挖掘主題意義，促進(jìn)續(xù)寫(xiě)協(xié)同

廣東 邵晨

【問(wèn)題導(dǎo)讀】

讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)作為高考寫(xiě)作新題型，要求考生在正確理解和把握原文及所給段首句的基礎(chǔ)上，續(xù)寫(xiě)兩個(gè)與原文的主題、情節(jié)、語(yǔ)言及邏輯相融合的段落。依據(jù)讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，考生對(duì)文章的主題思想的把握，是得分高低的決定性因素。也就是說(shuō)，若續(xù)寫(xiě)的段落偏離了文章的主題，不管續(xù)作的情節(jié)有多巧妙，語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用有多高級(jí)，邏輯銜接有多緊密，考生得到的分?jǐn)?shù)都不會(huì)很高，甚至可能會(huì)在及格線以下。那么，什么是文章的主題？考生又要如何把握文章的主題呢？本文將介紹幾種方法，助力考生進(jìn)行主題意義的探究，進(jìn)而促進(jìn)續(xù)寫(xiě)協(xié)同。

【名師導(dǎo)學(xué)】

文章主題指的是貫穿文章始終的作者的整體寫(xiě)作意圖，也是作者所要表達(dá)的價(jià)值取向和道德立場(chǎng)。在讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)中，考生只有正確理解閱讀材料的主旨，才能確保續(xù)寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容和情節(jié)與原文銜接緊密，提升續(xù)寫(xiě)的協(xié)同性。表1 歸納了近幾年高考中讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)題的主題語(yǔ)境和具體的主題意義，旨在幫助考生在大腦中構(gòu)建主題圖式，備戰(zhàn)高考。

表1 近幾年讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)題主題歸納

由上表可知，讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的主題語(yǔ)境通常涵蓋人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然三大類別，內(nèi)容均來(lái)自實(shí)際生活，如家庭生活中或溫情或有趣的故事，外出旅行時(shí)或有趣或驚險(xiǎn)的經(jīng)歷，學(xué)?；蚣抑邪l(fā)生的成長(zhǎng)故事，學(xué)?；蛏鐣?huì)上發(fā)生的溫情故事，等等。可以預(yù)見(jiàn)，今后讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的主題將會(huì)繼續(xù)依據(jù)正能量原則，圍繞人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然三大主題語(yǔ)境，依托語(yǔ)篇考查考生的邏輯思維、批判思維和創(chuàng)新思維能力。

除了了解常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)篇主題，構(gòu)建主題圖式，考生還需具備分析語(yǔ)篇主題意義的能力。具體而言，考生可以從以下五個(gè)角度切入，挖掘文本的主題意義。

1.讀標(biāo)題，猜測(cè)文本主題。標(biāo)題是文章主題意義或主旨思想的核心凝練，起到提綱挈領(lǐng)的作用?；跇?biāo)題，考生可以初步感知并預(yù)測(cè)文章的故事背景和主旨大意，為后面細(xì)讀文章、梳理故事情節(jié)奠定基礎(chǔ)。

2.讀情節(jié)，分析文本主題。情節(jié)是敘事類語(yǔ)篇中連貫故事的必備要素，是按照因果邏輯組織起來(lái)的一系列展示人物性格、推進(jìn)主題意義的具體事件。情節(jié)發(fā)展就是從上一個(gè)平衡被打破到下一個(gè)平衡被建立的動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程，語(yǔ)篇主題意義的構(gòu)建就是在這種動(dòng)態(tài)過(guò)程中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。因此，通讀文本并梳理故事情節(jié)，解讀邏輯線索，對(duì)分析文本主題十分重要。

3.讀人物，感悟文本主題。人物、主題、情節(jié)是敘事類語(yǔ)篇的三要素，是高度融合的統(tǒng)一體。人物塑造服務(wù)于情節(jié)推進(jìn)，情節(jié)推進(jìn)更離不開(kāi)人物刻畫(huà)。最終，人物塑造和情節(jié)構(gòu)建交織在一起，共同服務(wù)于主題構(gòu)建。因此，細(xì)讀人物刻畫(huà)，感悟人物性格與情感變化，是探究文章主題意義必不可少的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。

4.讀伏筆，推斷文本主題。伏筆是文學(xué)作品中常用的一種表現(xiàn)手法。它可以理解為前段文章為后段文章留下的線索，也可以理解為上文對(duì)下文的暗示。好的伏筆能夠使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、邏輯融洽。伏筆對(duì)情節(jié)的推進(jìn)和主題意義的構(gòu)建有著不可小覷的作用，因此，重視對(duì)伏筆的閱讀和把握，對(duì)主題意義探究至關(guān)重要。

