秋天,道路兩旁黃的、紅的樹葉將街道裝點得秋意盎然。然而,樹葉為什么會在秋天變黃或者變紅,你知道其中的原因嗎?
In early fall, the weather conditions start to change: Itgets cooler — with crisp, but not freezing, nights — andthe duration of daylight is reduced. 1)Collectively, there’sless sunlight for plants to 2)harvest using the chlorophyll intheir leaves, so 3)deciduous trees begin to pull back theirinvestment in keeping them alive.
While chlorophyll is the most common 4)pigment thatplants use to harvest light — green leaves look that waybecause chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflectsgreen light — plants often have a variety of secondarypigments, too. As the chlorophyll in a tree’s leaves begins towane, these underlying pigments become visible. This is whatwe’re seeing when fall foliage peaks.
Red and purple hues stem from secondary pigmentscalled anthocyanins, while carotenoids and xanthophylls yieldoranges and yellows, respectively. Within a single group, suchas the maples, different species have evolved their own suiteof pigments. Red maples, for example, turn a bril137OECokLue4fQlpU1CsNQ==liant scarlet inthe fall, while black maples become yellow.
1) collectively adv. 共同地
2) harvest v. 收獲
3) deciduous adj. 落葉性的;脫落性的
4) pigment n. 色素;顏料
初秋時節(jié),天氣情況開始變化:天氣變涼爽,夜晚溫度下降,但尚未結(jié)冰,白晝縮短??偟膩碚f,植物通過葉綠素從陽光中獲取能量的機會減少了,因此落葉樹開始減少生產(chǎn)葉綠素,以保持生命力。
綠葉是綠的,因為葉綠素吸收紅光和藍光,反射綠光。雖然葉綠素是植物用來獲取光能最常見的色素,但植物通常也有各種輔助色素。隨著樹葉中的葉綠素開始減少,這些潛在的色素變得可見。這就是我們在秋天落葉季看到的景象。
紅色和紫色色調(diào)來自花青素等輔助色素,而類胡蘿卜素和葉黃素分別產(chǎn)生橙色和黃色。在某個種類的植物中,例如楓樹,不同的品種進化出了自己的色素組合。例如,紅楓的樹葉在秋天變成鮮艷的緋紅色,而黑楓變成黃色。