小說的讀寫

袁丹純

文體導(dǎo)讀

小說，是一種以刻畫人物形象為中心，通過完整的故事情節(jié)和環(huán)境描寫來反映社會生活的文學(xué)體裁。

環(huán)境、人物和情節(jié)是小說的三要素。情節(jié)一般包括開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局四部分，有的還包括序幕、尾聲。根據(jù)拉波夫敘事分析模式，一個完整的敘事模式以點(diǎn)題和指向開始，以進(jìn)展為主體，用評議烘托氣氛，以結(jié)局結(jié)束情節(jié)，最后用回應(yīng)將讀者拉回現(xiàn)實?！包c(diǎn)題”要求用簡單一句話交代清楚故事的關(guān)鍵要素，引發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣；“指向”是指故事的時間、地點(diǎn)、人物及背景，是對情節(jié)發(fā)展的鋪墊；“進(jìn)展”是一篇小說的主體部分，即故事的發(fā)展，先發(fā)生了什么，接著發(fā)生了什么，隨后又發(fā)生了什么；“評議”是在故事中了解作者的寫作意圖和態(tài)度；“結(jié)局”是故事的完結(jié)；“回應(yīng)”是連接故事和現(xiàn)實的紐帶。

小說的表現(xiàn)手法主要有細(xì)節(jié)描寫和修辭手法。細(xì)節(jié)描寫又分人物描寫和環(huán)境描寫；修辭手法主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、排比、反復(fù)、對比、諷刺、設(shè)問、反問、用典、通感和借代等。

策略導(dǎo)航

1.巧用標(biāo)注細(xì)品文章。例如，通過大括號將小說語篇結(jié)構(gòu)中的“點(diǎn)題、指向、進(jìn)展、評議、結(jié)局和回應(yīng)”標(biāo)注出來，并標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵詞。此外，可通過彩色筆畫出細(xì)節(jié)描寫和修辭手法。例如：用紅色筆標(biāo)注心理描寫，用藍(lán)色筆標(biāo)注語言描寫，用綠色筆標(biāo)注環(huán)境描寫，用黃色筆標(biāo)注修辭手法。寫作時，根據(jù)標(biāo)注的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行仿寫。

2. 利用“LOCK系統(tǒng)”搭建文本框架和讀寫支架?！癓OCK系統(tǒng)”的各個要素中，L代表主角（Lead），O代表目標(biāo)（Objective），C代表沖突（Confrontation），而K代表沖擊性結(jié)尾（Knockout）。它們可以概括為一個公式：故事情節(jié)=主角+目標(biāo)+沖突+沖擊性結(jié)尾。在閱讀小說時，利用“LOCK系統(tǒng)”有助于我們整合人物信息，梳理情節(jié)走向，明確故事的高潮和轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，分析故事結(jié)尾與小說主題的關(guān)系。在寫小說讀后感時，我們可以利用“LOCK系統(tǒng)”提煉出小說的內(nèi)容、寫作手法和主題。

素材導(dǎo)背

一、關(guān)于作者

Sb， was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era and one of the most pop?ular novelists of all time.某人是維多利亞時代最受歡迎的英國小說家，同時也是有史以來最受歡迎的小說家之一。

He created some of literatures most memorable characters. 他創(chuàng)造了一些文學(xué)作品中最令人難忘的人物。

It is because of this experience that makes sb more concerned about the living condi?tions of the working people. 正是因為這次經(jīng)歷，使得某人更加關(guān)心勞動人民的生活條件。

All of the experiences give sb a different life and each of them gives the reader a dif?ferent thought. 所有的經(jīng)歷給了某人一個完全不同的生活，并且每一次的經(jīng)歷都帶給了讀者不同的思考。

二、關(guān)于小說的主旨或概況

I read a novel entitled...， written by an English author named... 我讀了一部名為……的小說，它是由英國作家……所寫的。

The story describes a girl called...， who walks out of the shadow of...and begins a newlife. 這個故事描寫了一個名叫……的女孩，她走出……的陰影，開始新生活。

Sb's novels expose some social problems， such as... 某人的小說揭露了諸如……的一些社會問題。

三、對作品的評價

I think/In my opinion/From my point of view， ... 在我看來，……

My favourite character is... 我最喜歡的角色是……

One character vividly drawn throughout his novels is... 在他的小說中，刻畫得很生動的一個人物是……

It is understandable that... ……是可以理解的。

But is it all right to...？ 但……是對的嗎？

One interesting anecdote contained in the story/novel is that... 這個故事/小說中的一件趣事是……

I think sb wants to let his readers know the darkness， terror， violence， and deceptionin the 19th century. 我認(rèn)為某人希望他的讀者了解19世紀(jì)的黑暗、恐怖、暴力和欺騙。

Here I remember a popular message which says that nothing is impossible for theyouth.在這里我想起一則受歡迎的信息：年輕無所不能。

The story teaches us that there should be boundaries in interpersonal relationships. 這個故事告訴我們?nèi)穗H關(guān)系應(yīng)該有界限。

In conclusion， only when we keep proper distance can we feel comfortable with eachother and our friendship last long as well. 總之，只有當(dāng)我們保持適當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x，我們才能感到彼此相處舒適，我們的友誼才會持久。

案例導(dǎo)練

The Cop and the Anthem

by O. Henry

Winter was near. Soapy had to find some way to takecare of himself during the cold weather. Therefore， hemoved restlessly on his seat in the park.

