三江源的守護者

楊培花

長天如海，萬山茫茫。在美麗壯闊的青藏高原上，有一個皚皚冰雪與茵茵草原交織而成的神秘世界。從萬仞冰川與雪山中發(fā)源的涓涓細流，穿山辟谷，不舍晝夜，最終匯聚成長江、黃河與瀾滄江最初的源流。這里沼澤濕地密集，珍稀植物隨處可見，野生動物自由奔走，原始的高寒生態(tài)系統(tǒng)維系著亞洲生態(tài)安全的命脈；這里滋養(yǎng)萬物，是名副其實的“中華水塔”，每年向中下游地區(qū)供凈水600 多億立方米，解決了6 億人的飲水問題；這里文明薈萃，多民族多文化交匯融合。這里就是中華民族的萬山之宗、龍脈之源的三江源。

Beneath the expansive sky， nestled amidstboundless mountains， lies the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—a mysterious realm where ice and snow mingle withvibrant green grasslands. Here， tiny streams originatefrom towering glaciers and snowy peaks， meanderingthrough mountains and valleys and nurturing the?mighty Yangtze， Yellow，and Lancang Rivers dayand night. The area， richin wetlands and adornedwith rare plants， supportsa diverse range of wildlifethriving within a pristinehigh-altitude ecosystem.It’s rightfully called the“Water Tower of China，” providing over 600 billioncubic meters of fresh water downstream annuallyand meeting the needs of 600 million people. Thisarea is known as Sanjiangyuan， a place where manycivilizations and cultures converge. It is the bedrock ofChina’s mountains and the source of its river system.

然而，隨著全球氣候變暖，加之受自然災害、鼠害以及人類過度開采等影響，三江源的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭受了嚴重破壞。20 世紀90 年代，中科院大氣物理研究所的探險隊進入青海省三江源地區(qū)考察，提出了“開發(fā)大西北，保護三江源”的建議。2000 年8 月19 日，三江源自然保護區(qū)成立。2003 年1 月，三江源自然保護區(qū)升級為國家級自然保護區(qū)。

Howe ve r， d u e t o g l oba lwarming， coupled with naturaldisasters， rodent infestations， andoverexploitation， the ecosystem ofSanjiangyuan has suffered severedamage. In the 1990s， the Instituteof Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academyof Sciences sent a team to investigate the area and?proposed a vision of “developing the great northwestwhile protecting Sanjiangyuan.” Their efforts led to theestablishment of the Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve onAugust 19th， 2000， which later gained national-levelstatus in January 2003.

而在此之前，其實早已有一群默默無聞的守護者自發(fā)組織起來，用他們堅持不懈的努力甚至生命，為三江源地區(qū)筑起了一道“環(huán)保城墻”。他們是牧人，是三江源地區(qū)的生態(tài)管護員，是專家學者和環(huán)保志愿者。他們來自五湖四海，默默無聞地為人與自然的和諧相處努力著，堅持著。

Even before official recognition， adedicated group of unsung heroes hadembarked on a mission to safeguardSanjiangyuan. Through relentlessefforts， they built an “environmentalprotection wall，” with some evensacrificing their lives for this cause.These individuals， including herders，ecological stewards， experts， scholars，and volunteers from various cornersof China， worked quietly and tirelessly to fosterharmony between humanity and nature.

可可西里守護神

Guardians of Hoh Xil

索南達杰是較早發(fā)起可可西里生態(tài)環(huán)境保護的人之一。早在1988 年，他就向青海省治多縣政府提交了《關于管理和開發(fā)可可西里的報告》。1991 年，索南達杰兼任西部工委書記，組建了我國第一支武裝反盜獵隊伍。他先后12 次進入可可西里腹地進行勘察和巡查，行程達6 萬公里，一年中有354 天在可可西里度過。1994 年，索南達杰在與不法分子的較量中，不幸中彈犧牲?？煽晌骼锪阆?0℃的低溫，把他凍成冰雪雕塑，身邊是盜獵者丟棄的近2 000 張藏羚羊皮。他的犧牲震驚了全中國，喚醒了全民族的生態(tài)保護意識，讓更多的人加入保護生態(tài)環(huán)境的隊伍。

Sonam Dargyewas one of theearliest pioneersin the ecological conservation movement in Hoh Xil.His involvement dated to 1988 when he submitted areport to the Zhiduo County government in QinghaiProvince， emphasizing the critical need for themanagement and development of Hoh Xil. By 1991， hehad assumed the additional role of secretary of localworker’s committee and established China’s first armedanti-poaching team. Sonam’s dedication led him tothe heartlands of Hoh Xil， where he organized surveysand patrols for 12 times. His travels measured 60，000kilometers in length， and he lived in the area 354 daysa year. Unfortunately， his efforts came to a tragic end in1994 when he was fatally shot by poachers. His body，frozen in temperatures as low as —40°C， together withnearly 2，000 Tibetan antelope hides he sized， servedas a stark reminder of the poaching crisis. Sonam’sdeath reverberated throughout China， capturing?national attention， and igniting a powerful ecologicalconservation movement.

