多法并用，寫好人物心理

廣東 譙 麗

【問題導(dǎo)讀】

心理描寫是指文章中對人物在特定環(huán)境中的心理狀態(tài)、精神面貌和內(nèi)心活動的描寫。心理描寫能夠表現(xiàn)人物的所思所想，讓人物吐露自己的心聲，說出他的歡樂和悲傷、矛盾和愁郁、憂慮和希望，使讀者看透人物的外表，看到人物的內(nèi)心世界。心理描寫還可以細(xì)膩、生動而真實(shí)地展示人物的心路歷程，從而更好地揭示出人物的性格特點(diǎn)。通過人物的心理描寫，作者能夠揭示其內(nèi)心世界，反映其性格，突出其形象。因此，通過人物的心理描寫，讀者可以直觀地體會人物豐富而復(fù)雜的思想感情，了解其行為背后的含義，讓文章更加充實(shí)。

【名師導(dǎo)學(xué)】

高考讀后續(xù)寫的文本多為故事類的記敘文，其中對文章人物的理解和描寫直接影響著續(xù)寫部分的質(zhì)量。作為人物刻畫的重要方法之一，心理描寫在文本理解和續(xù)寫中尤為重要。英語讀后續(xù)寫中常見的心理描寫有直接心理描寫（主要是內(nèi)心獨(dú)白和神態(tài)描寫）和間接心理描寫（主要是動作描寫和環(huán)境描寫）。

1.內(nèi)心獨(dú)白

內(nèi)心獨(dú)白就是非常直白地把一個人物的內(nèi)心想法展示出來，喜厭、愛恨都從這個人物出發(fā)進(jìn)行勾勒，如“想什么”“感到怎么樣”,通常用feel、think、believe、guess、wonder、whisper 等動詞來表達(dá)。內(nèi)心獨(dú)白可以直接、充分地展現(xiàn)一個人物的心路歷程和情感掙扎。

例句賞析：At the sight of the ferocious wolf,I felt seized by a strong sense of horror.

用felt seized by a strong sense of horror 來形容“我”看到狼的時候產(chǎn)生的恐懼。

2.神態(tài)描寫

神態(tài)描寫指對人物面部五官的描寫。描寫時用表示表情、神態(tài)的詞語，例如哭喪著臉、專注的神情等。神態(tài)描寫通過描寫人物的臉龐、眼睛、嘴巴、牙齒等來表現(xiàn)人物的喜、怒、哀、樂。

例句賞析：His face beamed and his bright smile lit up the room when the mother kissed the baby on the cheek.

本句把笑容比作光明，展現(xiàn)了當(dāng)媽媽輕吻孩子臉龐時孩子的喜悅。

3.動作描寫

動作描寫是對人物行為的描寫。人物的每一個行為都受其思想、性格的制約。因此，具體細(xì)致地描寫某一人物在某一情況下所做出的動作反應(yīng)，可以顯示出人物的情緒和心理活動。

例句賞析：He gave a jump in the air, twirled, ran a few steps, stopped, looked all round,sniffed the smells of afternoon,and then set off walking down through the orchard.

本句通過一連串的動作,如give a jump、twirl、run、stop、look all around、sniff、set off walking等描繪了一個開心歡樂的場面。

4.語言描寫

語言描寫是對人物對話及語氣的描寫。它能夠表現(xiàn)人物的思想感情，反映人物的心理活動。它雖然不如獨(dú)白那么直接，但同樣可以讓人感受到人物的情感變化，窺見人物的心靈深處。

例句賞析：Marsha chewed her lip.“You didn't come to see me!”

本句通過語言以及說話時的神情，體現(xiàn)了說話人的緊張。

5.環(huán)境描寫

環(huán)境描寫包括對人物所處的社會環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境的描寫。讀后續(xù)寫中的環(huán)境描寫更多的是對自然環(huán)境的描寫，通過對自然環(huán)境的描寫來交代故事發(fā)生的背景，烘托人物的心情。作者也經(jīng)常會用環(huán)境描寫來結(jié)尾，突出主題。

例句賞析：The clear blue sky was dotted with fluttering larks.

本句通過描寫碧空與翩翩飛舞的云雀相互映襯，以烘托主人公喜悅的心情。

【案例導(dǎo)引】

閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。(2022年大灣區(qū)聯(lián)考）

Bird song

“Let it go!”Caroline yelled.Two boys were bending over a bird, as a third one held the poor creature roughly by its wings.“You'll hurt it.”Caroline looked fearful of the bird.

“That's the point,”the boys laughed.The tallest stood up and glared at Caroline.“Here, catch this!”he said as he sailed the now broken-winged bird at Caroline.The poor creature cried in pain, as its wings had been badly damaged.The boys ran off, laughing at their handiwork.

Caroline bent down to carefully pick up the bird.The poor feathered soul was wriggling（扭 動）about, with a fearful look in its eyes.“Don't worry,”Caroline whispered softly.She took a handkerchief from her pocket and gently placed the bird on it.