Soapy's hopes for the winter were not very high.Three months in the prison on Blackwells Island was whathe wanted. Three months of food every day and a bed every night， three months safe fromthe cold north wind and safe from cops！This seemed to Soapy the most desirable thing inthe world.

The most pleasant way to prison was to have a good dinner at some fine restaurant?without paying for it. Soapy left his seat and stopped at the best restaurant in this area. Butas Soapy put his foot inside the restaurant door， the head waiter saw his broken old shoesand the torn clothes that covered his legs. Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around andmoved him quietly and quickly outside.

It seemed that this most desirable way to the Island was not to be his. He must thinkof some other way of getting there.

Soapy picked up a big stone and threw it through the glass of another shop. Then，Soapy stood still and smiled， waiting for the cop to arrest him. But the cop saw another manrunning farther along the street， and raced after him.

Later， Soapy saw a man in the shop buying a newspaper. The mans umbrella stood be?side the door. Another idea occurred to him. Soapy stepped inside the shop， took the um?brella， and walked slowly away. The man followed him quickly.

“My umbrella，”he said.

“Oh， is it？”said Soapy.“I took it. Why dont you call a cop？ Theres one standing at the corner.”

The cop looked at the two men.

“If that's your umbrella， I'm very sorry—I found it this morning in a restaurant.”Aftersaying that， the man hurried away. Soapy wished to be arrested， but the cops seemed to be?lieve he was like a king， who could do no wrong.

At last Soapy came to an old， old church where the beautiful anthem held him and re?minded him of his past clean soul when a sudden eagerness for a change took hold of him.In his clean past， his life contained such things as mothers and flowers and high hopes andfriends and clean thoughts and clean clothes. He saw with sick fear how he had fallen. Hesaw his worthless days， his wrong desires， his dead hopes， and the lost power of his mind.He would fight to change his life. He would pull himself up， out of the mud. He wouldmake a man of himself again.

There was time. That beautiful anthem had changed him. Tomorrow he would findwork. He would be somebody in the world. He would...

Soapy felt a hand on his arm. He looked quickly around into the broad face of a cop.

“What are you doing hanging around here？”asked the cop.

“Nothing，”said Soapy.

“You think I believe that？”said the cop.

Full of his new strength， Soapy began to argue. And it is not wise to argue with a New York cop.

“Come along，”said the cop.

“Three months on the Island，”said the judge to Soapy the next morning.

Ⅰ. 閱讀自測

Ⅱ. 主題探究

The novel wants to tell us that in order to have a warm and safe 1. ， poor home?less Soapy tried to commit crimes to be arrested by cops but he 2. . However， whenhe came to a church， heard the anthem and wished to behave better， he was arrested by acop for nothing 3. . The novelist wants to imply that the society at that time was4. when bad people were seen as innocent citizens while good people were consid?ered as criminals.

Ⅲ. 語言學(xué)習(xí)

1. 動作描寫

But as Soapy put his foot inside the restaurant door， the head waiter saw his broken old shoes and the torn clothes that covered his legs.

但是當(dāng)蘇比剛踏進(jìn)餐廳的門，服務(wù)員主管就看到他又舊又破的鞋子和腿上破破爛爛的褲子。

Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around and moved him quietly and quickly out?side.

強(qiáng)壯利索的店員以迅雷不及掩耳之勢將蘇比推至店外。

Soapy picked up a big stone and threw it through the glass of another shop.

蘇比撿起一塊大石頭，朝另外一家店的玻璃扔過去。

Soapy stepped inside the shop， took the umbrella， and walked slowly away.

蘇比走進(jìn)那家店，撿起雨傘，就慢悠悠地走掉了。

2. 心理描寫

He would fight to change his life. He would pull himself up， out of the mud. He wouldmake a man of himself again... Tomorrow he would find work. He would be somebody in theworld. He would...

