王璐偉 陳利娜 李好先 劉銳濤 李松開(kāi) 楊慶華 楊雪花 嚴(yán)瓊 魯振華
收稿日期:2023-09-08 接受日期:2023-11-25
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2021YFD1600802);中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:王璐偉,女,碩士,研究方向?yàn)楣麡?shù)遺傳育種。E-mail:15839552412@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:luzhenhua@caas.cn
DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230351
摘? ? 要:【目的】果實(shí)套袋是提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)措施之一,研究不同類型果袋處理對(duì)天使紅果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響,旨在選出合適的果袋類型,為天使紅石榴的栽培管理提供參考。【方法】以5年生嫁接天使紅為試驗(yàn)材料,以不套袋為對(duì)照,利用6種不同類型果袋對(duì)石榴果實(shí)進(jìn)行套袋處理,比較不同處理后果實(shí)的內(nèi)、外在品質(zhì),選出適宜天使紅石榴套袋的果袋類型。【結(jié)果】白袋和灰袋能增加果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量和百粒質(zhì)量;其中灰袋處理較對(duì)照果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量增加20%,百粒質(zhì)量增加25%,效果最顯著,但同時(shí)果皮厚度較對(duì)照顯著增加30%;其他處理果皮厚度較對(duì)照果實(shí)無(wú)顯著差異。不同處理間果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量無(wú)顯著差異。除白袋、藍(lán)袋外,其他4種果袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量均高于對(duì)照果實(shí);其中透明袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量較對(duì)照增加20%,效果最顯著。套袋果實(shí)蘋果酸含量較對(duì)照增加12%~45%,其中灰袋效果最顯著;透明袋、藍(lán)袋、綠袋、灰袋處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量較對(duì)照增加5%~13%,其中透明袋效果最顯著。著色方面,灰袋處理果實(shí)a值最小,著色最淺;其中透明袋處理果實(shí)a值與對(duì)照差異最小,且顯著高于其他果袋處理;除此之外,比較了果實(shí)成熟后不同時(shí)期果袋保鮮效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)透明袋保鮮性能顯著優(yōu)于其他果袋?!窘Y(jié)論】通過(guò)比較不同果袋處理后的果實(shí)品質(zhì),透明袋能有效保護(hù)果實(shí)免受傷害,延長(zhǎng)果實(shí)掛樹(shù)期,增加果實(shí)維生素C含量且對(duì)其他感官品質(zhì)無(wú)顯著影響,其可作為天使紅石榴優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)栽培中的主要果袋類型。
關(guān)鍵詞:天使紅石榴;套袋處理;果實(shí)品質(zhì)
中圖分類號(hào):S665.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2024)01-0113-09
Effects of different types of fruit bags on fruit quality in Tianshihong pomegranate
WANG Luwei1, CHEN Lina1, LI Haoxian1, LIU Ruitao1, LI Songkai2, YANG Qinghua2, YANG Xuehua2, YAN Qiong2, LU Zhenhua1*
(1Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China; 2Mengzi Fruit and Vegetable Technology Promotion Station, Mengzi 661100, Yunnan, China)
Abstract: 【Objective】 Fruit bagging, as a physical protective measure, can effectively avoid mechanical damage during fruit growth and development, prevent from the attack by diseases and pests, reduce drug residues and fruit cracking rate, and maintain the fruit surface clean and tidy. In addition, fruit bagging changes the micro-environment such as temperature, light, moisture and air around the fruit to a certain extent, thus affecting the internal quality of the fruit, and is a key technical measure to improve the fruit quality. Tianshihong is a new super-soft-seed pomegranate bred by Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS. It