曾健,王茹夢(mèng),龔盼,楊瀟,尹曉奇,李江鶴,陳世龍,姚蕾,宋海星,康雷,張振華
芥菜型油菜苗期氮效率相關(guān)性狀全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析
曾健1,王茹夢(mèng)1,龔盼1,楊瀟1,尹曉奇1,李江鶴1,陳世龍1,姚蕾1,宋海星1,康雷2,張振華1
1湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410128;2湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)沙 410128
【目的】通過(guò)對(duì)芥菜型油菜苗期氮效率相關(guān)性狀進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析,挖掘與油菜氮效率相關(guān)性狀顯著關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn),預(yù)測(cè)相關(guān)候選基因,為揭示油菜氮高效分子機(jī)制和創(chuàng)制氮高效種質(zhì)提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳?53份芥菜型油菜品系作為關(guān)聯(lián)群體,設(shè)置低氮和正常氮2個(gè)處理,每個(gè)處理設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù),并在2年(2021和2022年)進(jìn)行2次完全重復(fù)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)。計(jì)算植株根冠比和地上部氮含量的相對(duì)值(低氮/正常氮),以此作為氮效率相關(guān)性狀進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS),挖掘氮效率相關(guān)候選基因?!窘Y(jié)果】芥菜型油菜氮效率相關(guān)性狀表現(xiàn)出豐富的變異,變異幅度為0.21—2.44,變異系數(shù)為22.92%—26.19%。全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析檢測(cè)到45個(gè)顯著關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn),其中,第一次根冠比相對(duì)值(relative root-shoot ratio 1,RRSR1)和第二次根冠比相對(duì)值(relative root-shoot ratio 2,RRSR2)共同關(guān)聯(lián)到的顯著SNP位點(diǎn)有16個(gè),這些位點(diǎn)可解釋的表型變異率為10.69%—15.39%。第一次地上部相對(duì)氮含量(relative shoot nitrogen concentration 1,RSNC1)和第二次地上部相對(duì)氮含量(relative shoot nitrogen concentration 2,RSNC2)共同關(guān)聯(lián)到的顯著SNP位點(diǎn)共有29個(gè),可解釋的表型變異率為13.22%—23.96%。在顯著SNP位點(diǎn)上下游200 kb范圍內(nèi)共篩選出15個(gè)與氮效率相關(guān)候選基因,包括5個(gè)與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)的基因(、、、和)、3個(gè)與氮代謝相關(guān)的基因(、和)、4個(gè)與生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育相關(guān)的基因(BjuCOBL8、、和BjuUP3)和3個(gè)與逆境響應(yīng)相關(guān)的基因(BjuNTP7、BjuJUB1和BjuPYL6)?!窘Y(jié)論】共檢測(cè)到45個(gè)與氮效率相關(guān)性狀顯著關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn),篩選出15個(gè)可能與芥菜型油菜氮效率相關(guān)的候選基因。
芥菜型油菜;氮效率相關(guān)性狀;全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析;候選基因
【研究意義】氮(N)是植物生長(zhǎng)所必需的“生命元素”。以氮肥為代表的化學(xué)肥料的施用是促進(jìn)作物增產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵因素之一。我國(guó)由于不合理或過(guò)量施用氮肥,氮肥平均利用率僅為30%左右,顯著低于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家[1-2],也導(dǎo)致一系列的生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題[3],提高作物的氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)效率已成為我國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色高效和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的迫切任務(wù)。芥菜型油菜具有耐貧瘠、抗(耐)病蟲(chóng)害、抗裂角、抗倒伏等特點(diǎn),它不僅在干旱地區(qū)具有種植優(yōu)勢(shì),還是進(jìn)行油菜遺傳改良的寶貴資源[4-5],探究其氮高效的分子遺傳機(jī)制,有利于為探索油菜氮肥利用率品種改良提供新的技術(shù)方法。