Caroline walked as quickly as she could back to her house, careful not to shake the bird around too much.She found a shoe box,filled it with soft cotton balls and then laid the bird down in its new nesting place.

“Let me get you some water and food.That's the least I can do.”she took a tiny saucer from the kitchen, filled it with water, and placed it in a corner of the box.She managed to find some sunflower seeds, as that was the only bird-friendly food she could think of.Caroline was worried.She didn't want the bird to die.The poor bird was now fast asleep, no doubt tired out from its earlier suffering.“Please don't die,”Caroline whispered tearfully.

If there was anyone whom she could turn to, it would be Mr Roberts.Mr Roberts was working at the Nature Museum.He had bird feeders throughout his yard, and sometimes would drop in her science class at school.Caroline never knew there was so much information about birds,until hearing him speak.She figured he would know what to do.

注意：續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。

Paragraph 1:

Caroline called Mr Roberts and hurriedly told him her tale._______________________

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Paragraph 2:

In the morning,the Blackwell Bird Rescue Society called,informing Caroline that a car would come to pick up the bird at10am._________________________________________

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一、故事梳理

本文講述了小女孩卡羅琳拯救一只受傷小鳥的故事。卡羅琳阻止了三個男孩以折磨小鳥為樂的行為，把受傷嚴(yán)重的小鳥帶回家，盡自己所能為小鳥搭窩、喂食、喂水。但由于自己的動物知識有限，卡羅琳不知道怎樣救治小鳥，于是向在自然博物館工作的羅伯茨先生求助。

表1 故事梳理

二、心理描寫方法

（一）內(nèi)心獨(dú)白

根據(jù)所給材料第五段中的“Caroline was worried.She didn't want the bird to die.”可知，卡羅琳看到小鳥受傷嚴(yán)重，很擔(dān)心，這也進(jìn)一步反映出卡羅琳的善良以及她對小動物的關(guān)愛。

我們在續(xù)寫部分也可以采用這種心理描寫方式，比如在第一段描寫卡羅琳和羅伯茨先生通話后的情節(jié)時，可以用“After hanging up,Caroline felt greatly relieved.”來描寫卡羅琳的心理活動。在續(xù)寫第二段，描述卡羅琳與小鳥告別的情節(jié)時，我們可以這樣寫：“‘It is time to say goodbye,’Caroline whispered.‘Hopefully,these good people can help you get better,so you can fly again.’”。

（二）神態(tài)描寫

所給材料第一段中的“Caroline looked fearful of the bird.”就是通過描寫面部表情來展現(xiàn)卡羅琳的擔(dān)心。

在續(xù)寫的部分，我們也可以嘗試運(yùn)用神態(tài)描寫，比如描述卡羅琳得知會有專業(yè)人員來救助小鳥的情節(jié)時，可以用句子“Knowing a car was on the way to pick up the poor bird,Caroline smiled with relief.”來體現(xiàn)她的如釋重負(fù)。

（三）動作描寫

所給材料運(yùn)用最多的就是動作描寫，以此來展現(xiàn)人物的心理。文章第一段中的yelled 體現(xiàn)了卡羅琳的憤怒；文章第三、四段運(yùn)用了一系列的動作描寫（如bent down to carefully pick up、whispered softly、took、gently placed、walked as quickly as she could、careful not to shake）來體現(xiàn)卡羅琳對受傷的小鳥的精心愛護(hù)和疼惜以及她想要救助小鳥的急切的心情。

我們在后面的續(xù)寫部分也可以延續(xù)這種寫作風(fēng)格，通過動作描寫來展現(xiàn)人物的心理。比如，可以通過動作描寫“She checked the sleeping bird, which was peacefully sleeping in the box, again and again, praying that it would survive the night.”來體現(xiàn)卡羅琳對受傷小鳥能否活下來的擔(dān)憂。在續(xù)寫第二段，我們也可以通過動作描寫“Standing at the door, Caroline watched the driver get back into the car, which slowly drove away and disappeared from sight.”來體現(xiàn)卡羅琳對小鳥的戀戀不舍。

（四）語言描寫

所給材料第一段的“‘Let it go!’Caroline yelled.”體現(xiàn)了卡羅琳看到男孩們欺負(fù)小鳥時心中的憤怒。第三段的“‘Don't worry,’Caroline whispered softly.”以及第五段的“‘Please don't die,’Caroline whispered tearfully.”體現(xiàn)了卡羅琳對小鳥的擔(dān)憂。

（五）環(huán)境描寫

對于本文的續(xù)寫段落，我們可以用“Days later,Caroline received a short video from Mr Robert,in which the bird was practicing its mended wings and singing songs lively with the bright sunlight laying on it.”這一環(huán)境描寫來結(jié)尾。通過明媚的陽光來體現(xiàn)小鳥的活力和卡羅琳高興的心情。

我們可以在平時的學(xué)習(xí)和閱讀中積累并總結(jié)一些比較好的自然環(huán)境描寫方法。

1.陽光體現(xiàn)了開心、溫暖和希望

Birds were singing, the air was filled with laughter, and everyone was in the best of moods.鳥兒在歌唱，空氣中彌漫著歡笑聲，每個人的心情都非常好。

