走向永續(xù)的未來(lái)：園林遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展

自1982年《佛羅倫薩憲章》提出“歷史園林”的概念以來(lái)，針對(duì)園林遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)和研究工作一直在持續(xù)開(kāi)展。隨著《世界遺產(chǎn)公約操作指南》的修訂與實(shí)施，以及對(duì)園林遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)、修復(fù)和價(jià)值研究的深入，逐漸形成了獨(dú)到的保護(hù)理念。在中國(guó)，園林遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)主要針對(duì)靜態(tài)的園林結(jié)構(gòu)及其物質(zhì)組成，具體涉及保護(hù)、修復(fù)與監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警三個(gè)方面。按照“保護(hù)為主，搶救第一”的原則，大多數(shù)項(xiàng)目側(cè)重于“搶救性保護(hù)”，并以地方園林及綠化管理機(jī)構(gòu)為主導(dǎo)，缺少系統(tǒng)性的保護(hù)，公眾參與相對(duì)較少。在此背景下，如何推動(dòng)園林遺產(chǎn)朝著更加體系化和可持續(xù)的方向發(fā)展，已成為一個(gè)緊迫的課題。黨的十九大報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)加強(qiáng)文物和文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)與傳承，活化非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)；2021年，自然資源部和國(guó)家文物局的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)也提出了歷史文化遺產(chǎn)活化利用，2023年的文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)傳承座談會(huì)更是聚焦“堅(jiān)持傳承優(yōu)先”理念，強(qiáng)調(diào)了“在保護(hù)利用中永續(xù)傳承”，這些都標(biāo)志著文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與活化的系統(tǒng)性和可持續(xù)性探索正在全面推進(jìn)。

園林遺產(chǎn)是文化遺產(chǎn)不可或缺的一部分，它不僅是人類在漫長(zhǎng)的社會(huì)生活中對(duì)美好物質(zhì)與精神生活的具象化體現(xiàn)，更是社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的時(shí)代縮影。園林遺產(chǎn)凝聚了時(shí)代變遷與人文精神碰撞的火花，承載了自然山川與江河湖海的壯麗縮影。因此，保護(hù)和傳承園林遺產(chǎn)是保護(hù)和傳承中華文脈的重要一環(huán)。目前，傳統(tǒng)的園林保護(hù)措施主要存在體系性不足和保護(hù)、修繕?lè)椒ú划?dāng)?shù)葐?wèn)題。當(dāng)下，保護(hù)策略正從傳統(tǒng)的單一資源保護(hù)轉(zhuǎn)向可持續(xù)性和預(yù)防性保護(hù)，并逐步整合活態(tài)的非物質(zhì)要素。此外，從更廣闊的城市和區(qū)域角度來(lái)優(yōu)化遺產(chǎn)工作模式和方案，并進(jìn)行評(píng)估，推動(dòng)園林遺產(chǎn)與城市更新、多技術(shù)方法和多學(xué)科的合作，是賦予遺產(chǎn)持續(xù)生命力的關(guān)鍵。

本期專題聚焦于“園林遺產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性”，探討了園林遺產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)理論框架、創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐和路徑轉(zhuǎn)型。從園林個(gè)體和城市整體兩個(gè)互補(bǔ)的視角出發(fā)，深入研究了經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、環(huán)境和文化等多方面的遺產(chǎn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展手段和策略，并總結(jié)了“目標(biāo)體系—具體策略—支撐體系”的發(fā)展策略框架；梳理了江南園林?jǐn)?shù)字化研究的現(xiàn)狀，并從遺產(chǎn)數(shù)字化的內(nèi)容和管理層面探討了數(shù)字時(shí)代江南園林的可持續(xù)發(fā)展路徑。同時(shí)，分析了園林非遺營(yíng)建技藝面臨的發(fā)展困境，探討了高校在保護(hù)江南園林非遺營(yíng)建技藝方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)，并總結(jié)了通過(guò)搶救性保護(hù)、動(dòng)態(tài)性傳承、活態(tài)性傳播三方面來(lái)促進(jìn)非遺營(yíng)建技藝傳承的路徑轉(zhuǎn)變。此外，專題文章還復(fù)原了昭慶寺的歷史沿革、建筑布局、植被景觀和園林活動(dòng)，并探討了圩田傳統(tǒng)對(duì)宋代西湖風(fēng)景營(yíng)建的影響，從而突顯文化遺產(chǎn)的時(shí)代價(jià)值。

