董志銘 白欣禾 竇新玉 羅明 呂文 韓劍
收稿日期:2023-09-01 接受日期:2023-11-11
基金項(xiàng)目:新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2021D01A97);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2021D01D12);國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2021YFD1400200);南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)-新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)聯(lián)合基金項(xiàng)目(KYYJ201909)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:董志銘,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)橹参锊『Α⑸锓乐?。E-mail:1348519564@qq.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:hjwjemail@163.com
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230305
摘? ? 要:【目的】發(fā)掘梨火疫病生防資源,探究黏細(xì)菌在梨火疫病生物防治中的應(yīng)用潛力?!痉椒ā客ㄟ^菌苔捕食和對(duì)峙共培養(yǎng)從實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期分離、保存的黏細(xì)菌菌株中篩選高效捕食梨火疫病菌的黏細(xì)菌菌株,并通過噴施梨離體花序和盆栽杜梨苗測(cè)定其防病效果?!窘Y(jié)果】(1)46株供試黏細(xì)菌菌株對(duì)梨火疫病菌均具有捕食能力,其中菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03對(duì)梨火疫病菌的平板捕食能力較強(qiáng)。(2)黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05預(yù)處理(噴施)對(duì)預(yù)防梨花腐的效果顯著,其7 d平均防效為68.35%,與農(nóng)用鏈霉素(68.20%)接近,其次是菌株FB02,防效達(dá)到63.24%,而菌株WCH03的防效相對(duì)較低,為50.36%;黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03預(yù)處理(噴施)能夠顯著降低盆栽杜梨苗嫩枝的枝枯率和病情指數(shù)(p<0.05),7~21 d的平均保護(hù)性防效分別為81.53%、76.38%和71.44%,治療性防效分別為63.84%、51.13%和54.88%。(3)結(jié)合形態(tài)學(xué)特征和多基因序列分析,將WCH05和FB02鑒定為橙色黏球菌(Myxococcus fulvus),WCH03鑒定為黃色黏球菌(Myxococcus xanthus)?!窘Y(jié)論】篩選獲得3株對(duì)梨火疫病菌具有高捕食能力的黏細(xì)菌菌株,室內(nèi)防效顯著,具有較好的生物防治應(yīng)用前景。
關(guān)鍵詞:梨火疫病;黏細(xì)菌;捕食;篩選;生物防治
中圖分類號(hào):S661.2 S436.612 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)01-0143-12
Screening and biocontrol potential of myxobacteria preying on pathogenic bacteria causing pear fire blight
DONG Zhiming, BAI Xinhe, DOU Xinyu, LUO Ming, L? Wen, HAN Jian*
(College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Invasive Alien Species in Agriculture & Forestry of the North-western Desert Oasis (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of the Pest Monitoring and Safety Control of Crops and Forests of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Pear fire blight is one of the destructive diseases of Rosaceae plants, which was first discovered successively in Yili and Bazhou in Xinjiang in 2016, and if effective preventive and control measures cant be taken to curb the spread and proliferation of the disease, not only will it cause heavy damage to Xinjiangs characteristic advantageous pear industry and face the risk of destruction, but also will bring a major threat to Xinjiang and even the national fruit industry. At present, pear fire blight control methods mainly include phytosanitary, pruning, eradication of diseased plants and chemical control and other ways, but these methods have some disadvantages. Research and practice have shown that biological control can achieve good preventive effect, compared with chemical pesticides, and has the outstanding advantages of strong selectivity, not easy to produce resistance, safety and high efficiency. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the biological resources for controlling pear fire blight and determine the potential of myxobacteria in the biological control for pear fire blight. 【Methods】 In this study, a 100 μL suspension of Erwinia amylovora was vertically inoculated on the surface of TPM nutrient-free medium, and it was allowed to dry naturally, 3 μL of myxobacteria suspension was inoculated at the center of the moss for the moss predation test, which was periodically photographed, and the predation was completed by scraping the plate of the pathogen moss after the 5th day, and the number of residual viable bacteria was counted by diluting and coating the moss. Myxobacteria were inoculated near the edge of the dried pathogen moss, and the face-off culture was carried out. After the 5th day, the pathogenic bacteria and moss were scraped, diluted and coated, and the number of viable bacteria was calculated. Two methods were used to screen out myxobacteria strains that could efficiently prey on pear fire blight bacteria from pre-laboratory isolates and preserved mucoid bacterial strains. After shaking cultivation of myxobacteria to the stable stage by LBS medium, the fermentation filtrate was obtained and filtered with 0.22 μm microporous filter membrane to remove bacteria, and the decontaminated fermentation filtrate was obtained. Take 1 mL of decontaminated fermentation filtrate and 0.1 mL of pathogenic bacterial suspension to be co-cultured for 24 h. Dilute the coating and count the number of residual viable bacteria to explore the effect of its metabolites on pathogenic bacteria. In order to clarify the effectiveness of myxobacteria against pear fire blight, we used pear isolated inflorescences and potted Pyrus seedlings as inoculation materials, and the disease prevention effect was determined with two methods, that is, protective and therapeutic tests, by spraying myxobacteria first for 24 hours and then spraying pathogenic bacteria, and by spraying pathogenic bacteria first and then spraying myxobacteria. 【Results】 (1) 46 strains of the tested myxobacteria have predation ability on E. amylovora, and compared with the control group, the residual viable bacterial number of 9.7×108 cfu·mL-1 decreased to (3.7×103) - (2.4×107) cfu·mL-1, of which strains WCH05, FB02 and WCH03 had stronger plate predation ability on E. amylovora. In the bacterial moss predation test, myxobacteria strain WCH05 had the strongest ability to prey on E. amylovora, and the residual viable bacterial count decreased to 3.7×103 cfu·mL-1, followed by strains FB02 and WCH03. In the standoff culture test, strain WCH05 had the strongest ability to expand outward to prey on E. amylovora, and the residual