他將要努力改變?nèi)松?。他要把自己從泥潭中拉出來。他要重新堂堂正正地做人……明天他要找工作。他要成為世界上的一個大人物。他要……

3. 修辭手法

（1）反復(fù)

Three months in the prison on Blackwells Island was what he wanted. Three monthsof food every day and a bed every night， three months safe from the cold north wind andsafe from cops！

他想要待在Blackwells Island的監(jiān)獄三個月，這三個月每天都有食物，每晚都有床，還有三個月免受寒冷北風(fēng)的侵襲與警察的傷害！

反復(fù)指為突出某個思想，強(qiáng)調(diào)某種感情或增強(qiáng)語言節(jié)奏感而有意重復(fù)使用某一詞語、句子或句群的一種修辭方式。本句使用了反復(fù)的修辭手法，不斷重復(fù)threemonths，強(qiáng)調(diào)了蘇比想要被關(guān)在監(jiān)獄里的強(qiáng)烈愿望，同時反襯了當(dāng)時窮人的悲慘生活。

（2）對比

“Three months on the Island，”said the judge to Soapy the next morning.

第二天早上法官對蘇比說：“在這個島上待三個月?！?/p>

對比是把具有明顯差異、矛盾和對立的雙方安排在一起，進(jìn)行對照比較的表現(xiàn)手法。本處使用了對比修辭。本句是文章的最后一段，Three months on the Island與文章的第二段起到了首尾呼應(yīng)的作用。文章前后主人翁不同的愿望與警察不同的態(tài)度形成了鮮明的對比，作者將想進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的蘇比與不想進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的蘇比進(jìn)行對比，將把做了壞事的蘇比當(dāng)成好人的警察與把想做好人的蘇比抓進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的警察進(jìn)行對比，揭示了當(dāng)時荒謬不公的社會狀況。

（3）排比與對比

In his clean past，his life contained such things as mothers and flowers and high hopes and friends and clean thoughts and clean clothes.

在他清澈的過往，他的人生包含了諸如母親、花朵、厚望、朋友、純潔無邪的想法和干凈的衣服。

He saw his worthless days， his wrong desires， his dead hopes， and the lost power of his mind.

他看到那些毫無價值的日子、錯誤的欲望、消逝的理想和失控的自己。

排比指的是把三個或三個以上意義相近或相關(guān)、結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似、語氣相同的詞組或句子并排在一起。上文這兩處使用了排比和對比的修辭手法。先是蘇比回憶過往一切美好的事物，再轉(zhuǎn)到各種不堪的現(xiàn)狀。作者運(yùn)用排比和對比的修辭手法強(qiáng)調(diào)了蘇比過往的美好與當(dāng)下的卑微，凸顯了他的愧疚之情以及想要改變的強(qiáng)烈意愿。

（4）借代

Strong and ready hands turned Soapy around and moved him quietly and quickly out?side.

強(qiáng)壯利索的店員以迅雷不及掩耳之勢將蘇比推至店外。

借代指的是不直說事物的名稱，而是借用和它密切相關(guān)的名稱去代替它，例如用具體代替抽象，用局部代替整體。上文的hands指的是店里的員工。

Ⅳ. 句式仿寫

1. 他把梯子靠在墻邊，爬上去往外看。

2. 我僵住了。我能感覺到熱流上升到我的臉頰。

3. 愛屋及烏。

4. 你將要留下來，我將會走。

5. 沒有人可以完全自由直到大家都自由，沒有人可以完全有道德直到大家都有道德，沒有人能完全開心直到所有人都是開心的。

6. 他們住在一起。

Ⅴ. 寫作實踐

最近，你們剛閱讀了小說The Cop and the Anthem。英語老師布置了主題為“TheCop and the Anthem 的讀后感”的寫作任務(wù)。請根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)，寫一篇作文。

1. 總結(jié)小說的情節(jié)與主題；

2. 你對小說的評價；

2. 小說對你的啟示。

注意：

1. 詞數(shù)80左右；

2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3. 需要使用“素材導(dǎo)背”中的兩個句式。

參考詞匯：修辭figure of speech

My review on The Cop and the Anthem

A self?assessment checklist for my novel reading

1. 閱讀本文前，我認(rèn)真了解了小說的基本要素和寫作特色?！?Yes □ No

2. 在閱讀過程中，我會借助符號、數(shù)字或彩色筆對文本中的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和語言特色做相應(yīng)標(biāo)注。

□ Yes □ No

3. 在閱讀過程中，我會用“LOCK系統(tǒng)”梳理文章。□ Yes □ No

4. 在閱讀中，我會認(rèn)真思考小說的主題?！?Yes □ No

5. 在這篇小說中，我最喜歡的部分是。

□ 人物描寫□ 環(huán)境描寫□ 情節(jié)安排□ 修辭手法

6. 讀完本文后，我學(xué)會了通過描寫人物的沖突和運(yùn)用修辭手法來凸顯文章的主題。

□ Yes □ No

7. 為了讀懂小說，我需要。

□ 提高語言運(yùn)用能力□ 形成高效的讀寫策略

□ 堅持閱讀□ 豐富背景知識

8. 本次讀寫活動后，我對撰寫小說讀后感更有思路了?！?Yes □ No

9. 我計劃用的時間讀完小說（標(biāo)題）。