作為世界文化遺產(chǎn)的重要組成部分，中國(guó)園林遺產(chǎn)的可持續(xù)性不應(yīng)局限于單個(gè)遺產(chǎn)或其組成要素。我們應(yīng)該將活化應(yīng)用、區(qū)域協(xié)作、非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和傳承等納入其中。展望未來(lái)，希望園林遺產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的專家學(xué)者能夠從更宏觀的視角出發(fā)，推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量、高效率、高層次的保護(hù)與活化工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)園林遺產(chǎn)多主體、多領(lǐng)域、多層次的系統(tǒng)性可持續(xù)發(fā)展，讓園林遺產(chǎn)走向永續(xù)的未來(lái)。

南京林業(yè)大學(xué)風(fēng)景園林學(xué)院教授

江南園林遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)與活化江蘇省文化和旅游重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任

2024年1月4 日

Towards a Sustainable Future: Conservation and Sustainable Development of Garden Heritage

Since the concept of “historic gardens” was introduced in The Florence Charter in 1982, the conservation and research of the garden heritage has been continuously carried out.With the revision and implementation of The Operational Guidelines of the World Heritage Convention, as well as in-depth research on the conservation,restoration and value of garden heritage, unique conservation concepts have gradually been developed.In China, the conservation of garden heritage mainly focuses on the static garden structure and its material composition, specifically involving three aspects: conservation, restoration and monitoring and early warning.According to the principle of “conservation first, salvage first”, most projects focus on “salvage conservation” and are led by local garden and greening management organizations,with a lack of systematic conservation and relatively little public participation.In this context, how to promote the development of garden heritage in a more systematic and sustainable direction has become an urgent issue.The report of the 19th CPC National Congress emphasizes strengthening the conservation and inheritance of cultural relics and cultural heritage, and revitalizing intangible cultural heritage; In 2021,the guidance of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the National Cultural Heritage Administration also proposed the activation and utilization of historical and cultural heritage.The 2023 symposium on the conservation and inheritance of cultural heritage focused on the concept of “adhering to the priority of inheritance”, emphasizing “sustainable inheritance in the conservation and utilization”, which marks that the systematic and sustainable exploration of cultural heritage conservation and activation is being comprehensively promoted.

Garden heritage is an indispensable part of cultural heritage, which is not only the embodiment of the beautiful material and spiritual life of mankind in the long social life, but also the microcosm of the times of social and economic development.The garden heritage unites the sparks of the collision between the changes of the times and the humanistic spirit, and carries the magnificent epitome of the natural mountains and rivers and lakes.Therefore, the conservation and inheritance of garden heritage is an important part of the conservation and inheritance of Chinese culture.At present, the traditional garden conservation measures mainly exist in the systematic insufficiency and improper conservation and repair methods and other problems.Nowadays, conservation strategies are shifting from traditional single-resource conservation to sustainability and preventive conservation, and gradually integrating living intangible elements.In addition, optimizing heritage work models and plans from a broader urban and regional perspective, conducting evaluations, and promoting cooperation between garden heritage and urban renewal, as well as multi technological methods and disciplines, are key to endowing heritage with sustained vitality.

The topic of this issue focuses on “Sustainability of Garden Heritage”, exploring the theoretical framework, innovative practices and paths of transformation of garden heritage.From the complementary perspectives of individual gardens and the city as a whole, in-depth the means and strategies for sustainable development of heritage in economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects were studied, and the development strategy framework of “target system-specific strategy-support system” were summarized; The current situation of digitization research of Jiangnan gardens was sorted out, and the sustainable development path of Jiangnan gardens in the digital era was discussed from the content and management level of heritage digitization.At the same time, the development dilemma faced by the non-legacy camping skills in gardens was analyzed, the advantages of universities in protecting the non-legacy camping skills in Jiangnan gardens were discusses, and the transformation of the path to promote the inheritance of non-legacy camping skills through the three aspects of salvage conservation, dynamic inheritance, and living dissemination were summarized.In addition, the feature article restored the historical development, architectural layout, vegetation garden and garden activities of Zhaoqing Temple, and explored the influence of the polder tradition on the construction of the West Lake landscape in the Song Dynasty, thus highlighting the contemporary value of cultural heritage.

As an important part of the world cultural heritage, the sustainability of China’s garden heritage should not be limited to individual properties or their constituent elements.We should include revitalization and application, regional collaboration, and intangible cultural heritage conservation and inheritance.Looking ahead, we hope that experts and scholars in the field of garden heritage can promote high-quality,high-efficiency and high-level conservation and revitalization from a more macroscopic perspective, so as to realize the systematic sustainable development of garden heritage in multiple subjects, fields and levels, and to make the garden heritage move towards an everlasting future.

Professor, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University Director, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Culture and Tourism for Conservation and Revitalization of Jiangnan Garden Heritage

January 4th, 2024