【前人研究進(jìn)展】植物吸收利用的兩大無(wú)機(jī)氮源為硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮,其中,硝態(tài)氮是旱地作物油菜根系吸收的主要氮素形態(tài)[6-7]。為了更有效地利用土壤中的硝態(tài)氮,植物在長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)化過(guò)程中形成了一套高效的硝酸鹽吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng),分為高親和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(high-affinity transport system,HATS)和低親和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(low-affinity transport system,LATS)。其轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)能力受外界硝酸鹽濃度影響[8],當(dāng)硝酸鹽濃度低于250 mmol·L-1時(shí),HATS在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮主要作用,硝酸鹽濃度高于250 mmol·L-1時(shí),LATS在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮主要作用[9]。植物通過(guò)木質(zhì)部將根中的NO3-轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到地上部或直接在根部將其還原為NO2-,NO2-繼續(xù)被還原為NH4+,再同化為植物體所需的有機(jī)物質(zhì)[10]。參與該同化過(guò)程的主要有硝酸還原酶(nitrate reductase,NR)、亞硝酸還原酶(nitrite reductase,NIR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS)和谷氨酸合酶(glutamate synthase,GOGAT)。NR和NiR主要參與硝酸鹽的兩步還原過(guò)程,NR將NO3-還原為NO2-,NiR將NO2-還原為NH4+,而NR的活性遠(yuǎn)低于NiR,是硝酸鹽還原過(guò)程中的限速酶[11]。GS與GOGAT則將NH4+同化為谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸。對(duì)于油菜而言,其生物量被證實(shí)與氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)存在關(guān)聯(lián)。顧熾明等[12]在2個(gè)氮水平條件下對(duì)162份油菜種質(zhì)進(jìn)行了氮效率評(píng)價(jià)和基因型差異分析,結(jié)果顯示,油菜生物量、主根長(zhǎng)、側(cè)根長(zhǎng)、根冠比、氮累積量及氮吸收和利用效率在不同氮水平處理間差異極顯著,因此,該研究認(rèn)為油菜的苗期以生物量作為評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量油菜NUE是一種行之有效的途徑。隨著測(cè)序技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展和成本的不斷下降,全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析成為一種獲取候選基因的有效途徑。Ahmad等[13]通過(guò)GWAS、加權(quán)基因共表達(dá)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和差異表達(dá)基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)的綜合分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)了16個(gè)基因參與了低氮脅迫下油菜的根系發(fā)育,揭示了氮脅迫的遺傳基礎(chǔ),為油菜氮素利用率的遺傳改良提供了有價(jià)值的SNP位點(diǎn)。Li等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)甘藍(lán)型油菜氮素吸收和利用效率、光合作用及碳氮代謝是影響其氮利用效率的主要原因,并確定了可以提高甘藍(lán)型油菜氮利用效率的候選基因。He等[15]對(duì)甘藍(lán)型油菜的氮同化基因(nitrogen assimilation genes,NAG)進(jìn)行了全基因組分析,共鑒定出67個(gè)NAG編碼與氮同化有關(guān)的主要酶,還發(fā)現(xiàn)了12個(gè)響應(yīng)氮饑餓的樞紐基因,這些基因可能在氮素利用中發(fā)揮重要作用,為進(jìn)一步研究NAG在油菜氮素同化中的功能提供了依據(jù),同時(shí)也為NAG在不同養(yǎng)分脅迫下的響應(yīng)提供了新的思路?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】在長(zhǎng)期高氮肥的施用和選擇育種過(guò)程中,導(dǎo)致氮高效等重要基因資源的丟失,以致目前主栽品種氮肥利用率普遍偏低[16-18]。而相對(duì)于我國(guó)廣泛種植的甘藍(lán)型油菜,芥菜型油菜具有極豐富的遺傳變異資源,且更耐低氮、耐貧瘠,是挖掘油菜氮高效優(yōu)異基因的寶貴材料。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】本研究通過(guò)對(duì)153份芥菜型油菜種質(zhì)在不同氮水平下進(jìn)行苗期氮效率相關(guān)性狀的調(diào)查,以此開(kāi)展油菜氮效率相關(guān)性狀的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析,鑒定油菜氮效率候選基因,為揭示油菜氮高效分子機(jī)制和創(chuàng)制氮高效油菜新品種提供理論基礎(chǔ)和優(yōu)異基因資源。
