徐銘 劉威生 劉寧 張玉萍 章秋平 張玉君 馬小雪 劉家成 趙海娟 高涵 劉碩
收稿日期:2023-09-28 接受日期:2023-11-14
基金項目:遼寧省應用基礎研究計劃(2022JH2/101300154);遼寧省教育廳科學研究項目(LJKZ1223);遼寧省農業(yè)重大專項(2023JH1/10200005);遼寧省科技特派行動專項計劃(2023JH5/10400156)
作者簡介:徐銘,男,副研究員,碩士,研究方向為李杏遺傳育種。E-mail:dlxuming@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:1253849123@qq.com;E-mail:liushuo028@163.com
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230405
摘? ? 要:國錦是以中國地方品種串枝紅為母本、國外育成品種金太陽為父本人工雜交選育而成的中熟杏新品種。果實橢圓形,平均單果質量112.0 g,大果質量138.2 g;果頂平或微凹,梗洼淺而廣,縫合線中深;果皮底色橙色,果實蓋色紅色;果肉橙色,硬溶質,風味濃郁、酸甜適中,品質上;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為13.6%,可溶性糖含量為9.4%,可滴定酸含量為1.3%,維生素C含量為6.4 mg·100 g-1,硬度為2.0 kg·cm-2,常溫下可貯藏5~7 d。在遼寧省熊岳地區(qū)4月上旬開花,6月下旬果實成熟,果實發(fā)育期75 d左右。以短果枝結果為主,萌芽率55.7%,成枝力弱。中抗細菌性穿孔病和流膠病,抗寒性強。適宜在遼寧以南的全國杏產區(qū)栽培,早期豐產性好,4年生樹進入盛果期,每666.7 m2產量可達2398 kg,連續(xù)豐產能力強。
關鍵詞:杏;新品種;國錦;中熟
中圖分類號:S662.2 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)01-0179-04
Breeding report of a new mid-maturing apricot cultivar Guojin
XU Ming1, LIU Weisheng1, LIU Ning1, ZHANG Yuping1, ZHANG Qiuping1, ZHANG Yujun1, MA Xiao
xue1, LIU Jiacheng1, ZHAO Haijuan1, GAO Han2*, LIU Shuo1*
(1Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China; 2Liaoning Agriculture College, Xiongyue 115009, Liaoning, China)
Abstract: Guojin is a new mid-maturing red apricot cultivar bred from a cross of Chuanzhihong × Sungold at Liaoning Institute of Pomology. Through artificial hybridization, 370 hybrid seeds were obtained in July, 2002 and 102 seedlings were planted in next spring. It was initially selected in 2007 for its fruit size and appearance. The botanical characteristics, biological characteristics, main economic traits of the fruits, adaptability, and resistance were observed at four sites from 2014 to 2018. It was granted the new variety right by the National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2021.The tree of Guojin had a medium vigor and an open tree gesture. The young branches were glabrous, brown-red in color. The leaves were green in color, elliptic, mucronate, and dentate. The flower buds were pink and the petals are white. The fruits were uniform with an attractive appearance, it was oblate in shape with 90% red coloring. The average fruit was 112.0 g, the largest fruit was 138.2 g. The flesh was orange with medium amount of juice, fine texture and aroma. The stone adherence to flesh was free and kernel flavor was bitter. The soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid content were 13.6%, 9.4%, 1.3%, 6.4 mg·100 g-1, respectively. The firmness was 2.1 kg·cm-2. The quality was good. The fruits could be stored for about 5 to 7 days in room temperature or about 20 days under 4 ℃. In Xiongyue (122.15° E, 40.18° N) and its surrounding region of Liaoning Province, the flower buds bursted in early March, the blooming stage was early April and could last about 5 days, the fruit development period was 75 d and it matures in the end of July. The leaves fall begined in the end of October and the growth phase was approximately 200 days. Guojin mainly beared fruits on the short and cluster branches. The buds burst rate was 55.7% and hadweak branching ability. It had midde resistance to bacterial perforation disease and gum flow disease, and strong cold resistance. The average yield of 4-year-old trees was 2398 kg per 666.7 m2. It could be cultivated in apricot producing areas in the south of Liaoning Province. The trees should be planted in sandy soil with pH value of 6.5-7.5 and the good drainage conditions. The planting density would be 2 m×4 m. The suitable pollinizer cultivars for it would include Kate, Sungold and Huaxianjiexing. The fruit setting rate was very high, fruit thinning should be necessary and the distance between fruits should be 15 cm.