has wide adaptability and bright red fruit surface and seeds at maturity, and is rich in anthocyanins with sweet and soft flavor and excellent quality. However, the fruit skin is thin, and the phenomenon of dry and cracked skin is easy to appear in the later stage of fruit growth, which affects the commercial value. Therefore, the effect of different fruit bag treatments on the quality of Tianshihong fruit was studied to select the appropriate type of fruit bag and provide technical reference for the promotion and application to Tianshihong super-soft-seed pomegranate. 【Methods】 In June 2022, five years old grafted Tianshihong trees were used as experimental materials in Zhengzhou area, and six different types of fruit bags were used to bag fruits, including transparent bag, white bag, nonwoven bag, blue bag, green bag and gray bag. Fruits on different canopy layers in different directions were randomly selected from each tree for bagging, and 20 fruits were randomly selected from each treatment. Ten fruits were randomly selected from each treatment at the maturity stage in mid-to-late September 2022, and physiological indexes such as single fruit weight, hundred kernel weight, peel thickness, peel color difference (a, b, c values), soluble solid content, organic acid content and Vitamin C content were determined. The type of suitable fruit bags for Tianshihong pomegranate was selected by comparing various fruit indexes under different treatment conditions. 【Results】 White bag and grey bag could increase the single fruit weight and hundred-grain weight. The single fruit weight and hundred kernel weight with the gray bag increased by 20% and 25%, respectively, compared with CK. However, the peel thickness with the grey bag significantly increased by 30% compared with CK. There was no significant difference in peel thickness between the rest treatments and CK. Different types of fruit bags had no significant effect on soluble solid contents in the fruit. Except white bag and blue bag, the Vitamin C contents in other 4 treated fruits were higher than CK fruits. Among them, the Vitamin C content of fruits treated with transparent bag increased by 20% compared with CK, and the effect was the most significant. The content of malic acid in bagged fruits increased by 12% to 45% compared with CK, and the effect of grey bags was the most significant. The citric acid content of fruits treated with transparent bag, blue bag, green bag and gray bag increased by 5% to 13% compared with CK, and the effect of transparent bag was the most significant. In terms of coloring, the a value of fruits treated with gray bag was the lowest and the color was the brightest. The difference in fruit color values was the smallest between transparent bag and CK, which was significantly higher than the rest treatments. In addition, the fresh-keeping effect of fruit bags at different periods after fruit ripening was compared, and it was found that the fresh-keeping performance of transparent bags was significantly better than other fruit bags. 