5.讀主題句，驗(yàn)證文本主題。主題句是對(duì)全文中心思想、核心內(nèi)容及寫(xiě)作意圖的核心凝練。主題句經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在文章的首段和尾段。結(jié)合前面的四種方法，即對(duì)標(biāo)題的猜測(cè)、對(duì)情節(jié)的分析、對(duì)人物的感悟及對(duì)伏筆的推斷，考生可以再次掃讀文章，嘗試尋找文章的主題句，以驗(yàn)證文章主題。需要注意的是，有時(shí)候文章不會(huì)直接給出主題句，考生可以在續(xù)寫(xiě)的第二段添加主題句，以起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。

【案例導(dǎo)引】

閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。

A selfless saver

Robbie loved swimming in the sea.When he was a little boy,he had always dreamed of becoming a professional swimmer.And he moved well on his career journey when he grew up.But one day,unfortunately,he got badly injured while he trained for a swimming competition.After months of treatment,his condition got better.But for the sake of (為了……著想) his health,the doctor strongly advised him never to go swimming again.The news broke his heart.

Despite the fact that he had to give up swimming,his love for swimming never died.So he rented a beach house,which would allow him the comfort of being close to seawater.And to make ends meet,he tried to sell souvenirs to tourists who visited the beach.

One early summer evening,Robbie was making his way home from the beach when he heard a cry.It was reported that it might rain that day,so most people had left the beach early.But Robbie believed he had heard something.The cry came again,and he had a quick look around.He found the beach was empty.Suddenly,he heard a shout from the sea.

“Help!” a frightened and tired kid shouted.The kid was 12 years old,called Nicole,and lived in an orphanage (孤兒院).She lost her parents when she was a baby.Her parents were professional swimmers and she dreamed about becoming a good swimmer like them.That early summer evening,after dinner,she left the orphanage alone and went to the beach,hoping to learn to swim on her own.The girl almost drowned.When she was calling for help that evening,Robbie happened to hear it.

He immediately called the police.“But waiting for help might be too late,” Robbie thought.He thought of how life-threatening it was for him to swim.“The kid is drowning!” but he thought as he fought his fear.“I must help.”

注意：續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。

Paragraph 1:

Then,he dived in._______________________________________________________

Paragraph 2:

Feeling pity for Nicole,Robbie decided to teach her how to swim.__________________

文本解讀

一、讀標(biāo)題，猜測(cè)文本主題

本篇文章的標(biāo)題是“A selfless saver”，通過(guò)此標(biāo)題，我們可以猜測(cè)出本文敘述的是一個(gè)見(jiàn)義勇為的救人故事，其主題語(yǔ)境屬于人與社會(huì)。文章通過(guò)講述救助者不顧自己的安危，救助困難群體的故事，傳遞了社會(huì)生活中人與人之間的溫情與愛(ài)心，弘揚(yáng)了中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德，傳遞了“贈(zèng)人玫瑰，手有余香”的社會(huì)正能量。

二、讀情節(jié)，分析文本主題

故事情節(jié)可以通過(guò)“故事山”的形式進(jìn)行梳理?！肮适律健笔怯⒚绹?guó)家中小學(xué)階段廣泛應(yīng)用的視覺(jué)閱讀輔助工具，它可以幫助學(xué)生快速厘清故事發(fā)展脈絡(luò)，為探究主題意義提供支撐?！肮适律健敝饕譃槲宕蟛糠郑ㄈ鐖D1）：開(kāi)頭（opening）、發(fā)展（build-up）、困境（dilemma）、解決（resolution）、結(jié)尾（ending）。開(kāi)頭部分需要交代故事發(fā)生的背景，即時(shí)間、人物、地點(diǎn)等情境信息；發(fā)展部分需要交代推動(dòng)情節(jié)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵事件；困境部分需要交代故事的主要矛盾和急需解決的問(wèn)題；解決部分需要交代主要矛盾的解決辦法；結(jié)尾部分需要呈現(xiàn)人物的相關(guān)結(jié)局和主要矛盾的解決結(jié)果。

圖1 用“故事山”梳理故事情節(jié)，探究主題意義

通過(guò)圖1的“故事山”，我們可以清晰地看到該故事的情節(jié)發(fā)展，即一個(gè)夢(mèng)想成為專業(yè)游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員的游泳愛(ài)好者，因?yàn)橛?xùn)練受傷，而不得不放棄自己的夢(mèng)想，更令他心碎的是，醫(yī)生建議他此生不再游泳，以保證身體健康。有一天，他在海邊聽(tīng)到了一個(gè)溺水女孩的呼救聲，此時(shí)，故事迎來(lái)了它的高潮部分，主人公陷入一個(gè)兩難的境地：一方面，醫(yī)生建議他此生不再游泳，否則會(huì)威脅身體健康；另一方面，女孩正在大海中掙扎，隨時(shí)都有溺亡的危險(xiǎn)，若等警察到場(chǎng)救援，恐怕為時(shí)已晚。我們可以結(jié)合標(biāo)題“A selfless saver”以及續(xù)寫(xiě)第一段的段首句“Then,he dived in.”，分析出文本的主題為人間大愛(ài)與社會(huì)溫情，即奮不顧身救助弱小的無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)精神，以此弘揚(yáng)中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德。