以153份芥菜型油菜品種(系)組成的自然群體為試驗(yàn)材料,包括國(guó)內(nèi)品種84個(gè)、國(guó)外品種58個(gè)及地理來(lái)源未知品種11個(gè)。
試驗(yàn)于2021和2022年在湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)進(jìn)行,參考Hoagland營(yíng)養(yǎng)液配方配制試驗(yàn)所用營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,并根據(jù)芥菜型油菜的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性進(jìn)行適當(dāng)修改,設(shè)置低氮(0.25 mmol·L-1N)和正常氮(4 mmol·L-1N)2個(gè)處理,各處理設(shè)置3個(gè)生物學(xué)重復(fù)。晝夜溫度設(shè)為22℃,光照/黑暗時(shí)間為16 h/8 h,光照強(qiáng)度為300— 320 μmol·m-2·s-1,相對(duì)濕度為60%—75%。選擇圓潤(rùn)飽滿種子,將種子用去離子水浸泡24 h,期間換水5—6次。將浸泡后的種子均勻播種在塑料育苗盤(pán)表面固定的紗布上,育苗盤(pán)中加適量的超純水。育苗7 d后,每個(gè)材料選擇長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致的3株幼苗移栽到盛有40 L Hoagland營(yíng)養(yǎng)液的黑色塑料水產(chǎn)盒中。根據(jù)芥菜型油菜幼苗營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求,出苗后的植株先移到1/4濃度的全量營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,然后,低氮處理的植株用0.25 mmol·L-1N的營(yíng)養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),正常氮處理的植株依次更換為1/2濃度營(yíng)養(yǎng)液和全量營(yíng)養(yǎng)液。培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,每隔3 d更換1次營(yíng)養(yǎng)液,24 h不間斷通氣,培養(yǎng)18 d收獲。整個(gè)試驗(yàn)重復(fù)2次。
將樣品收獲后105 ℃殺青30 min,然后65 ℃烘干至恒重,用萬(wàn)分之一電子天平稱量地上部生物量(shoot dry weight,SDW)與根系生物量(root dry weight,RDW),計(jì)算植株根冠比(root-shoot ratio,RSR)=RDW/SDW。采用H2SO4-H2O2消煮法和K9840自動(dòng)凱式定氮儀測(cè)定地上部氮含量(shoot nitrogen concentration,SNC)[19]。通過(guò)Excal 2019軟件對(duì)表型數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)并作圖,以SPSS 19.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析和方差分析。
根據(jù)湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)劉忠松課題組480份芥菜型油菜種質(zhì),重測(cè)序后鑒定出約453萬(wàn)個(gè)SNP[20]。利用VCFTOOLS軟件提取出本試驗(yàn)所需的153份種質(zhì)SNP多態(tài)性信息,共獲得4 529 618個(gè)SNP。使用PLINK軟件過(guò)濾掉次要等位基因頻率小于5%的位點(diǎn)及缺失率大于80%的位點(diǎn),最終獲得3 944 772個(gè)高質(zhì)量的SNP。親緣關(guān)系分析利用TASSEL V5.0軟件進(jìn)行,用ADMIXTURE V1.30軟件對(duì)=2—10進(jìn)行聚類運(yùn)算,交叉驗(yàn)證錯(cuò)誤(cross-validation errors,CV)值最低的為最優(yōu)群體結(jié)構(gòu)[21]。
通過(guò)對(duì)2次重復(fù)試驗(yàn)(R1和R2)測(cè)定的根冠比和地上部氮含量的相對(duì)值(低氮/正常氮)進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析。利用TASSEL V5.0軟件中的一般線性模型GLM(群體結(jié)構(gòu)矩陣作為固定效應(yīng))和混合線性模型MLM(群體結(jié)構(gòu)和親緣關(guān)系矩陣同時(shí)作為固定效應(yīng))分別對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)群體進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析,通過(guò)2種模型QQ圖的比較,選擇最優(yōu)模型。Bonferroni閾值為-log10(),顯著關(guān)聯(lián)SNP寬松閾值設(shè)為4.0,嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)閾值設(shè)為4.5。關(guān)聯(lián)分析中所用到的曼哈頓圖和QQ圖均由R軟件中的CM plot包完成。