【Conclusion】 By comparing the quality of fruits treated with different bags, it is found that transparent bags can effectively protect fruit from damage, improve the fruit appearance, and increase the commerciality of Tianshihong fruit. It could prolong the fruit hanging period on the tree and increase the Vitamin C content in the fruit, but there was no significant difference in other sensory qualities. The results showed that transparent bags can be used as the main fruit bag type in the high-quality production and cultivation of Tianshihong pomegranate.
Key words: Tianshihong pomegranate; Bagging treatment; Fruit quality
石榴(Punica granatum L.)屬石榴科(Punicaceae)、石榴屬(Punica L)落葉果樹(shù),原產(chǎn)波斯(伊朗)地區(qū),最早由張騫出使西域引入我國(guó)。石榴果實(shí)富含人類所需的維生素C、果膠、多酚和花青素等物質(zhì)[1],具有食用、藥用、觀賞等多種價(jià)值,因此備受人們喜愛(ài)。近年來(lái)我國(guó)石榴栽培面積不斷擴(kuò)大,主栽區(qū)主要集中在云南、安徽、河南、四川等地[2]。隨著石榴產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,市場(chǎng)和消費(fèi)者對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)要求不斷升高,選育品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的品種是育種家的主要任務(wù)。
除遺傳因素外,栽培管理措施也會(huì)影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)形成。果實(shí)套袋作為一種十分有效的物理保護(hù)措施,能保護(hù)果實(shí)在生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過(guò)程中免遭外界環(huán)境的傷害,有效減少果面機(jī)械損傷和果實(shí)病蟲害、降低藥物殘留和裂果率、維持果面干凈整潔,從而提升果實(shí)品質(zhì)[3];此外,果實(shí)套袋在一定程度上改變了果實(shí)周圍的溫、光、水、氣等微環(huán)境,從而對(duì)果實(shí)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生影響。目前,果實(shí)套袋技術(shù)在桃[4-5]、葡萄[6-8]、蘋果[9-10]、梨[11-12]、石榴[13-14]、枇杷[15]、柚[16-18]、獼猴桃[19]等果樹(shù)上均已被試驗(yàn)并廣泛應(yīng)用,但不同物種果實(shí)套袋后的表現(xiàn)不盡相同。研究表明套袋能顯著改善蘋果外觀品質(zhì)、提高果皮花色苷含量和果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量,但套袋后果實(shí)硬度及可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量均有所降低[20]。而牛茹萱等[21]對(duì)隴蜜9號(hào)桃進(jìn)行套袋處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)套袋能顯著增大桃果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量,降低果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量,提高果實(shí)維生素C含量和果皮光亮度,降低果實(shí)著色程度。李凡松等[22]通過(guò)套袋處理發(fā)現(xiàn)不同果袋均能改善中秋酥脆棗的外觀品質(zhì),且能防止果斑發(fā)生、顯著降低生理落果。林玲等[23]用3種果袋分別對(duì)大五星枇杷果實(shí)進(jìn)行套袋處理,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)套袋能顯著提升枇杷單果質(zhì)量、維生素C含量,降低果實(shí)可滴定酸含量和銹果、裂果、日灼的發(fā)生率;但對(duì)果實(shí)質(zhì)地?zé)o顯著影響。此外,果袋類型也是影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵因素之一。試驗(yàn)表明果袋透光率越高李果實(shí)果皮表面越紅,成熟期果實(shí)果皮中花色素苷含量與紙袋透光率成正比[24]。單層紙袋和無(wú)紡布袋均能增大映霜紅桃的單果質(zhì)量和著色面積、改善果實(shí)外觀、降低裂果率,其中單層紙袋對(duì)果實(shí)著色影響更顯著,但套袋處理對(duì)桃果實(shí)可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量無(wú)顯著影響[25]。