viable bacterial count of E. amylovora decreased to 2.6×103 cfu·mL-1 compared with the control group of 2.8×108 cfu·mL-1, followed by strains WCH03 and FB02. (2) The residual viable bacterial counts of myxobacteria WCH05, FB02 and WCH03 after co-cultivation with E. amylovora were all in the same order of magnitude compared with the control, with no significant difference, suggesting that the three strains preyed on pear fire blight pathogens mainly by direct contact. (3) Pretreatment (spraying) of myxobacteria strain WCH05 had a significant effect on the prevention of pear rot, and its average 7 d control efficiency was 68.35%, which was close to that of agricultural streptomycin (68.20%), followed by FB02 (63.24%), but WCH03 (50.36%) was relatively low. Pretreatment (spraying) of myxobacterium strains WCH05, FB02 and WCH03 could significantly reduce the dead shoot rate and disease index of potted pear seedlings (p<0.05), and the average protective efficacy from 7 to 21 days was 81.53%, 76.38% and 71.44%, respectively. The therapeutic efficacy was 63.84%, 51.13% and 54.88%, respectively. (4) WCH05 and FB02 were identified as Myxococcus fulvus, while WCH03 was identified as M. xanthus based on the morphological characteristics and multi-gene sequence analysis. 【Conclusion】 The M. fulvus WCH05 in the strains WCH05, FB02 and WCH03 has the best biocontrol effect on pear fire blight bacteria, and is expected to be developed as a biocontrol agent for pear fire blight, laying a foundation for the biological control for pear fire blight.
Key words: Pear fire blight; Myxobacteria; Predation; Screening; Biological control
由解淀粉歐文氏菌(Erwinia amylovora)侵染引起的梨火疫?。╬ear fire blight)是薔薇科仁果類果樹生產(chǎn)中最具毀滅性的細(xì)菌病害[1]。2016年在中國(guó)新疆首次發(fā)現(xiàn)該病害,2020年被列入中國(guó)《一類農(nóng)作物病蟲害名錄》[2],2022年被列入《重點(diǎn)管理外來入侵物種名錄》[3]。該病害危害梨、蘋果、山楂、榅桲等果樹,尤其是在香梨上傳播極為迅速。梨火疫病菌可侵染果樹的花,并作為侵染源向葉片、嫩梢及幼果傳染,同時(shí)修剪的枝干傷口也是其侵染的主要途徑。病原菌一旦入侵植物體內(nèi),便可終身定殖,進(jìn)而擴(kuò)散蔓延至整個(gè)植株,同時(shí)迅速流行,難以控制和根除[4]。梨火疫病病情發(fā)生、蔓延態(tài)勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻,目前已經(jīng)在中國(guó)新疆和甘肅2個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū))70個(gè)縣、市(區(qū))發(fā)生并造成嚴(yán)重危害[5]。如果不能采取有效防控措施遏制該病害的傳播擴(kuò)散,將對(duì)新疆乃至全國(guó)林果產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來重大威脅。
生產(chǎn)上對(duì)梨火疫病的防治包括檢疫、修剪和鏟除病株、藥劑防治、生物防治及選育抗病品種等措施[6-7]。但目前生產(chǎn)上缺乏抗梨火疫病的果樹品種,通過移除發(fā)病枝干可以有效地阻止火疫病的傳播,但嚴(yán)重影響果樹產(chǎn)量;化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的大量使用引起的病菌抗藥性、環(huán)境污染以及果實(shí)農(nóng)藥殘留等問題日益突出。研究和實(shí)踐表明,利用具有抗菌作用的有益微生物及其活性物質(zhì)防治植物病害,能達(dá)到化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的良好防效,并且具有選擇性強(qiáng)、不易產(chǎn)生抗性、安全高效等突出優(yōu)勢(shì)。近年來國(guó)外在梨火疫病生物防治的相關(guān)研究和應(yīng)用中取得了一定進(jìn)展。其中,美國(guó)研發(fā)的熒光假單胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)A506、草生歐文氏菌(E. herbicola)C9-1等商品菌劑已得到了實(shí)際應(yīng)用,防治效果接近于農(nóng)用鏈霉素[8-9]。