基于已公布的芥菜型油菜基因組序列[20],在全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析中檢測(cè)到的顯著關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn)上下游200 kb范圍內(nèi)篩選出與氮效率相關(guān)的基因。進(jìn)一步利用目前芥菜型油菜基因組的注釋信息及其與擬南芥基因的共線性關(guān)系,根據(jù)擬南芥中已經(jīng)明確功能的氮效率相關(guān)基因,篩選出候選區(qū)段內(nèi)與氮效率相關(guān)同源基因。利用Haploview軟件進(jìn)行候選基因單倍型分析,并基于候選基因中MAF>0.05的所有SNP,對(duì)單倍型進(jìn)行分類。
通過(guò)對(duì)153份芥菜型油菜進(jìn)行氮效率相關(guān)性狀分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在低氮/正常氮條件下,這些性狀的相對(duì)值均表現(xiàn)出廣泛的表型變異。相關(guān)性分析表明,2次重復(fù)試驗(yàn)的根冠比和地上部氮含量的相對(duì)值均顯著相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)超過(guò)0.85(表1)。在第一次試驗(yàn)中,根冠比相對(duì)值(RRSR1)變異幅度為0.59—2.44,平均值為1.46,變異系數(shù)為23.97%;地上部氮含量相對(duì)值(RSNC1)變異幅度為0.29—0.83,平均值為0.48,變異系數(shù)為22.92%。第二次試驗(yàn)中,根冠比相對(duì)值(RRSR2)變異幅度為0.66—1.83,平均值為1.16,變異系數(shù)為23.28%;地上部氮含量相對(duì)值(RSNC2)變異幅度為0.21—0.78,平均值為0.42,變異系數(shù)為26.19%。2次重復(fù)試驗(yàn)的根冠比和地上部氮含量的相對(duì)值均呈正態(tài)分布(圖1)。表明這些氮效率相關(guān)性狀受多基因控制,屬于數(shù)量性狀遺傳。
表1 氮效率相關(guān)性狀的表型變異
RRSR:根冠比相對(duì)值;RSNC:地上部氮含量相對(duì)值;1和2表示同一性狀的第1和第2次試驗(yàn);**表示在<0.01水平下差異顯著。下同
RRSR: relative values of root-shoot ratio; RSNC: relative values of shoot nitrogen concentration; 1 and 2 represent experiment replicate 1 and replicate 2 of the same trait; **Significant at<0.01. The same as below
圖1 氮效率相關(guān)性狀的頻次分布圖
利用3 944 772個(gè)高質(zhì)量SNP位點(diǎn)對(duì)153份芥菜型油菜種質(zhì)進(jìn)行親緣關(guān)系和群體結(jié)構(gòu)分析。親緣關(guān)系頻次分布圖(圖2-a)及熱圖顯示(圖2-b),約60%供試材料親緣關(guān)系值等于0,表明整個(gè)群體材料之間的親緣關(guān)系較遠(yuǎn),具有足夠的遺傳差異性,符合進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析的要求。
群體結(jié)構(gòu)分析表明,在=6時(shí),交叉驗(yàn)證錯(cuò)誤最小,即=6時(shí)為最佳亞群數(shù)目(圖3-a)。而PCA分析結(jié)果表明,前2種成分解釋的遺傳方差分別為12.7%和7.57%,這153份芥菜型油菜群體被劃分為6個(gè)亞群(圖3-b)。因此,將=6時(shí)生成的群體結(jié)構(gòu)矩陣,用于性狀與標(biāo)記的關(guān)聯(lián)分析。
采用TASSEL V5.0軟件中的一般線性模型GLM(群體結(jié)構(gòu)矩陣作為固定效應(yīng))和混合線性模型MLM(群體結(jié)構(gòu)和親緣關(guān)系矩陣同時(shí)作為固定效應(yīng))分別對(duì)153份芥菜型油菜進(jìn)行氮效率相關(guān)性狀的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析。通過(guò)比較2種模型下QQ圖的分布(圖4),發(fā)現(xiàn)在這些性狀中GLM模型始終優(yōu)于MLM模型。因此,選擇GLM模型作為最終分析模型來(lái)尋找關(guān)聯(lián)位點(diǎn)。
a:親緣關(guān)系頻率圖;b:親緣關(guān)系熱圖 a: Frequency plot of relatives; b: Kinship heatmap
a:交叉驗(yàn)證錯(cuò)誤值;b:主成分PC1、PC2的散點(diǎn)分布 a: Cross validation error values; b: Plots of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2)
圖4 氮效率相關(guān)性狀在GLM模型和MLM模型中的QQ圖
選取GLM模型對(duì)153份芥菜型油菜材料氮效率相關(guān)性狀進(jìn)行GWAS分析。由于RRSR1和RRSR2關(guān)聯(lián)到的共同位點(diǎn)較少,采用寬松閾值-log10()>4(表2、圖5-a和圖5-c),而RSNC1和RSNC2關(guān)聯(lián)到的共同位點(diǎn)較多,所以篩選顯著關(guān)聯(lián)SNP時(shí)采用嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)閾值-log10()>4.5(表2、圖5-b和圖5-d)。結(jié)果表明,RRSR1和RRSR2共同關(guān)聯(lián)到的顯著SNP位點(diǎn)有16個(gè),分別位于A01、A02、A04和A05染色體上。這些位點(diǎn)可解釋的表型變異率為10.69%— 15.39%。RSNC1和RSNC2共同關(guān)聯(lián)到的顯著SNP位點(diǎn)共有29個(gè),分別位于A01、A02、A06、A07和B01染色體上。這些位點(diǎn)可解釋的表型變異率為13.22%—23.96%。