綜上,果實(shí)套袋技術(shù)在果樹(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)中十分重要。在石榴栽培生產(chǎn)中也存在機(jī)械損傷、裂果、爛果等產(chǎn)業(yè)問(wèn)題。目前已有不少研究者以不同栽培品種為試材對(duì)石榴套袋進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)石榴套袋能顯著降低裂果率[26-27]、提高果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)并對(duì)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生影響[28-29]。突尼斯石榴是目前主栽的軟籽石榴品種,但其環(huán)境適應(yīng)性不強(qiáng),且成熟期籽粒易糖漬化,果皮著色不均,外觀一般。天使紅石榴是由中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所選育的超軟籽石榴新品種,其適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),成熟期果面和籽粒均為鮮紅色,富含花青素,風(fēng)味甜軟,品質(zhì)優(yōu);但果皮較薄,果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)后期易出現(xiàn)果皮干裂等現(xiàn)象,最終影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)和商品價(jià)值。筆者在本研究中利用6種不同果袋對(duì)天使紅石榴進(jìn)行套袋處理,以未套袋處理果實(shí)為對(duì)照,通過(guò)測(cè)定并比較不同果袋處理后果實(shí)的單果質(zhì)量、百粒質(zhì)量、果皮厚度、果皮著色度、可溶性固形物含量、維生素C含量和主要有機(jī)酸含量等生理指標(biāo),篩選出合適的果袋類型,為天使紅石榴實(shí)際生產(chǎn)栽培提供參考。
1 材料和方法
1.1 供試材料
供試材料為天使紅石榴5年生嫁接苗,鄭州地區(qū)9月中下旬成熟。6種果袋分別為白色塑料袋(16 cm×19 cm)、單層白色紙袋(16 cm×19 cm)、白色無(wú)紡布袋(25 cm×32 cm)、單層藍(lán)色紙袋(25 cm×34 cm)、單層綠色紙袋(25 cm×34 cm)、外灰內(nèi)黑雙層紙袋(16 cm×19 cm)。
1.2 試驗(yàn)園概況
試驗(yàn)于2022年在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所干果種質(zhì)圃(東經(jīng)34.71°,北緯113.70°)進(jìn)行。果園采取行間生草、樹(shù)下鋪防草膜的種植模式,園內(nèi)土壤為砂壤土;果樹(shù)采取“Y”字整形模式,南北方向種植,行距2 m,株距1 m;植株間樹(shù)勢(shì)基本一致,果園肥水進(jìn)行常規(guī)管理。
該地區(qū)屬北溫帶大陸性季風(fēng)氣候,冷暖氣團(tuán)交替頻繁,春夏秋冬四季分明。春季干燥少雨多春旱,冷暖多變大風(fēng)多;夏季比較炎熱,降水高度集中;秋季氣候涼爽,時(shí)間短促;冬季漫長(zhǎng)而干冷,雨雪稀少。全年平均氣溫15.6 ℃;8月份最熱,月平均氣溫25.9 ℃;1月份最冷,月平均氣溫2.15 ℃。全年平均降水量542.15 mm,無(wú)霜期209 d,日照時(shí)長(zhǎng)1 869.7 h。
1.3 試驗(yàn)方法
試驗(yàn)共設(shè)置7個(gè)處理,分別為未套袋處理(對(duì)照)、白色塑料袋處理(透明袋)、單層白色紙袋處理(白袋)、白色無(wú)紡布袋處理(無(wú)紡袋)、單層藍(lán)色紙袋處理(藍(lán)袋)、單層綠色紙袋處理(綠袋)、外灰內(nèi)黑雙層紙袋處理(灰袋)。選相鄰兩行長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致果樹(shù)進(jìn)行處理,每株樹(shù)隨機(jī)選取不同冠層不同方位果實(shí)進(jìn)行套袋;每種處理隨機(jī)選取20個(gè)果實(shí),確保均勻分布于不同樹(shù)冠。于9月中下旬成熟期摘取果實(shí),每種處理最少選取5株樹(shù),隨機(jī)摘取發(fā)育正常的10個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行生理指標(biāo)測(cè)定。
1.4 百粒質(zhì)量、單果質(zhì)量和果皮厚度測(cè)定
用1/1000電子秤稱取果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量和百粒質(zhì)量;用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量果皮厚度。分別對(duì)每種處理的10個(gè)果實(shí)進(jìn)行稱質(zhì)量,取其平均值作為單果質(zhì)量;每種處理10個(gè)果實(shí)各剝?nèi)?/2籽?;靹?,隨機(jī)取100粒籽粒稱質(zhì)量,3次重復(fù),平均值作為百粒質(zhì)量;隨機(jī)選取每種處理10個(gè)剝下果皮的果實(shí)測(cè)定厚度,取平均值作為果皮厚度。
1.5 果皮著色度測(cè)定
用手持色差儀(CS-10)分別對(duì)7種處理各10個(gè)果實(shí)三個(gè)側(cè)面的L值(亮度)、a值(紅綠色差)和b值(黃藍(lán)色差)進(jìn)行測(cè)定,取平均值進(jìn)行分析。其中L為亮度值,亮度越高,果實(shí)表面光亮度越高;a是紅綠色差,其正值為紅色,負(fù)值為綠色,絕對(duì)值越大紅色或綠色越深;b值是黃藍(lán)色差,正值為黃色,負(fù)值為藍(lán)色,絕對(duì)值越大黃色或藍(lán)色越深。