Zeller等[10]分離獲得的內(nèi)生細(xì)菌菌株E. herbicola 89對(duì)花腐的控制率達(dá)到70%。Ait等[11]研究表明,在田間噴施Bacillus subtilis QST713,花腐率可降低66%。目前國(guó)內(nèi)在針對(duì)梨火疫病生物防治方面的研究尚屬起步階段,徐琳赟等[12]從分離獲得的梨樹內(nèi)生菌中篩選梨火疫病菌拮抗菌株Klebsiella sp. TN50、Paenibacillus sp. HN89 和Pseudomonas sp. SN37,通過噴施接種盆栽杜梨苗能夠顯著降低嫩枝的枝枯率和病情指數(shù)。魯晏宏等[13]以杜梨苗為接種材料,通過土壤接種法測(cè)定了拮抗菌株對(duì)梨火疫病菌的防病效果,其中,Bacillus velezensis JE4防效最佳,可超過73%。近期,呂天宇等[14]在植物酵素液分離細(xì)菌中篩選出的一株對(duì)梨火疫病有拮抗作用的菌株B. velezensis FX1,經(jīng)優(yōu)化后的發(fā)酵液能顯著降低花腐率。
黏細(xì)菌是一類具有多細(xì)胞群體行為和復(fù)雜生活史的高等原核生物,能夠以活的微生物細(xì)胞或其他高分子作為食物獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)[15],同時(shí)產(chǎn)生豐富的具有抗菌活性的酶類和次生代謝產(chǎn)物[16],此外,黏細(xì)菌能夠形成抗逆性強(qiáng)的子實(shí)體和黏孢子,從而使黏細(xì)菌具有良好的環(huán)境適應(yīng)性和穩(wěn)定的定殖能力[17],還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黏細(xì)菌具有調(diào)控微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的功能[18]。黏細(xì)菌的這些特性使其被視為一類具有重要生防潛力的新型生防微生物資源。近年來一些溫室和田間試驗(yàn)表明,施用黏細(xì)菌能顯著減輕苗木立枯病[19]、黃瓜枯萎病[18]、辣椒炭疽病[20]和稻瘟病[21]等病害的危害。目前關(guān)于黏細(xì)菌生防潛力的研究主要集中在植物病原真菌方面,相比之下只有少數(shù)的研究報(bào)道了黏細(xì)菌在植物細(xì)菌性病害生物防治中的應(yīng)用潛力,李周坤課題組篩選出一株對(duì)胡蘿卜軟腐果膠桿菌(Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum)具有良好捕食特性的黏細(xì)菌菌株BS,能夠顯著降低馬蹄蓮軟腐病的發(fā)病率[22];Dong等[23]篩選出一株對(duì)茄科羅爾斯通氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)具有較強(qiáng)捕食能力的黃色黏球菌(Myxococcus xanthus)R31,盆栽試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,菌株R31對(duì)番茄青枯病的防效達(dá)到81.9%。然而這些研究目前也僅限于細(xì)菌性土傳病害,而關(guān)于黏細(xì)菌對(duì)如梨火疫病等主要在植株地上部傳播和危害的細(xì)菌性病害的生防潛力評(píng)估還鮮見報(bào)道。
筆者基于前期建立的黏細(xì)菌小型菌種資源庫(kù),針對(duì)梨火疫病菌通過平板捕食試驗(yàn)篩選出具有較強(qiáng)捕食能力的黏細(xì)菌菌株,進(jìn)一步通過離體花序和盆栽杜梨苗測(cè)定黏細(xì)菌菌株對(duì)梨火疫病的生防效果。研究結(jié)果將為發(fā)掘黏細(xì)菌生防資源、探索梨火疫病生物防治新途徑奠定科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 黏細(xì)菌菌株 筆者課題組在前期研究中從新疆喀什地區(qū)、阿克蘇地區(qū)、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、昌吉回族自治州等地采集農(nóng)田土壤樣品,采用兔糞誘導(dǎo)法、大腸桿菌誘導(dǎo)法和梨火疫病菌誘導(dǎo)法,從中分離、純化出46株黏細(xì)菌純培養(yǎng)物[24]。
1.1.2 供試病原菌 梨火疫病菌(E. amylovora)菌株Ea.017,來源于新疆庫(kù)爾勒市的香梨分離物,由新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室分離并保存。
1.1.3 培養(yǎng)基 NA培養(yǎng)基、NB培養(yǎng)基、LBS培養(yǎng)基、VY/4培養(yǎng)基、CYE培養(yǎng)基、TPM培養(yǎng)基參照王婷[25]的研究。
1.2 黏細(xì)菌捕食梨火疫病菌能力測(cè)定
1.2.1 黏細(xì)菌與病原菌的準(zhǔn)備 挑取活化好的梨火疫病菌Ea.017單菌落接入NB培養(yǎng)液中,在30 ℃、160 r·min-1恒溫?fù)u床中震蕩培養(yǎng)24 h,12 000 r·min-1,離心1 min,收集菌體,用無菌水漂洗3次后,重懸至109 cfu·mL-1,備用。將黏細(xì)菌純培養(yǎng)物在VY/4平板上活化后,刮取適量黏細(xì)菌菌落轉(zhuǎn)接至LBS培養(yǎng)液中,30 ℃、160 r·min-1搖培3~4 d。得到的黏細(xì)菌菌懸液于12 000 r·min-1離心1 min,去除上清液,收集菌體之后用無菌水漂洗3次,將成團(tuán)的黏細(xì)菌菌體充分打散,最后用無菌水重懸至OD600=1.0,備用。
1.2.2 菌苔捕食試驗(yàn) 參考Li等[22]的方法在TPM無營(yíng)養(yǎng)固體培養(yǎng)基上垂直接種100 μL梨火疫病菌菌懸液,自然風(fēng)干后將3 μL黏細(xì)菌懸液接種在梨火疫病菌菌苔中央,自然風(fēng)干。以梨火疫病菌菌苔中央接種3 μL無菌水為對(duì)照,30 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)5 d,每株黏細(xì)菌3次重復(fù)。定時(shí)觀察黏細(xì)菌的擴(kuò)展情況。5 d后用無菌接種環(huán)刮下菌苔并用無菌水混勻,采用稀釋涂布的方法,每個(gè)梯度取100 μL于NA平板上涂布均勻,平板放置于30 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)至單菌落長(zhǎng)出,統(tǒng)計(jì)梨火疫病菌菌落數(shù)量,計(jì)算殘留活菌數(shù)量,評(píng)估捕食能力。