共篩選出15個(gè)與氮效率相關(guān)候選基因(表3)。其中,RSNC關(guān)聯(lián)到29個(gè)顯著SNP位點(diǎn),篩選出7個(gè)氮效率相關(guān)候選基因,包括、、、、、和。RRSR關(guān)聯(lián)到16個(gè)顯著SNP位點(diǎn),篩選出8個(gè)氮效率相關(guān)候選基因,分別為、、、、、、和。通過(guò)對(duì)其進(jìn)行單倍型分析(圖6),結(jié)果表明,候選基因、、、、、、、、和的單倍型間的RRSR或RSNC均存在顯著差異,單倍型Hap1為它們的優(yōu)勢(shì)單倍型。其中,、、和在關(guān)聯(lián)群體中可分為3種單倍型;、和可分為4種單倍型;和可分為5種單倍型;可分為6種單倍型。
圖5 氮效率相關(guān)性狀的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析
表2 關(guān)聯(lián)分析中同一性狀檢測(cè)到的共同顯著SNP位點(diǎn)
RRSR和RSNC:兩批數(shù)據(jù)根冠比和地上部氮含量相對(duì)值的平均。箱線圖頂部的不同字母表示在P<0.05水平差異顯著
表3 顯著性SNP位點(diǎn)側(cè)翼序列200 kb內(nèi)的氮效率相關(guān)候選基因
全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析是一種用于探究多種性狀與基因組中遺傳變異間關(guān)系的分析方法,也是解析數(shù)量性狀遺傳機(jī)制的有力工具。隨著甘藍(lán)型油菜基因組序列的發(fā)布以及SNP芯片的開(kāi)發(fā),加快了油菜重要數(shù)量性狀的定位研究[22]。目前,全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析已經(jīng)在油菜種子品質(zhì)[23]、干旱脅迫[24]、鹽脅迫[25]、株高[26]、千粒重[27]和開(kāi)花時(shí)間[28]等許多方面實(shí)現(xiàn)了應(yīng)用研究,鑒定了大批控制油菜重要性狀的位點(diǎn)。而關(guān)于芥菜型油菜氮效率相關(guān)性狀的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析及其氮效率相關(guān)基因挖掘的研究卻相對(duì)較少。芥菜型油菜是一種重要的農(nóng)業(yè)作物,其氮效率是影響產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵性狀之一。本研究采用GLM模型對(duì)153份芥菜型油菜的氮效率相關(guān)性狀進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析,共檢測(cè)到45個(gè)與氮效率相關(guān)性狀顯著關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn),分布在A01、A02、A04、A05、A06、A07和B01染色體上。由于GWAS已被用于芥菜型油菜氮效率相關(guān)性狀研究[29-31],因此,將本研究中的關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)果與以前的工作進(jìn)行了比較。遺憾的是,在它們之間沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)相同的SNP。但令人鼓舞的是,AKHATAR等[29]檢測(cè)到的9個(gè)SNP在本研究檢測(cè)到的SNP位點(diǎn)(A02:31293392、A05:22237279和A07:29692636—29693369)的3—9 mb范圍內(nèi)。而前人研究檢測(cè)到的一些位點(diǎn)在本研究中未被發(fā)現(xiàn),可能是受到試驗(yàn)條件、供試材料及用于關(guān)聯(lián)分析的表型性狀等因素的影響。
本研究挖掘出15個(gè)可能與芥菜型油菜氮效率有關(guān)的候選基因,位于A02、A05上的5個(gè)基因、、、和編碼硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,為硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白家族基因,介導(dǎo)擬南芥硝酸鹽的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[32]。為NRT2家族基因,擬南芥在種子硝酸鹽積累中起著特定的作用[33],另外還有研究表明,花生能夠提高植物氮代謝過(guò)程的氮素利用率[34]。擬南芥在鹽脅迫下促進(jìn)硝酸鹽向地上部的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[35]。的擬南芥同源基因,編碼液泡硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,介導(dǎo)擬南芥液泡內(nèi)NO3?/H+交換[36]。同時(shí),Li等[14]通過(guò)對(duì)不同氮素利用效率的甘藍(lán)型油菜的基因組和轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析篩選到液泡硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白。