Key words: Apricot; New cultivar; Guojin; Mid-maturing
杏原產于中國,列為古代五果之一[1]。栽培歷史可追溯3500年前,到漢、唐時期,杏樹栽培有了較大的發(fā)展,被視為珍貴果品[2]。杏按用途可劃分為鮮食杏和仁用杏[3]。2021年世界糧農組織(FAO)數據統(tǒng)計顯示,中國鮮食杏種植面積約為3.97萬hm2,約占世界總面積的7.19%,這個數字一直在緩慢、持續(xù)增長。杏憑借果實濃郁的杏香和適宜的糖酸比,被認為是最美味的溫帶果樹之一[4]。近年來,中國杏消費市場占有率穩(wěn)步上升,果實著大量紅色的大果、風味濃郁的杏品種越來越深受消費者的喜愛,并且具有較高的商品價值。對生產者來說,果肉硬和具一定自花結實能力的品種不僅可以使果品耐貯運、延長貨架期,而且還可以使杏樹春季抵御部分不良氣候因素而不影響果實坐果。
針對市場的需求,遼寧省農業(yè)科學院果樹科學研究所李杏研究室采用常規(guī)雜交育種手段,經過20 a(年)的選擇培育,多點區(qū)域對比品種試驗,選擇培育出中熟杏新品種國錦,其誘人的外觀(果實著紅色面積達90%)超過了從國外引進育成品種金太陽,而且果個大,風味濃郁,具有一定的自花結實能力,豐產穩(wěn)產,適應性強,綜合性狀優(yōu)良,是一個非常具有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ男有缕贩N(圖1)。
1 選育經過
2002年以串枝紅為母本、金太陽為父本,在遼寧省果樹科學研究所國家果樹種質熊岳李杏圃內進行人工雜交,獲雜交果實370個,采摘后剝去果肉取出種核,清洗干凈,常溫下陰干,于10月末將其層積(拌沙置于地下20~40 cm沙土層中)。2003年5月初將層積好的種子條播,獲102株雜種苗。翌年春天按雙行(即行內定植距離為1.0 m×1.0 m,行間距3.5 m)高密度定植于杏育種圃中,按常規(guī)技術進行水肥撫育管理。2007年開始結果,其中編號為‘03-2-100的單株表現為果個大、外觀艷麗、優(yōu)質、硬肉,定為初選優(yōu)系。
于2008年將其優(yōu)系高接入育種圃內,2009年將接穗嫁接在山杏砧木上進行擴繁,2013年分別在遼寧省東港市孤山鎮(zhèn)、莊河市太平嶺鄉(xiāng)、朝陽市寺溝鎮(zhèn)和興城市藥王鄉(xiāng)地區(qū)進行區(qū)域性試栽。2014-2018年連續(xù)5 a對區(qū)域試栽和育種圃內高接‘03-2-100的植物學特性、生物學特性、果實主要經濟性狀、適應性及抗性進行鑒定、評價。認定該優(yōu)系性狀優(yōu)良,遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定,符合育種目標。2021年10月通過國家林業(yè)和草原局新品種權授權,并定名為國錦(品種權號:20210520)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
樹勢中庸,樹姿半開張。1年生枝紅褐色,斜生,有光澤,無茸毛,平均長78.3 cm,粗0.7 cm,皮孔大而少;葉片橢圓形,長8.4 cm,寬6.1 cm;葉尖突尖,葉基楔形;葉緣中深,粗鋸齒,不整齊;葉面平滑,無茸毛,葉片薄,綠色;葉柄紫紅色,柄長4.1 cm,蜜腺2個;花蕾粉紅色,花瓣白色,單瓣,5瓣,圓形,萼片暗紅色。
2.2 生物學特性