1.6 可溶性固形物、維生素C和有機(jī)酸含量測(cè)定
在同一處理不同果實(shí)剝?nèi)〉幕旌献蚜V须S機(jī)挑取3個(gè)籽粒擠出汁液,用手持折光儀(BK-506)進(jìn)行可溶性固形物含量測(cè)定,每種處理測(cè)定3次,取平均值進(jìn)行分析。將同一處理不同果實(shí)剝?nèi)〉幕旌献蚜kS機(jī)分成3份,送至中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所果品質(zhì)量檢測(cè)研究中心對(duì)維生素C、檸檬酸、蘋果酸含量進(jìn)行測(cè)定,取平均值進(jìn)行分析。
1.7 數(shù)據(jù)分析
采用Excel 2010和SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析,均數(shù)比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn)(p≤0.05)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
于2022年9月28日上午,每種處理隨機(jī)摘取10個(gè)發(fā)育正常且完好的果實(shí)帶回調(diào)查室進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)生理指標(biāo)測(cè)定;剩余果實(shí)令其掛樹(shù)期延長(zhǎng)至11月份,觀察不同果袋處理的果實(shí)狀態(tài)。比較不同處理不同時(shí)期果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì),發(fā)現(xiàn)9月底不同套袋處理的果實(shí)表面均較干凈整潔,著色均一;而11月份,7種處理相比透明袋保鮮和著色效果最好,其他6種處理果皮失水嚴(yán)重,果實(shí)外觀已不具良好的商品性(圖1)。
2.1 百粒質(zhì)量、單果質(zhì)量和果皮厚度
結(jié)果表明,白袋和灰袋處理較對(duì)照能顯著增大果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量,透明袋、無(wú)紡袋、藍(lán)袋和綠袋雖能在一定程度上增大果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量,但在p≤0.05水平上不顯著;6種果袋處理均能顯著增大果實(shí)百粒質(zhì)量,其中灰袋處理效果顯著高于其他5種處理(圖2)。灰袋處理果實(shí)果皮厚度均顯著大于其他6種處理(圖3)。
2.2 果實(shí)色度
對(duì)7種處理果實(shí)表面色度進(jìn)行測(cè)定,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同處理果皮表面b值均較小,a值均較大,說(shuō)明天使紅果實(shí)表面呈紅色,花青苷含量較高。其中對(duì)照和透明袋處理果實(shí)a值顯著高于其他4種處理,著色最深;灰袋處理果實(shí)a值最小,且顯著低于其他6種處理,著色最淺?;掖幚砉ち炼茸畲螅@著高于其他6種處理,白袋處理果皮亮度最低(圖4)。綜上,相比對(duì)照處理,透明袋對(duì)果皮著色影響最?。怀掖獾?種果袋處理果實(shí)亮度相對(duì)較低,果皮著色深紅;單層果袋(白袋、透明袋、無(wú)紡袋、藍(lán)袋、綠袋)相比雙層袋(灰袋)更有利于果實(shí)著色。
2.3 可溶性固形物、維生素C和有機(jī)酸含量
對(duì)測(cè)定數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同處理間果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量無(wú)顯著差異。除白袋、藍(lán)袋外,透明袋、無(wú)紡袋、綠袋和灰袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量顯著高于對(duì)照,其中透明袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量最高,較對(duì)照增加20%,無(wú)紡袋次之;白袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量較對(duì)照降低7%,藍(lán)袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量與對(duì)照無(wú)差異(圖5)。有機(jī)酸中,6種果袋處理的果實(shí)蘋果酸含量均顯著高于對(duì)照,灰袋、無(wú)紡袋、綠袋和藍(lán)袋處理間無(wú)顯著差異;其中灰袋處理果實(shí)蘋果酸含量較對(duì)照增加45%,無(wú)紡袋次之;透明袋、白袋處理果實(shí)蘋果酸含量較對(duì)照分別增加30%和12%,雖顯著高于對(duì)照,但顯著低于其他4種處理。7種處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量也存在差異,其中透明袋、藍(lán)袋和綠袋處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量顯著高于其他4種處理,白袋、無(wú)紡袋處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量較對(duì)照無(wú)顯著差異;透明袋處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量較對(duì)照增加13%,藍(lán)袋、綠袋次之(圖6)。
3 討 論
果實(shí)套袋是一項(xiàng)能有效改善果實(shí)外觀、提高果實(shí)商品價(jià)值、生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)無(wú)公害果品的重要技術(shù)措施[30]。研究表明,套袋通過(guò)改變果實(shí)周圍包括光照、溫度、濕度等微域環(huán)境,從而對(duì)果實(shí)外在和內(nèi)在品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生一定影響[31]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者以不同石榴品種為對(duì)象對(duì)套袋或噴施保護(hù)劑等物理措施的效果進(jìn)行了探究[32-34];但果實(shí)套袋是一項(xiàng)因地制宜、因品種特性而變化的保護(hù)措施,天使紅作為超軟籽石榴新品種,需要配套的技術(shù)措施促進(jìn)品種推廣。
