到大排序,再對(duì)得分進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)聚類,將其劃分為3個(gè)等級(jí),篩選出普通果園、良好果園和優(yōu)質(zhì)果園,可以為品種示范和技術(shù)推廣提供依據(jù)。張海英等[31]為了給桃品質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的確定提供理論依據(jù),通過(guò)系統(tǒng)聚類分析把多個(gè)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)分成了5類,最終將品質(zhì)指標(biāo)簡(jiǎn)化為單果質(zhì)量、硬度、水分含量、固酸比和風(fēng)味5個(gè)具代表性的指標(biāo)。陳志敏等[4]利用主成分分析結(jié)合聚類分析篩選出5個(gè)核心指標(biāo)(綜合色澤指數(shù)、單果質(zhì)量、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比、維生素C含量),建立中國(guó)不同紐荷爾臍橙產(chǎn)區(qū)果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)價(jià)模型。筆者在本研究中利用同樣的方法對(duì)愛(ài)媛28篩選出單果質(zhì)量、橫徑、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、維生素C含量,對(duì)春見(jiàn)篩選出CCI、縱徑、皮厚度、出汁率、維生素C含量作為核心指標(biāo),包含了果實(shí)的大小、外觀、內(nèi)在品質(zhì)的各方面。本研究中的幾個(gè)區(qū)縣地理環(huán)境、自然資源相似,對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)造成影響的因子可能是土壤條件或管理水平。不同品種有著各自的栽培特性、土質(zhì)要求和養(yǎng)分需求規(guī)律[32],綜合評(píng)價(jià)得分出現(xiàn)了不同的趨勢(shì),后續(xù)需要結(jié)合全面的土壤和葉片營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷,通過(guò)分析果實(shí)品質(zhì)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的相關(guān)關(guān)系,針對(duì)各區(qū)縣兩品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)特征,定向補(bǔ)充某種肥料,以提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)。
4 結(jié) 論
對(duì)眉山市不同區(qū)縣的主栽品種愛(ài)媛28和春見(jiàn)的果實(shí)品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了測(cè)定和分析,明確了眉山市主栽柑橘品種的品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)和不同區(qū)縣間的差異,愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)闁|坡區(qū)>仁壽縣>丹棱縣>彭山區(qū),春見(jiàn)果實(shí)品質(zhì)綜合得分均值排列順序?yàn)榕砩絽^(qū)>東坡區(qū)>丹棱縣>仁壽縣>青神縣。對(duì)愛(ài)媛28果實(shí)品質(zhì)分析可以選擇單果質(zhì)量、橫徑、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、維生素C含量,對(duì)春見(jiàn)選擇CCI、縱徑、皮厚度、出汁率、維生素C含量作為核心評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),對(duì)調(diào)整優(yōu)化眉山市柑橘品種結(jié)構(gòu)和完善品質(zhì)檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)具有一定的參考意義。
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