在遼寧省熊岳地區(qū)正常年份3月初花芽萌動,4月上旬開花,花期5 d左右,6月中旬果實開始著色,6月下旬成熟,果實發(fā)育期75 d左右,屬中熟品種。10月末開始落葉,全年生育期約200 d。以短果枝結果為主,萌芽率55.7%,成枝力弱。早果性好,在常規(guī)管理措施下,栽植當年即可形成花芽,翌年即可見果;早期豐產性好,4年生樹進入盛果期,株產可達28.9 kg,每666.7 m2產量可達2398 kg,連續(xù)豐產能力強。雖有一定的自花結實能力,但結實率低,仍需配置授粉品種,授粉品種為凱特、金太陽和華縣接杏。
2.3 果實經濟性狀
如表1所示,果實卵圓形,果頂平或微凹,梗洼淺而廣,縫合線中深,片肉較對稱,平均單果質量112.0 g,大果質量138.2 g;果皮底色橙色,果實蓋色紅色,有茸毛;果肉橙色,肉質硬脆,硬溶質,纖維細,果汁中多,風味濃郁、酸甜適中,品質上;可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為13.6%,可溶性糖含量為9.4%,可滴定酸含量為1.3%,維生素C含量為6.4 mg·100 g-1,果實硬度2.0 kg·cm-2,常溫下可貯藏5~7 d;離核,苦仁,核卵圓形,核面粗糙。
2.4 抗逆性和栽培適應性
在熊岳、東港、朝陽和莊河地區(qū)栽培均表現良好,抗寒、抗旱能力較強。經過5 a的田間觀察,未發(fā)生凍害、明顯的細菌性穿孔病和流膠病。對2年生苗的細菌性穿孔病、流膠病和抗寒性鑒定結果為,細菌性穿孔病病害指數32為中抗(25~40之間),流膠病病害指數31為中抗(25~34之間),凍害指數26(<30),抗寒性強。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 種植技術及適栽區(qū)域
選擇根系發(fā)達、分布均勻的1年生苗木,苗高80 cm,嫁接口上5 cm處粗度0.8 cm以上,或選擇苗高1.5 m以上、有3~5個分支大苗,株行距2 m × 4 m,日平均溫度≥ 15 ℃穩(wěn)定5 d以后可栽植。國錦杏與授粉品種的栽植比例可按5∶1配置。
國錦杏適宜在遼寧以南的全國杏產區(qū)栽培,選擇排水條件良好、沙質壤土上栽培,由于不耐澇,不宜栽于澇洼地。
3.2 整形修剪
整形修剪包括冬剪與夏剪。冬剪在果樹休眠期進行,以晚剪為宜。夏剪在果樹生長季進行。樹冠采用開心形或紡錘形。開心形:在苗木定植當年選留角度開張、分布均勻、長勢均衡的主枝3~4個,主枝長至40~50 cm時拉枝,拉枝角度70°~80°,疏除過密枝、重疊枝;無中心干,主干高50 cm左右。紡錘形:樹高2.5~3.0 m,冠幅1~2 m;中心干上選留8~12個主枝,無明顯層次,與中心干夾角80°~90°;在主枝上配置中小型結果枝組,及時疏除背上枝。
3.3 花果管理
分2次進行疏果,第1次疏果在落花后20 d開始;第2次疏果在落花后30 d開始,按15 cm間距進行調節(jié)。一般長果枝留3~4個果,中果枝留2個果,短枝及花束狀果枝留1個果。果實達可采成熟度(有彈性)時開始分期、分批采收。先采摘樹冠上部果、外圍枝頭大果,后采下部果、內膛果。
3.4 肥水管理
根據當地的土壤環(huán)境條件,確定土壤施肥方案。果實發(fā)育前期以氮肥為主,后期以磷、鉀、鈣肥和微量元素為主;采果后,以生物有機肥為主并添加適量復合肥。每次施肥后及時灌水。施肥方法可穴施、溝施、環(huán)狀施等。
3.5 病蟲害防治
杏主要病害為灰霉病、褐腐病及細菌性穿孔病,蟲害為蚜蟲、卷葉蟲、紅蜘蛛。幼果期后連噴2次殺菌殺蟲劑,防控細菌性穿孔病和紅蜘蛛。
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