突變?cè)黾恿似鋵?duì)多胺的抗性,而多胺的運(yùn)輸或代謝與植株地上部薄壁組織中硝酸鹽的運(yùn)輸有關(guān)[37]。位于A01、A04上的4個(gè)與植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育相關(guān)的候選基因BjuCOBL8、、和BjuUP3,COBL8參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞壁擴(kuò)張,與CesA基因家族的一些成員共同表達(dá)[38-39]。是一個(gè)脫落酸受體基因,是水稻生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和抗旱性的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子[40]。是SAUR41亞家族基因中的一員,擬南芥SAUR41亞家族基因是受脫落酸誘導(dǎo)的,可調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞擴(kuò)張、離子穩(wěn)態(tài)和耐鹽性[41]。UP3為過(guò)氧化物酶體蛋白,植物過(guò)氧化物酶體是高度動(dòng)態(tài)的細(xì)胞器,介導(dǎo)一系列對(duì)發(fā)育至關(guān)重要的代謝過(guò)程[42]。位于A01、A04和A07上的3個(gè)基因、和參與植物體內(nèi)氮代謝的過(guò)程。編碼天冬酰胺合成酶,參與植物氮代謝的過(guò)程[43-44]。陳敬東[45]通過(guò)對(duì)232份甘藍(lán)型油菜種質(zhì)進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析并結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄組分析,篩選到1個(gè)與編碼擬南芥天冬酰胺合成酶家族蛋白的ASNS同源基因,這與本研究中篩選到的候選基因位于同一蛋白家族,可能具有相似的功能。可能在根系初級(jí)氮同化中起主要作用[46]。對(duì)葉酸的生物合成起著至關(guān)重要的作用而葉酸在氮代謝中具有調(diào)節(jié)作用,因此,可能間接地調(diào)節(jié)氮代謝[47-48]。位于A01、A02和A04上的3個(gè)基因、和參與植物對(duì)非生物脅迫的反應(yīng),JUB1是一個(gè)NAC轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,有研究表明通過(guò)直接(或部分間接)調(diào)控赤霉素和油菜素內(nèi)酯的生物合成和信號(hào)通路,負(fù)向調(diào)控整合植物生長(zhǎng)和非生物脅迫反應(yīng)[49]。為BHLH家族轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可能非生物脅迫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮功能[50]??赡軈⑴c各種脅迫應(yīng)答,并在脅迫響應(yīng)中發(fā)揮功能[51]。HU等[52]通過(guò)對(duì)418份不同品種甘藍(lán)型油菜全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了56個(gè)重要農(nóng)藝性狀的628個(gè)相關(guān)位點(diǎn)候選基因,包括植株構(gòu)型和產(chǎn)量性狀。將其研究結(jié)果與本研究篩選到的候選基因進(jìn)行比較,沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)相同的候選基因,這可能是由于試驗(yàn)條件、供試材料及用于關(guān)聯(lián)分析的表型性狀等因素所導(dǎo)致的。候選基因單倍型分析結(jié)果表明,、、、、、、、、和的單倍型之間存在顯著差異,這意味著這些基因在自然群體中可能存在優(yōu)異的自然等位變異。因此,在后續(xù)的功能驗(yàn)證中可進(jìn)一步研究這些基因的差異位點(diǎn),將有助于揭示芥菜型油菜氮高效的遺傳機(jī)制,為提高油菜氮效率和創(chuàng)制氮高效品種提供遺傳理論指導(dǎo)。
獲得45個(gè)與氮效率相關(guān)性狀顯著關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn)。最終篩選出15個(gè)可能與芥菜型油菜氮效率直接或間接相關(guān)的候選基因,分別編碼不同的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白、生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)因子、跨膜蛋白、激素受體及代謝相關(guān)蛋白,可能通過(guò)參與跨膜運(yùn)輸、生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、逆境響應(yīng)及代謝等途徑來(lái)調(diào)控油菜氮效率。
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Genome-Wide Association Study of Nitrogen Efficiency Related Traits at Seedling Stage in
ZENG Jian1, WANG RuMeng1, GONG Pan1, YANG Xiao1, YIN XiaoQi1, LI JiangHe1, CHEN ShiLong1, YAO Lei1, SONG HaiXing1, KANG Lei2, ZHANG ZhenHua
