徐小紅
這一學(xué)期,Alice轉(zhuǎn)入了新的學(xué)校。她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的學(xué)校里到處都是“there be”。這是怎么回事呢?我們?nèi)タ纯碅lice新學(xué)期在新學(xué)校的見聞吧:
There is a teacher at the school gate.
There are so many students here.
There be句型主要用來表示“某時、某地存在著什么事物或人”。 在一般現(xiàn)在時中,用there is 或there are 表示“有”。There is后加名詞單數(shù);There are后加名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如:
There is a pear on the table.
There are some pears on the table.
There is后也可以加不可數(shù)名詞。如:
There is some water in the glass.
There is some paper in the box.
班長Daniel早早就在門口等待Alice了。他熱情地歡迎Alice,并帶她熟悉校園:
There is a garden and three modern buildings in our school.
There are some fish and a duck in the pond.
There be句型需要遵守“就近原則”:當(dāng)后面所接的名詞有兩個或兩個以上時,be動詞的變化要與離它最近的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。在Daniel的介紹中,“a garden and three modern buildings”中離be動詞最近的名詞a garden是單數(shù), be動詞變?yōu)閕s;“some fish and a duck”中離be動詞最近的名詞some fish是復(fù)數(shù),be動詞變?yōu)閍re。同理,Daniel也可以這么介紹:
There are three modern buildings and a garden in our school.
There is a duck and some fish in the pond.
了解到Alice的愛好是運(yùn)動,Daniel帶她參觀了學(xué)校的體育館:
There be句型的一般疑問句是把be動詞提到句首。
Is there...? / Are there…?肯定回答是:Yes, there is /
are;否定回答是:No, there isn’t / aren’t。
要特別注意的是,在there be句型的一般疑問句中,如果主語是復(fù)數(shù),前面的some要改成any。在there be句型的否定形式中,如果主語是復(fù)數(shù),那么前面的some也要改成any。
接著,Daniel帶Alice參觀了體育館的宣傳欄,上面貼著許多體育比賽的海報:
如果要表示未來發(fā)生的事情,there be句型應(yīng)變?yōu)閠here be going to be...或there will be...。
在there be going to be的句型中,中間的be going to 是將來時的一種結(jié)構(gòu),跟will功能類似,表示將來時態(tài)。be動詞用is還是are,與后面的名詞有關(guān)。A football match是名詞單數(shù),用is going to;two table tennis matches是名詞復(fù)數(shù),用are going to;而在there will be句型中,后面的名詞無論是單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù),都不發(fā)生變化。因此,Daniel也可以這樣說:
There will be a football match next week.
There will be two table tennis matches this month.
隨后,Daniel又向Alice介紹了學(xué)校過去舉辦過的一些體育活動:
There was a swimming match last year.
There were two volleyball matches last term.
如果要表示過去發(fā)生的事情,there be句型應(yīng)變?yōu)閠here was/were。如果后接單數(shù)名詞則用was;如果后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞則用were。如果想要表示否定,則要變成there wasn’t / weren’t,如:
There wasn’t a swimming match last year.
There weren’t any volleyball matches last term.
最后,Daniel帶Alice來到了他們的班級:
There be句型的特殊疑問句由特殊疑問詞開頭。其答語根據(jù)實(shí)際情況回答。 特殊疑問詞隨著提問對象的變化而變化:對人進(jìn)行提問,特殊疑問詞用who;對數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問,特殊疑問詞用how many / much;對物進(jìn)行提問,特殊疑問詞用what。
晚上回到家,爸爸媽媽問Alice新的學(xué)校怎么樣。Alice回答:“我的新學(xué)校可有意思了,到處都是‘there be’!”因?yàn)閎e動詞在不同的條件下會發(fā)生變化,Alice還總結(jié)出了一張思維導(dǎo)圖:
你的校園里也應(yīng)該到處都是“there be”吧,快和同學(xué)們一起去找一找。