概 要 寫 作

廣東 黃園園

一、題型感知

概要寫作要求考生基于所提供的短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。概要寫作應(yīng)具有以下五個特征：

1.簡潔性：用盡量短的句子對較長的原文進行簡潔重述。

2.自主性：用自己的話語進行概寫，避免對原文進行抄襲照搬。

3.理解性：表現(xiàn)考生對原文的精準(zhǔn)理解。需要注意的是，考生不能對原文進行解釋和評論，也不能摻雜任何個人想法或做出任何評判，因此不能出現(xiàn)“I believe”“I think”等詞句。

4.忠實性：概要寫作的內(nèi)容和中心思想必須忠于原文主旨，不可偏離主題、肆意篡改。

5.連貫性：概要寫作并非簡單羅列要點，各個要點之間要有恰當(dāng)?shù)你暯?，從而使概要寫作的?nèi)容銜接緊密、脈絡(luò)清晰。概要寫作的內(nèi)容要完整連貫、獨立成篇。

二、命題特點

1.概要寫作題會提供一篇350 詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

2.所選材料的體裁沒有限制，以說明文、議論文和記敘文為主。在評判時更加注意內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)和問題的準(zhǔn)確性，內(nèi)容的客觀性，用詞的簡潔性以及內(nèi)容的連貫性這四個方面。該題型既考查考生的寫作能力，又考查考生的閱讀能力及邏輯思維能力。

三、賦分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(一) 評分原則

1.本題總分為25分，按5個檔次給分。

2.評分時，閱卷人先根據(jù)考生所寫概要的內(nèi)容和語言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來衡量、確定或調(diào)整檔次，最后給分。

3.詞數(shù)少于40或多于80的概要寫作需從總分中扣除2分。

4.評分時，閱卷人主要從以下四個方面考慮：

（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況；

（2）語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性；

（3）上下文的連貫性；

（4）對各要點表達的獨立性情況。

5.拼寫與標(biāo)點符號是寫作規(guī)范的重要方面，評分時，閱卷人應(yīng)視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。

6.如書寫較差以致影響交際，閱卷人可將其分數(shù)降低一個檔次。

（二）各檔次的給分范圍和要求

_______________________________________________檔次第五檔(21～25)第四檔(16～20)第三檔(11～15)第二檔(6～10)第一檔(1～5)___________________0描述________________________________理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點；能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；______________________________________________________________________________________完全使用自己的語言。理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋絕大部分要點；所使用的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯有些許錯誤，但完全不影響意義的表達；比較有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；______________________________________________________________________________________有個別整句抄自原文。理解較為準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋大部分要點；所使用的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯有些錯誤，但不影響意義的表達；應(yīng)用簡單的語句間的連接成分，使上下文內(nèi)容連貫；______________出現(xiàn)兩句或_________________________________________________________兩句以上整句抄自原文的現(xiàn)象。理解有誤差，僅涵蓋半數(shù)要點；有些語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，影響了意義的表達；較少使用語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性；______________出現(xiàn)_______________________________________________________________兩句以上整句抄自原文的現(xiàn)象。沒有理解原文，造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符；有較多語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，嚴重影響了意義的表達；缺乏語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容不連貫；_______________________________________________________________________________________多個句子抄自原文。白卷、內(nèi)容太少導(dǎo)致無法評判或所寫內(nèi)容與所提供的內(nèi)容無關(guān)。___________

四、寫作步驟

Step 1 析體裁、明主旨

進行概要寫作時，首先要閱讀文章，確定文章的體裁和主題。概要寫作的三種體裁的結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

Step 2 析結(jié)構(gòu)、定要點

閱讀完文章后，應(yīng)迅速分析一下文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。概要寫作類的文章多為“總—分、分—總、總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)或并列結(jié)構(gòu)，分析完結(jié)構(gòu)后再把文章的自然段按意義進行劃分，以確定要寫的要點數(shù)量(一般為4個要點)。

Step 3 提信息、找主旨

在分析好文章的結(jié)構(gòu)后，要按照文章的段落找出每一段的主旨句，并圈出一些能體現(xiàn)段落大意的關(guān)鍵詞。說明文和議論文的主旨句多在段首或段尾，但也有位于段中或無主旨句的情況。另外，文章的每一段也可以按主旨信息、重要信息、次要信息和冗余信息來劃分。在提取信息時，要忽略冗余信息，也就是與主旨無關(guān)的一些細節(jié)信息。

Step 4 擬草稿、巧概括

在找出文章的主旨信息和重要信息后，考生須迅速擬定草稿。方法是先逐句分析找出段落主旨句，然后對這些句子在不改變原意的基礎(chǔ)上進行高度概括、同義替換或重構(gòu)句式。最后，還要注意各個要點之間的銜接和過渡。

Step 5 再通讀、細謄寫

考生在擬好概要寫作的草稿后，首先要通讀一遍，根據(jù)語法知識修正所寫的概要中可能出現(xiàn)的一些諸如拼寫、時態(tài)、標(biāo)點符號、連接詞等方面的錯誤。其次，根據(jù)文章的要義，核實一下所寫的要點是否齊全。最后，把草稿清晰、工整地謄寫在答題紙上。

五、寫作實踐

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing.However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546.Thus the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way for a long time.Henry Ⅳ, King of France, was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit (好處) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbour ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good for health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫學(xué)家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter position is gaining some ground.

寫作指導(dǎo)

本文是一篇議論文。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、論點明確，主要論述了從古至今人們對皮膚上污物的態(tài)度的變化。

Step 1 析體裁、明主旨

議論文通常包括論點、論據(jù)和結(jié)論三部分，因此寫議論文的概要之前，考生首先要找出主題句(the topic sentences)、支撐句(supporting sentences)和結(jié)論句(conclusion sentences)，其中最主要的是找準(zhǔn)主題句。

Step 2 析結(jié)構(gòu)、定要點

本文的論點為第一段，談?wù)搹墓胖两袢藗儗ζつw上污物的態(tài)度的變化。第二、三、四段為論據(jù)，本文沒有結(jié)論句。

Step 3 提信息、找主旨

利用議論文的段落主旨句多在段首或段尾的特征，找出各段的主旨句。然后，對這些句子在不改變原義的基礎(chǔ)上進行高度概括、同義替換或重構(gòu)句式，使其符合原文的本意。

第一段指出：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

第二段指出：Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.

第三段指出：Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbour ever since 18th century.

第四段指出：Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.

Step 4 擬草稿、巧概括

要點1：People have mixed opinions on dirt on our skin.

要點2：For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France,believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.

要點3：However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years later.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.

要 點4：Nevertheless, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help strengthen our immune system.

Step 5 再通讀、細謄寫

【佳作賞析】

People have mixed opinions on dirt on our skin.(要點1：論點) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要點2：論據(jù)1) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years later.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要點3：論據(jù)2) Nevertheless, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help strengthen our immune system.(要點4：論據(jù)3)

六、模擬導(dǎo)練

閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。

These days, our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush.It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry.However, it is better for people to take their time and live their lives at a slower pace than to hurry to get things done.

The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong things in a rush.When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they cannot make a sound decision and probably regret later.As the saying goes, “Haste makes waste.” We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly.We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.

Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better.For example, taking a train to someplace certainly will take more time than taking a plane.However, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends.Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way.On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our life.

Finally, slower life pace provides better healthy conditions for us.As is known to all,taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress.People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them.Being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally.According to some studies, people who have a slower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.

In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced.However, much stress can't bring enjoyment, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages.Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.

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