1College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128;2College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128
【Objective】The genome-wide association analysis was performed to identify SNP loci significantly associated with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits inat seedling stage and to predict the relevant candidate genes, providing a theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of nitrogen use efficiency in rapeseed and creating nitrogen-efficient germplasm. 【Method】The population of 153resources was used as the analysis population. Two treatments, low N and normal N, were established using three replicates for each treatment, and two replicated nutrient culture trials were conducted over a two-year period (2021 and 2022). The relative values of root-shoot ratio and shoot nitrogen concentration (low/normal N) were calculated and utilized as NUE traits for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed at exploring candidate genes for NUE. 【Result】NUE traits ofresources exhibited abundant variation, ranging from 0.21-2.44 with coefficients of variation of 22.92%-26.19%. The GWAS identified 45 significant SNP loci, among which 16 overlapped between the first relative root-shoot ratio (RRSR1) and the second relative root-shoot ratio (RRSR2), accounting for a phenotype variance range of 10.69%-15.39%. Additionally, 29 significant SNP loci were shared between the first relative shoot nitrogen concentration (RSNC1) and the second relative shoot nitrogen concentration (RSNC2), explaining a phenotype variance range of 13.22%-23.96%. 15 candidate genes for NUE were identified within 200 kb upstream and downstream regions of significant SNP loci, including 5 genes related to nitrate transport (,,,and), 3 genes associated with nitrogen metabolism (,and), 4 genes involved in plant growth and development (,,and) and 3 genes participated in stress response (,and). 【Conclusion】45 SNP loci were detected significantly associated with NUE traits and 15 candidate genes for NUE were identified in this study.
Brassica juncea; nitrogen use efficiency traits; GWAS; candidate genes
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.20.003
2023-04-10;
2023-06-09
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金聯(lián)合基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(U21A20236)、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(32072664)、湖南省科技創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)軍人才項(xiàng)目(2022RC3053)、湖南省自然科學(xué)基金杰出青年基金(2021JJ0004)
曾健,E-mail:1214223485@qq.com。王茹夢(mèng),E-mail:15526461183@163.com。曾健和王茹夢(mèng)為同等貢獻(xiàn)作者。通信作者康雷,E-mail:kanglei@hunau.edu.cn。通信作者張振華,E-mail:zhzh1468@163.com
(責(zé)任編輯 李莉)