三、讀人物，感悟文本主題

本故事中一共出現(xiàn)了三個(gè)人物，即主人公（救助者）羅比、溺水女孩妮科爾以及警察，其中對(duì)主人公的刻畫(huà)筆墨最多，溺水女孩次之，警察在原文中的描述被一筆帶過(guò)。人物解讀一般主要從性格和情感變化兩個(gè)角度進(jìn)行。想要讀懂人物的性格，需要仔細(xì)品讀原文對(duì)人物的語(yǔ)言、行為、神態(tài)和心理的刻畫(huà)。至于情感變化，可以從描述類的形容詞直接獲取，也可以從人物的語(yǔ)言、行為、神態(tài)等間接推測(cè)。本文主要人物性格分析見(jiàn)表1，主要人物情感變化見(jiàn)表2。

表1 本文主要人物性格分析

表2 本文主要人物情感變化

（續(xù)表）

通過(guò)表1的人物性格分析，我們可以看出主人公羅比積極向上、正能量的性格和無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)的精神。通過(guò)表2 的人物情感變化分析，尤其是在小女孩溺水的緊急狀況下，在顧全自己的身體健康和救助小女孩的兩難境地下，羅比毫不猶豫地選擇跳水救人，這種堅(jiān)定與果敢使得主人公關(guān)愛(ài)弱小、無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)的精神躍然紙上，本文的主題意義也呼之欲出，即弘揚(yáng)關(guān)愛(ài)弱小、犧牲奉獻(xiàn)的人間大愛(ài)與社會(huì)溫情。

四、讀伏筆，推斷文本主題

伏筆對(duì)于推動(dòng)情節(jié)發(fā)展和主題意義構(gòu)建十分重要。例如，文章第一段的第六句話“But for the sake of his health,the doctor strongly advised him never to go swimming again.”就是最大的伏筆，這句話與最后一段的“I must help.”形成鮮明的對(duì)比，更加凸顯出主人公偉大的奉獻(xiàn)精神，本文的主題意義也因此更加清晰。

參考范文

Paragraph 1:

Then,he dived in.With a strong will,Robbie reached the girl struggling in the sea and managed to pull her up to the beach.Unfortunately,he was very tired,and immediately fainted.When he woke up,he was in hospital.A policeman visited him to get the details of the incident and to let him know the girl was alive and well.

Paragraph 2:

Feeling pity for Nicole,Robbie decided to teach her how to swim.He found the girl and asked,“Do you want me to teach you to swim?” Nicole nodded happily.Under his years of patient guidance,Nicole eventually grew up to be a professional swimmer and won many medals.Robbie was glad and proud that he helped Nicole realize her dream.He was also content with his life.

【模擬導(dǎo)練】

閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。

Our car ran over the sand and rocks,leaving a cloud of dust.It was a beautiful spring day.The sun was bright and the sky was clear—perfect conditions for off-roading（越 野駕駛）.Back then,in 1984,my wife Sue and I were living in southeastern California.The views were wonderful,but with dangers.The temperatures could rise above 50 ℃,and there was no place for tourists to go off-roading without enough preparation.

Sue and I always took a bag with us,packed with snacks,water,and a first-aid kit.We also had a car specially changed for driving in the desert.With it,we could go anywhere a jeep could go.

That day,we drove about 20 miles into the park.Around midday,we stopped to have a rest.As usual,we could see the desert before us.When the spirit of adventure moved us,we went back into the car.But when I turned the key nothing happened.I tried again and again.Nothing happened.I could see Sue was thinking the same thing—the engine wouldn't start.

Our car had one strange problem.About once a year,it would refuse to start.If left overnight,the engine would run just fine the next morning.But no one could find anything wrong with our car.Because it happened so rarely,we'd just learned to live with it.But it had never happened suddenly.

“What should we do?” I felt a little anxious.I hadn't seen a person on our drive out here,and we had no way to call for help.“We could walk back to town,” Sue said.Eager not to waste any more daylight,we quickly packed our things.We were about to set off when Sue called my name.“Look!” she cried.Sure enough,there was something,getting closer.

注意：續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。

Paragraph 1:

It wasn't long before I could make out what it was—a jeep! _______________________

Paragraph 2:

He checked the engine and said,“I know what's wrong.” _________________________

【評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)思】

1.本文的主題是什么？我是如何發(fā)現(xiàn)并確定本文的主題的？

2.續(xù)寫(xiě)這篇文章的時(shí)候，我是如何照應(yīng)文章的主題的？

3.除了本文的主題，高考讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)還有哪些常見(jiàn)的主題？