Hugging together, they cried and comforted each other, and then happy smiles brightened their faces,which was lit up by the warm rays of the setting sun.他們緊緊擁抱在一起，哭泣著互相安慰，接下來幸福的微笑點(diǎn)亮了他們的臉龐，這一幕被夕陽溫暖的余暉照亮著。

With the bright sunlight streaming out on the glove, old George suddenly understood that true fortune is implicated in the random act of kindness.明亮的陽光灑在手套上，老喬治突然明白了，真正的財富與偶然的善舉相互關(guān)聯(lián)。

2.寒風(fēng)冷雨體現(xiàn)了傷心和憂慮

In a mixture of wind and rain,she started on her difficult way.在風(fēng)雨交加的天氣中，她開始了艱難的旅程。

The frigid gusts of wind stung their faces, cutting like a knife.冰冷的陣風(fēng)刺痛著他們的臉，如同刀割一般。

3.狂風(fēng)暴雨、黑夜烏云體現(xiàn)了恐懼和緊張

To our relief, the wind gradually died away, but a few hours later another storm blew up.令我們欣慰的是，風(fēng)漸漸停了下來，但幾個小時后，又一場風(fēng)暴襲來。

The night was dark.The moon was covered by the heavy clouds.Hearing the strange sound around,I froze with horror.夜，一片漆黑，月亮被厚厚的云層遮住。聽到周圍發(fā)出的奇怪聲音，我嚇呆了。

心理描寫的方法沒有固定的招式，并不是每一篇文章都要用上所有的方法。在讀后續(xù)寫中，我們要根據(jù)實(shí)際的需要，靈活地采用恰當(dāng)?shù)男睦砻鑼懛绞?，這樣才能更貼切地展現(xiàn)人物，體現(xiàn)文章的完整性和協(xié)同性。

參考答案

Caroline called Mr Roberts and hurriedly told him her tale.She recounted the story of the boys,the bird,and the makeshift shoe box.Mr Roberts was moved by Caroline's efforts.“That bird is fortunate that you came to its rescue.Don't worry.I will make a call to the bird rescue.They can arrange a pick-up for your feathered friend tomorrow morning,”Mr Roberts assured Caroline confidently.After hanging up, Caroline breathed a sigh of relief.She checked on the bird, which was peacefully sleeping in the box, again and again, praying that it would survive the night.

In the morning,the Blackwell Bird Rescue Society called,informing Caroline that a car would come to pick up the bird at10am.Upon hearing this, Caroline smiled with relief.“I guess this is goodbye,”Caroline whispered.As scheduled, a car from the Bird Rescue Society pulled up to her house at 10 am.After carefully examining it, the driver gently placed the bird into the car.Standing at the door, Caroline watched as the driver got back into the car, which slowly drove away and disappeared from sight.Days later, Caroline received a short video from Mr Roberts, in which the bird was practicing its mended wings and singing songs lively with the bright sunlight laying on it.

【模擬導(dǎo)練】

閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。

The event that stands out in Tom's memory happened one morning when Tom was only ten years old.He was at home with his elder sister Jane.Tom was doing his homework when he heard a raised voice.At first he thought nothing of it since customers in the motorcycle shop directly below their flat often became loud, but he soon realized this time it was different.

“Quick!Quick!Remove the motorcycles from the shop,”someone yelled.

Then a thick burning smell filled the air.When Tom opened the front door of their flat to investigate,a thick cloud of smoke greeted him.The motorcycle shop had caught fire and people were running and crying.

Jane, who had been playing the violin in her room, hurried to the living room.People rushed out of the door and along the corridor（走廊）through the smoke.They were heading towards the stairway at the far end of the corridor when Jane stopped in her track.She turned around and headed back the way they came.Tom had no idea what she was doing,but he followed suit.

Jane had suddenly remembered the lady in her 70s who lived next door to them, who they called Makcik, Malay for auntie.Jane began banging on Makcik's door, but got no answer.As the smoke thickened around them, Tom could see many of their neighbors—some still in their pyjamas—running for safety.The thought of fear crossed his mind.

“She would have run for safety like everyone else!”Tom cried.However,Jane refused to give up.“I know Makcik's still inside,”she said.She was familiar with Makcik's daily routine and was certain she would still be sleeping.She pounded the door.“Go downstairs.Go now!Go!”

注意：續(xù)寫短文的詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右。

Paragraph 1:

Tom noticed the flame was reaching up.______________________________________

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Paragraph 2:

Luckily,some neighbors passing by stopped and offered help.______________________

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【評價導(dǎo)思】

1.你續(xù)寫的內(nèi)容是否與原文保持了連貫性，包括語篇主旨、文章內(nèi)容和語言風(fēng)格的銜接？

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2.續(xù)寫這篇文章的時候，可以采取哪些方式進(jìn)行心理描寫？你采用了哪種方式進(jìn)行心理描寫？你所用的心理描寫是否恰當(dāng)、貼切？

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3.在平時寫作時，你還需要積累哪些方面的心理描寫的句子？

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