第二年，他的妹夫扎巴多杰毅然離開玉樹州人大法制委員會副主任崗位，接過索南達杰的槍。扎巴多杰的兒子秋培扎西13 歲就和父親一起巡護可可西里，大學畢業(yè)后，他和父輩做了同樣的選擇，再次走進可可西里。

A year later， Sonam’sbrother-in-law， ZabaDorje， left his positionas the deputy director ofthe Judicial Committeeof the Yushu PrefecturePeople’s Congress tocarry on the mission.Demonstrating the sameunwavering commitment，Zaba’s son， ChoephelTashi， embarked on hisconservation journeyat just 13 years old，eventually dedicating hislife to safeguarding Hoh Xil after completing his universityeducation.

1997 年，“綠色江河”（四川省綠色江河環(huán)境保護促進會）的創(chuàng)始人楊欣，帶領11 位來自天南地北的志愿者，在海拔4 500 米的高原上，在沒有任何外援的情況下，硬是用最簡陋的工具建成了可可西里第一個自然保護站，并以“索南達杰”命名。這是中國民間也是可可西里的第一個自然保護站，它扼守在進入可可西里的主要路口，成為反偷獵的前沿陣地。

In 1997， Yang Xin， the founder of “Green River”（Greenriver Environmental Protection Association ofSichuan Province）， rallied 11 volunteers from acrossChina to establish the first nature reserve station inHoh Xil. Despite limited resources and no externalassistance， the team successfully built up the facilityat an altitude of 4，500 meters and named it “Sonam?Dargye” in honor of the fallenhero. As China’s first nongovernmentalnature reservestation， it is positioned atthe primary entrance tothe region and serves as aformidable barrier againstpoaching.

30 年間，4.5 萬平方公里的可可西里已經(jīng)從最初的無人區(qū)發(fā)展成為國家級自然保護區(qū)，并在2017 年成功申請為世界自然遺產(chǎn)地?，F(xiàn)在，該地的藏羚羊已經(jīng)從20 世紀90 年代不足2 萬只恢復到了7 萬多只，可可西里連續(xù)15 年不再有槍聲。

Fast forward three decades， Hoh Xil， once apristine wilderness spanning 45，000 square kilometers，is now a national nature reserve. It is also a WorldNatural Heritage site designated in 2017. The numberof Tibetan antelopes in the area， which was fewer than20，000 in the 1990s， has risen to more than 70，000.Hoh Xil has enjoyed 15 years of tranquility without asingle gunshot.

草原生態(tài)守護者

Grassland Stewards

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，垃圾正在成為長江源乃至青藏高原最大的環(huán)境問題。

Research has identified trash pollution as thebiggest environmental concern at the source of theYangtze River and the wider Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

2011 年，“綠色江河”籌款在青海建立了中國民間第二個自然保護站—長江源水生態(tài)環(huán)境保護站。志愿者們深入牧區(qū)，對牧民開展垃圾分類及回收的教育。通過用垃圾換食品、物品的方式，引導牧民把垃圾帶到保護站，再通過空返車輛和自駕游客，把垃圾帶到城市處置。志愿者們的努力感染了數(shù)萬游客和司機，每年人們從長江源帶走的垃圾就有上百萬件。

In 2011， Green River funded the Yangtze RiverSource Water Ecological Environment ProtectionStation， China’s second NGO nature reserve in Qinghai.It sent volunteers to cultivate a culture of waste sortingand recycling among herders. To incentivize herders toparticipate， a barter system was introduced， allowingthem to exchange their trash for food and other essentialitems. The collected waste was then transported to urbanareas for proper disposal using returning empty vehiclesand tourists driving their own vehicles. Remarkably， thisinitiative has impacted tens of thousands of tourists anddrivers and has resulted in the removal of millions ofpieces of trash from the Yangtze River source annually.