1.2.3 對(duì)峙培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn) 在TPM無營(yíng)養(yǎng)固體培養(yǎng)基上垂直懸空接種100 μL梨火疫病菌菌懸液,自然風(fēng)干,在梨火疫病菌菌苔邊緣鄰近位置接種3 μL黏細(xì)菌菌懸液,對(duì)照組接種3 μL 無菌水,待風(fēng)干后置于30 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)5 d,3次重復(fù)。其間定時(shí)觀察黏細(xì)菌運(yùn)動(dòng)方向及運(yùn)動(dòng)距離,5 d后用無菌接種環(huán)刮下菌苔并用無菌水混勻,采用稀釋涂布的方法,每個(gè)梯度取100 μL于NA平板上涂布均勻,平板放置30 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)至單菌落長(zhǎng)出,統(tǒng)計(jì)梨火疫病菌菌落數(shù)量,計(jì)算殘留活菌數(shù)量,評(píng)估捕食能力。
1.3 黏細(xì)菌除菌發(fā)酵濾液的抑菌作用測(cè)定
將捕食梨火疫病菌能力較強(qiáng)的黏細(xì)菌菌株接種于LBS液體培養(yǎng)基中,在30 ℃、160 r·min-1搖床中震蕩培養(yǎng)至穩(wěn)定期。取菌液在4 ℃條件下,12 000 r·min-1離心20 min,收集上清液,用0.22 μm微孔濾膜過濾除菌,獲得除菌發(fā)酵濾液。取1 mL除菌發(fā)酵濾液與0.1 mL梨火疫病菌菌懸液(109 cfu·mL-1)在30 ℃條件下靜置共培養(yǎng)24 h后,在NA固體平板上稀釋涂布,計(jì)算梨火疫病菌活菌數(shù)量。以LBS培養(yǎng)液與梨火疫病菌共培養(yǎng)為對(duì)照。
1.4 黏細(xì)菌對(duì)梨火疫病防效的生物測(cè)定
1.4.1 黏細(xì)菌和病原菌接種液的制備 將待測(cè)黏細(xì)菌菌株活化后接種至3 mL LBS液體培養(yǎng)基中,30 ℃、160 r·min-1搖培2~3 d后,接種至200 mL VY/4培養(yǎng)液中,30 ℃、160 r·min-1搖培3~4 d,用移液槍將瓶底菌球充分打散后得到黏細(xì)菌接種液,備用。將梨火疫病菌Ea.017活化,挑取單菌落接入NB液體培養(yǎng)基中,在28 ℃、160 r·min-1恒溫?fù)u床中震蕩培養(yǎng)24 h至菌液OD600=1.0,用無菌水稀釋至107 cfu·mL-1作為接種液。
1.4.2 香梨離體花序接種 將梨園采集的花枝插入0.05% NaCl溶液中保濕防腐。用手持壓力噴霧器將待測(cè)黏細(xì)菌菌液噴霧接種梨花序,每個(gè)黏細(xì)菌菌株接種50朵花序,3次重復(fù)。在28 ℃、70%空氣濕度的人工氣候箱中培養(yǎng)24 h后噴霧接種梨火疫病菌菌懸液。將接種后的花序置于人工氣候箱中28 ℃、70%空氣濕度繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),于3、5和7 d后定時(shí)觀察記錄發(fā)病情況,統(tǒng)計(jì)花腐率、計(jì)算防效。同時(shí)設(shè)噴施農(nóng)用鏈霉素(華北制藥廠生產(chǎn),有效成分72%)4000倍液對(duì)照,以無菌水代替黏細(xì)菌菌液作為對(duì)照。試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后將發(fā)病植株材料干熱滅菌后銷毀?;ǜ?%=(病花數(shù)/總花數(shù))×100;花腐防效/%=(對(duì)照花腐率-處理花腐率)/對(duì)照花腐率×100。
1.4.3 盆栽杜梨苗接種 (1)黏細(xì)菌對(duì)梨火疫病的保護(hù)性防效:試驗(yàn)在溫室中進(jìn)行,選用2年生盆栽杜梨苗為接種材料。用手持式壓力噴霧器將待測(cè)黏細(xì)菌菌液噴霧至葉片及枝條完全濕潤(rùn),24 h后噴霧接種病原菌菌懸液,每個(gè)黏細(xì)菌菌株噴霧3盆(每盆約20個(gè)枝條),3次重復(fù)。同時(shí)設(shè)農(nóng)用鏈霉素(華北制藥廠,有效成分72%)4000倍液對(duì)照和無菌水對(duì)照(即先噴施無菌水24 h后再接種梨火疫病菌)。接種后的杜梨苗置于28~30 ℃、相對(duì)濕度70%的日光溫室中培養(yǎng)。其間每天觀察發(fā)病情況,記錄發(fā)病枝條數(shù)、測(cè)定枝枯長(zhǎng)度、枝枯長(zhǎng)度占接種枝條長(zhǎng)度的比例及發(fā)病級(jí)別,計(jì)算發(fā)病率和病情指數(shù),統(tǒng)計(jì)防效。試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后將發(fā)病植株材料干熱滅菌后銷毀。
(2)黏細(xì)菌對(duì)梨火疫病的治療性防效:在治療性試驗(yàn)中黏細(xì)菌和病原菌的接種順序與保護(hù)性試驗(yàn)相反,即先在杜梨苗上噴施接種梨火疫病菌菌液24 h后再噴施黏細(xì)菌菌液,其他試驗(yàn)材料、培養(yǎng)條件及防效調(diào)查方法等均與保護(hù)性試驗(yàn)一致。試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后將植株材料干熱滅菌后銷毀。參照李燕等[26]的方法,制定梨火疫病原菌接種盆栽杜梨苗的病情分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):0級(jí),枝條無病斑;Ⅰ級(jí),枝條病斑長(zhǎng)度占接種枝條長(zhǎng)度的1/3;Ⅲ級(jí),枝條病斑長(zhǎng)度占接種枝條長(zhǎng)度的>1/3~2/3;Ⅴ級(jí),枝條病斑長(zhǎng)度占接種枝條長(zhǎng)度的2/3以上。發(fā)病率/%=(發(fā)病枝條數(shù)/接種總枝條數(shù))×100;病情指數(shù)/%=∑(各級(jí)發(fā)病枝條數(shù)×病級(jí)代表值)/(接種總枝條數(shù)×最高級(jí)值)×100;枝枯防效/%=(對(duì)照病情指數(shù)-處理病情指數(shù))/對(duì)照病情指數(shù)×100。