筆者在本研究中利用6種不同果袋對(duì)天使紅石榴進(jìn)行處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照果實(shí)相比,6種果袋處理的果實(shí)單果質(zhì)量均有升高,其中灰袋處理較對(duì)照最顯著;這與秦改花等[35]、申?yáng)|虎[26]、Wu等[36]的研究結(jié)果一致,分析認(rèn)為這是由于果袋為果實(shí)提供了良好的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,延長(zhǎng)了果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)期,最終導(dǎo)致果實(shí)質(zhì)量增加;而筆者在本試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)雙層果袋處理效果比單層果袋明顯,可能主要與果袋內(nèi)溫度有關(guān)。果實(shí)著色方面,透明袋處理果實(shí)a值最大,顯著高于其他6種處理且與對(duì)照無(wú)顯著差異,白袋、無(wú)紡袋、藍(lán)袋、綠袋次之,灰袋果實(shí)a值顯著低于其他6種處理;說(shuō)明果實(shí)著色與果袋透光率有關(guān),這與張學(xué)英等[24]在李上的研究結(jié)果一致。而王苗等[37]利用單層塑料內(nèi)膜袋、單層白色紙袋和二者結(jié)合共三種套袋模式對(duì)青皮軟籽石榴進(jìn)行套袋處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)白色紙袋果皮a值最大,促進(jìn)果皮著色效果最明顯,這可能與青皮軟籽品種本身特性有關(guān),透光率和溫度共同影響了青皮軟籽石榴果皮中花青苷的積累。研究結(jié)果表明套袋處理不會(huì)影響果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量,但會(huì)對(duì)果實(shí)維生素C、蘋果酸、檸檬酸含量產(chǎn)生影響。其中,透明袋、無(wú)紡袋處理果實(shí)維生素C含量顯著高于對(duì)照和其他4種果袋處理的果實(shí),而白袋維生素C含量最低,可能與果袋透光率有關(guān),但果實(shí)維生素C含量調(diào)控路徑復(fù)雜,需進(jìn)一步探究;劉金奎[38]通過(guò)對(duì)比不同時(shí)期拆袋后凈皮甜石榴的維生素C含量差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)8月下旬拆袋時(shí)果實(shí)維生素C含量最高,說(shuō)明在果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育至成熟過(guò)程中維生素C含量是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的。6種果袋處理的果實(shí)蘋果酸含量均顯著高于對(duì)照,與韓春紅[11]梨果實(shí)套袋處理結(jié)果相同。透明袋、藍(lán)袋、綠袋處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量顯著高于其他4種處理,無(wú)紡袋處理果實(shí)檸檬酸含量最低;說(shuō)明石榴果實(shí)有機(jī)酸含量受多因素影響,其背后復(fù)雜的調(diào)控機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步探究。對(duì)于果實(shí)的外觀品質(zhì),研究套袋結(jié)果顯示透明袋處理果實(shí)表面著色均勻,無(wú)明顯機(jī)械損傷,且掛樹(shù)期延長(zhǎng)至11月中旬果皮無(wú)失水現(xiàn)象,一定程度上延長(zhǎng)了果實(shí)商品期。陳延惠等[39]對(duì)5種不同果袋內(nèi)微環(huán)境進(jìn)行調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)套袋均會(huì)增加袋內(nèi)溫度、降低光照,袋內(nèi)濕度在下午高于袋外;本研究中透明袋較紙袋透光率高,且保濕性能優(yōu)于紙袋;韓效先[40]認(rèn)為膜袋內(nèi)果實(shí)一直處于高濕狀態(tài),且一天之中袋內(nèi)濕度變化較小,有效降低了果實(shí)水分的蒸騰速率,避免了果實(shí)受高溫強(qiáng)光及濕度劇烈變化的刺激,這可能是本研究中膜袋比其他果袋保鮮期長(zhǎng)的主要原因。
4 結(jié) 論
本試驗(yàn)以超軟籽石榴天使紅為材料,探究6種不同果袋對(duì)其果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明透明袋較其他處理能顯著提高果實(shí)維生素C含量;對(duì)比不同處理果實(shí)外觀,發(fā)現(xiàn)透明袋處理的果實(shí)果皮著色均勻、干凈整潔、無(wú)機(jī)械損傷。果實(shí)掛樹(shù)期延長(zhǎng)至11月份時(shí)透明袋處理果實(shí)外觀顯著優(yōu)于其他6種處理果實(shí)外觀。綜上,透明袋能保護(hù)果實(shí)免遭病蟲害入侵和機(jī)械損傷,在一定程度上提高了果實(shí)品質(zhì),且能延長(zhǎng)果實(shí)商品期,可應(yīng)用于天使紅石榴的優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培生產(chǎn)。
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