“像保護眼睛一樣保護生態(tài)環(huán)境，像對待生命一樣對待生態(tài)環(huán)境?！比醋匀槐Ｗo區(qū)成立至今，政府累計投入資金300 億元，近10 萬牧民搬離了草原，超過7 萬戶牧民主動減少了牲畜養(yǎng)殖數(shù)目。三江源國家公園“一戶一崗”生態(tài)管護公益崗位也讓1.72 萬名牧民從草原利用者變?yōu)樯鷳B(tài)守護者。牧民們通過撿拾垃圾，巡山護水，保護野生動植物，實現(xiàn)生態(tài)、生活共贏，人均年收入達2.16 萬元。

The motto guiding these efforts is “to cherish theecological environment as one would cherish their eyesand hold it as dear as life itself.” Since the establishmentof the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve， the?government has invested a total of 30 billion RMB inenvironmental conservation. Nearly 100，000 herders haverelocated from the grasslands， and over 70，000 householdshave voluntarily reduced their livestock numbers. Underthe reserve’s “one household， one post” program， 17，200herders have transitioned from mere grassland usersto dedicated ecological guardians， assuming variousresponsibilities， including trash collection， patrolling，and wildlife protection. They have successfully struck abalance between preserving the ecosystem and sustainingtheir livelihoods， with one person making an averageincome of 21，600 RMB per year.

通天河上的“火眼金睛”

The “Eyes” of the Tongtian River

一部《西游記》讓人們記住了長江上游河流的一個別名—通天河。負責在通天河進行水上巡線的是“崗當村生態(tài)管護隊”。隊員們?nèi)钱數(shù)夭刈迥撩癯錾?。他們采用漂流巡線方式負責崗當村近800 平方公里的日常巡線值守，每個月進行三次集中大規(guī)模巡護，調(diào)查、記錄并保護所在長江源區(qū)域的野生動植物等生態(tài)資源，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)、打擊盜獵盜采等違法活動。

The renowned novel Journey to the West introducedus to an alternate name for the upper reaches of theYangtze River： the Tongtian River. This vital region is?under the watchful care of the “Gangdang Village Eco-Team，” consisting entirely of local Tibetan herdsmen.Their mission involves rigorous patrols and dailysurveillance of an expansive 800-square-kilometerarea surrounding Gangdang Village. Each month， theyorganize three comprehensive patrols to documentand safeguard the ecological treasures of this region，including its native wildlife and plants. They are swiftto respond to any illegal activities， such as poachingand unauthorized harvesting.

而通天河沿岸的云塔村則嘗試用各種方式監(jiān)測行蹤詭秘的食肉動物。每個月村民們都會去自己負責的山谷定點觀測記錄巖羊數(shù)量，放置紅外相機。這樣風雨無阻的堅持，一晃就是十多年。

Downstream， in Yunta Village， innovative methodsare employed to track the elusive predators of theregion. Villagers are assigned specific valleys wherethey install infrared cameras and meticulously observeand record the population of Himalayan blue sheepevery month. Regardless of weather conditions， theyhave persevered in this mission for over a decade.

生活在海拔3 900 米的甘達村村民，承擔起村域約9.5 萬畝的水源樣本采集監(jiān)測工作。大家翻山越嶺，共同守護著扎曲河的300 多個泉眼。巴丁是三江源生態(tài)環(huán)保協(xié)會的一名環(huán)保帶頭人。2015 年，他作為甘達村第四生產(chǎn)隊的隊長，前后推動了甘達村18 處水源地的保護，從命名到垃圾清理和水源治理。這些工作完成后，他又帶領大家為一些重要水源地修建祭祀塔，以幫助后代建立起保護水源的意識。

Living at an altitude of 3，900 meters， the peopleof Ganda Village take on the task of monitoring andcollecting water samples within a 15，650-acre rangeof their local area. They navigate mountains andhills， protecting more than 300 springs that feed theZhaqu River. Bading is an environmental leader inthis movement. In 2015， as the head of the fourthproduction team of Ganda Village， he spearheaded theprotection of 18 water sources in his village， overseeingeverything from naming them to garbage cleanup andwater management. Upon the completion of these?tasks， he led the community in constructing sacrificialtowers at key water sources to foster a sense of waterconservation for future generations.

在三江源，這樣的故事有太多太多……

In Sanjiangyuan， countless tales like these unfold...

在所有人多年不懈的努力和堅持下，三江源已呈現(xiàn)出一幅人與自然和諧共生的美麗畫卷。廣袤無垠的高山草原、古老的原始森林、滿山遍野的珍貴生靈，再次煥發(fā)出生機。每至繁殖季節(jié)，便可見群鳥蹁躚，牦牛成群，駿馬嘶鳴……

Through years of unwavering commitment， thepeople of Sanjiangyuan have woven a living tapestry ofharmonious interaction between humanity and nature.Today， the highland meadows teem with renewed life，ancient forests stand tall and proud， and wildlife regaintheir vitality. Each breeding season witnesses flocks ofbirds taking flight， yak herds congregating， and spiritedhorses expressing their joyous neighs.