1.5 黏細(xì)菌菌株的鑒定
1.5.1 形態(tài)和培養(yǎng)特征 根據(jù)Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology[27]和《原核生物學(xué)》(第2版)[28]中的黏細(xì)菌分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),觀察記錄黏細(xì)菌子實(shí)體的顏色及形態(tài)、菌落特征,革蘭氏染色后觀察營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞和黏孢子形態(tài),并據(jù)此對(duì)黏細(xì)菌進(jìn)行初步鑒定。
1.5.2 16S rRNA和lepA基因序列測(cè)定及分析 采用細(xì)菌基因組提取試劑盒(TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit,TIANGEN)提取黏細(xì)菌總DNA。以細(xì)菌通用引物27F(5-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3)和1492R(5- TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT -3)擴(kuò)增16S rRNA基因[29]。參照Stackebrandt等[30]報(bào)道的引物對(duì)BAUP1(5-CATCGCCCACATCGAYCAYGGNAA-3)和BIDN1:(5-CATGTGCAGCAGGCCNARRAANCC-3)擴(kuò)增lepA基因。PCR擴(kuò)增體系(25 μL):2×SanTaq PCR Mix 12.5 μL,模板DNA 1 μL,引物對(duì)(10 μmol·L-1)各0.5 μL,ddH2O 10.5 μL。PCR反應(yīng)程序:94 ℃預(yù)變性5 min;94 ℃變性30 s,55 ℃復(fù)性30 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,35個(gè)循環(huán);72 ℃延伸10 min。取PCR產(chǎn)物在10 g·L-1的瓊脂糖1×TAE緩沖系統(tǒng)電泳,檢測(cè)合格后將PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司測(cè)序。將所得序列在NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中進(jìn)行BLAST比對(duì)分析,選取與其相似度最高的模式菌株基因序列,利用MEGA7.0軟件以鄰接法(Neighbor-Joining)構(gòu)建多基因系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹。
1.6 數(shù)據(jù)分析
利用SPSS Statistics 19.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,使用Origin 2021和Microsoft Excel 2019繪制數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)圖。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 菌苔捕食試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
以梨火疫病菌為靶標(biāo)病原菌,對(duì)46株黏細(xì)菌的菌苔捕食能力進(jìn)行測(cè)定,經(jīng)過5 d后大部分黏細(xì)菌都能夠完全擴(kuò)散并覆蓋整個(gè)病原細(xì)菌菌苔,并且在跨過的區(qū)域形成子實(shí)體。此時(shí)將整個(gè)菌落刮取,通過稀釋涂布法于NA固體平板中統(tǒng)計(jì)梨火疫病菌的殘留活菌數(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)所有供試黏細(xì)菌菌株均對(duì)梨火疫病菌具有捕食性,但不同黏細(xì)菌菌株捕食梨火疫病菌的能力存在明顯差異,殘留活菌數(shù)較對(duì)照組(9.7×108 cfu·mL-1)下降至(3.7×103)~(2.4×107) cfu·mL-1。其中黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05捕食梨火疫病菌的能力最強(qiáng),殘留活菌數(shù)下降至3.7×103 cfu·mL-1,其次是菌株FB02和WCH03,殘留活菌數(shù)分別下降至2.0×104 cfu·mL-1和3.8×104 cfu·mL-1(表1)。
2.2 對(duì)峙培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
為了進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計(jì)和評(píng)估菌苔捕食試驗(yàn)中捕食能力較強(qiáng)的黏細(xì)菌菌株的運(yùn)動(dòng)捕食能力,將菌苔捕食試驗(yàn)中捕食能力較強(qiáng)的黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03與梨火疫病菌對(duì)峙培養(yǎng),定時(shí)觀察黏細(xì)菌的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向和擴(kuò)展速度,發(fā)現(xiàn)3株黏細(xì)菌均能向梨火疫病菌運(yùn)動(dòng)并且捕食梨火疫病菌,具有明顯的趨向性。培養(yǎng)5 d后刮取菌苔并稀釋涂布,計(jì)算梨火疫病菌殘留活細(xì)胞數(shù),結(jié)果表明,菌株WCH05向外擴(kuò)展捕食梨火疫病菌的能力最強(qiáng),梨火疫病菌的殘留活菌數(shù)較對(duì)照組(2.8×108 cfu·mL-1)下降到2.6×103 cfu·mL-1。其次是菌株WCH03和FB02,梨火疫病菌殘留活菌數(shù)分別下降至1.3×104 cfu·mL-1和3.0×104 cfu·mL-1(圖1)。
2.3 黏細(xì)菌除菌發(fā)酵濾液對(duì)梨火疫病菌的抑菌作用
將黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03的除菌發(fā)酵濾液與梨火疫病菌共培養(yǎng)24 h,稀釋涂布后測(cè)定梨火疫病菌殘留活菌數(shù)。結(jié)果(圖2)表明,菌株WCH05、FB02、WCH03的除菌發(fā)酵濾液對(duì)梨火疫病菌并無抑菌作用,殘留活菌數(shù)與對(duì)照并無顯著差異。說明菌株WCH05、FB02、WCH03主要通過直接接觸的方式捕食梨火疫病菌。
2.4 黏細(xì)菌對(duì)梨火疫病的防效
將初步篩選出的對(duì)梨火疫病菌捕食能力較強(qiáng)的3株黏細(xì)菌菌株(WCH05、FB02和WCH03),通過離體花序、杜梨苗接種,測(cè)定其對(duì)該病害的生防效果。
2.4.1 香梨離體花序的保護(hù)性防效 在離體香梨花序上噴施黏細(xì)菌菌液,再接種病原菌后,觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)(表2),在病原菌接種后第3天,未噴施黏細(xì)菌菌液的對(duì)照的大量香梨花序開始出現(xiàn)花腐癥狀,而噴施黏細(xì)菌的處理能在一定程度上減輕花腐癥狀,降低花腐率。其中菌株WCH05的防效最高,第3天的保護(hù)性防效達(dá)到92.12%,7 d時(shí)平均防效達(dá)68.35%,與農(nóng)用鏈霉素的防效(68.20%)接近;其次是FB02(63.24%),而菌株WCH03的平均防效最低,為50.36%。
2.4.2 黏細(xì)菌對(duì)杜梨苗梨火疫病的保護(hù)性及治療性防效 選擇對(duì)香梨花腐具有較好預(yù)防效果的黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03在盆栽杜梨苗上進(jìn)行梨火疫病的保護(hù)性和治療性的防治試驗(yàn)。
(1)保護(hù)性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果(表3,圖3)表明,在杜梨苗上事先噴施黏細(xì)菌菌液能顯著降低杜梨苗嫩枝的枝枯率和病情指數(shù)。其中防效最好的WCH05第7天的防效最高(84.58%),到21 d仍能保持在80.19%,平均防效達(dá)81.53%,略低于農(nóng)用鏈霉素(87.50%);其次是FB02(平均防效76.38%)和WCH03(平均防效71.44%)。
(2)治療性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果(表4,圖4)表明,噴施WCH05、FB02和WCH03菌液具有明顯的治療效果,枝枯率和病情指數(shù)顯著降低。防效最好的菌株WCH05第7天的防效達(dá)到76.44%,14~21 d的防效有所下降,平均防效達(dá)到63.84%,略低于農(nóng)用鏈霉素(67.32%);其次是WCH03(平均防效54.88%)和FB02(平均防效51.13%)。
2.5 黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、WCH03、FB02的鑒定
2.5.1 形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定 通過觀察記錄黏細(xì)菌子實(shí)體的顏色及形態(tài)、菌落特征以及細(xì)胞形態(tài),根據(jù)《伯杰氏細(xì)菌鑒定手冊(cè)》中黏細(xì)菌分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),初步判斷WCH05、WCH03、FB02為黏球菌屬菌株。其中菌株WCH05和FB02形態(tài)相似,在VY/4平板上呈薄膜狀擴(kuò)展,子實(shí)體多為球形,單生,粉紅色,營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞細(xì)桿狀,黏孢子球形。菌株WCH03在VY/4平板上菌膜上有整齊排列的子實(shí)體,子實(shí)體卵球形,單生,黃色,營(yíng)養(yǎng)細(xì)胞細(xì)桿狀,黏孢子球形(圖5)。
2.5.2 16S rRNA和lepA基因序列分析 以提取的WCH05、FB02和WCH03菌株的基因組DNA為模板進(jìn)行16S rRNA的PCR以及持家基因lepA PCR擴(kuò)增、測(cè)序。將獲得的序列提交至GeneBank,獲得16S rRNA GenBank登錄號(hào)分別為ON406568、ON024012、ON024053;lepA登錄號(hào)分別為ON313804、ON313766、ON313803。將測(cè)序結(jié)果在NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行在線Blast,使用DNAStar軟件進(jìn)行序列相似性比對(duì)。選取與其相似度最高的模式菌株的基因序列,利用MEGA7.0軟件鄰接法構(gòu)建多基因聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹。結(jié)果(圖6)表明,黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02與橙色黏球菌模式菌株Myxococcus fulvus 124B02(CP006003)聚為一簇,WCH03與黃色黏球菌M. xanthus strain R31(CP068048)、M. xanthus strain GH3.5.6c2(CP017169)模式菌株聚為一支。綜合培養(yǎng)性狀、形態(tài)特征,將WCH05和FB02鑒定為橙色黏球菌,WCH03鑒定為黃色黏球菌。
3 討 論
梨火疫病的入侵給中國(guó)林果產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來嚴(yán)重威脅,特別對(duì)中國(guó)新疆地區(qū)香梨產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來巨大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近年來基于有益微生物的生防菌劑在梨火疫病生物防治中作用的研究受到了學(xué)者的重視,也取得了一定的成果。有許多微生物已被用于梨火疫病的生物防治,但關(guān)于黏細(xì)菌在梨火疫病生物防治中的研究和應(yīng)用目前尚屬空白。近年來大量研究表明,黏細(xì)菌在植物病害的生物防治方面具有重要的應(yīng)用潛力。在抗植物病原真菌方面,珊瑚球菌(Corallococcus)[22,18]、黏球菌(Myxococcus)[31]、Sorangiym cellulosum[32]、Nannocystis exedens[33]以及其他一些捕食性黏細(xì)菌[34-35]對(duì)多種植物病原真菌表現(xiàn)出良好的生物防治效果。事實(shí)上,黏細(xì)菌對(duì)細(xì)菌的捕食和拮抗效果更佳,在植物細(xì)菌性病害的生物防治方面具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景[24]。筆者基于前期建立的黏細(xì)菌小型菌種資源庫(kù),通過菌苔捕食和平板對(duì)峙篩選出3株對(duì)梨火疫病菌具有較強(qiáng)捕食能力的黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03,并通過離體花序和盆栽杜梨苗接種試驗(yàn),首次證實(shí)了黏細(xì)菌在梨火疫病生物防治中的應(yīng)用潛力。研究結(jié)果不僅為梨火疫病的生物防治提供了新的微生物資源,也為進(jìn)一步研究和開發(fā)黏細(xì)菌生防菌劑在梨火疫病生物防治中的應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
迄今為止,針對(duì)植物病原菌,分離和應(yīng)用拮抗菌來進(jìn)行生物防治依然是最為活躍的研究領(lǐng)域。研究者已篩選到大量具有抑制植物病原菌效果的拮抗菌株,包括芽孢桿菌(Bacillus)、假單胞菌(Pseudomonas)、鏈霉菌(streptomyces)、溶桿菌(Lysobacter)和木霉(Trichoderma)等[36-40]。這些菌株的生防機(jī)制主要是在生長(zhǎng)代謝過程中產(chǎn)生多種拮抗病原菌的抗生素類物質(zhì)、毒素、細(xì)菌素、蛋白質(zhì)類抗菌物質(zhì)等,達(dá)到抑制或殺滅病原菌的效果。而黏細(xì)菌能通過獨(dú)特的狼群式群體行為和滑行運(yùn)動(dòng)主動(dòng)捕食細(xì)菌、真菌和酵母菌等微生物活體,其產(chǎn)生的次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物被認(rèn)為在黏細(xì)菌捕食過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[41-42]。其中M. xanthus DK1622產(chǎn)生的抗生素TA和Corallococcus coralloides產(chǎn)生的corallopyronin已被證明可以抑制Escherichia coli MG1655和Staphylococcus aureus的生長(zhǎng),在捕食過程中扮演重要的角色[43-44]。在本研究中,黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05、FB02和WCH03在固體平板表面對(duì)梨火疫病菌均表現(xiàn)出高的捕食能力,但將其無菌發(fā)酵濾液與梨火疫病菌共培養(yǎng)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)這3株菌株的無菌發(fā)酵濾液對(duì)梨火疫病菌的生長(zhǎng)并無影響,結(jié)合菌苔捕食試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,推測(cè)這3株黏細(xì)菌對(duì)梨火疫病菌的有效殺傷依賴于菌體間的直接接觸,而黏細(xì)菌菌株產(chǎn)生的胞外次級(jí)產(chǎn)物可能在捕食作用中并未起到主要作用。與本研究結(jié)果相似,Pan等[45]的研究表明在液體條件下,M. xanthus對(duì)大腸桿菌的捕食作用依賴于胞外多糖的物理接觸;李周坤等[46]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Myxococcus sp. BS所分泌的次級(jí)代謝物或者酶類具有一定抑菌作用,但是與直接捕食病原細(xì)菌相比較,該作用是次要的。
黏細(xì)菌作為一類廣泛分布于土壤中的“土著菌”[47],對(duì)土壤環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng),更易在土壤中定殖,因此近些年來關(guān)于黏細(xì)菌在植物病害生物防治方面的研究和應(yīng)用主要集中在土傳病害方面。與土壤環(huán)境相比,果樹的葉際生存環(huán)境條件更加嚴(yán)苛,其可被利用的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分較少,溫濕度變化及紫外線輻射對(duì)微生物的生存也有很大影響[48]。筆者通過本研究雖然已證實(shí)黏細(xì)菌在溫室條件下對(duì)梨火疫病具有顯著的生防效果,但在田間自然環(huán)境下其抗逆性能、定殖性能及防治效果還需在后續(xù)的工作中進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。此外一些問題也制約了黏細(xì)菌在梨火疫病生物防治中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。如黏細(xì)菌的自溶特性直接限制了黏細(xì)菌菌劑的規(guī)?;苽浜拓浖芷?。黏細(xì)菌在液體培養(yǎng)基中生長(zhǎng)聚集成團(tuán),嚴(yán)重影響了噴霧施用。因此如何強(qiáng)化黏細(xì)菌在生長(zhǎng)過程中的細(xì)胞分散性,建立和優(yōu)化黏細(xì)菌發(fā)酵工藝,這些問題都需要在后續(xù)的工作中深入研究。
4 結(jié) 論
本研究中,基于前期分離、純化獲得的黏細(xì)菌菌種資源,從中篩選出3株對(duì)梨火疫病菌具有高效捕食能力的黏細(xì)菌菌株M. fulvus WCH05、M. xanthus WCH03和M. fulvus FB02,進(jìn)一步通過離體花序和盆栽杜梨苗防效測(cè)定,發(fā)現(xiàn)這3株黏細(xì)菌菌株均表現(xiàn)出良好的生防效果,其中黏細(xì)菌菌株WCH05的防效最佳,表明黏細(xì)菌在梨火疫病的生物防治中具有潛在的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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