名詞的考查方向及應(yīng)試策略

田安年

（甘肅省武威市民勤縣第四中學(xué)）

名詞的考查在每年高考中的閱讀理解、完形填空、語法填空、短文改錯(cuò)，甚至?xí)姹磉_(dá)中都會(huì)有所體現(xiàn)。傳統(tǒng)的語法教學(xué)多是從語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)層面分析其考點(diǎn)，而忽視其在其他題型中的考查。本文明確了不同題型考查特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)對(duì)策略。

一、名詞在各類題型中的考查重點(diǎn)

二、專有名詞考向探究

專有名詞顧名思義就是專門用來表示人名、地名、國家、組織、機(jī)構(gòu)、河流、山脈等特有名稱的名詞，其顯著特征是首字母大寫。如Li Hua、Beijing、the United States、the Yellow River 等。專有名詞的可辨識(shí)性強(qiáng)，在閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的命題中應(yīng)用較多。

考向一：閱讀理解中專有名詞的辨識(shí)

閱讀理解中的專有名詞是命題人確定命題思路的關(guān)鍵信息，也是設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)和增加解題難度的一種有效手段，在A 篇、C 篇和D 篇閱讀中表現(xiàn)尤甚?？忌灰盐諏Ｓ忻~首字母大寫的這一特征，就能夠有效降低閱讀難度，提高解題的準(zhǔn)確率。

【例1】（2022 ?全國甲卷?閱讀理解? A 篇）

Theatres and Entertainment

St David’s Hall

St David’s Hall is the award winning National Concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff’s entertainment centre.With an impressive 2 000-seat concert hall,St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff.It presents live entertainment,including pop,rock,folk,jazz,musicals,dance,world music,films and classical music.

The Hayes,Cardiff CF10 1AH

www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

The Glee Club

Every weekend this is“Wales”premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here.If you are looking for the best comedies on tour and brilliant live music,you should start here.

Mermaid Quay,Cardiff Bay,Cardiff CF10 5BZ

www.glee.co.uk/cardiff

Sherman Cymru

Sherman Cymru’s theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February 2012.This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children,artists,writers and anyone else have the opportunity（機(jī) 會(huì)）to do creative things.Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre,dance,family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world.

Senghennydd Road,Cardiff CF24 4YE

www.shermancymru.co.uk

New Theatre

The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama,musicals,dance and children’s shows for more than 100 years.Presenting the best of the West End along with the pick of the UK’s touring shows,the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre.Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city.

Park Place,Cardiff CF10 3LN

www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk

21.Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?

A.At the New Theatre.

B.At the Glee Club.

C.At Sherman Cymru.

D.At St David’s Hall.

22.What can people do at the Glee Club?

A.Watch musicals.

B.Enjoy comedies.

C.See family shows.

D.Do creative things.

23.Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff’s oldest surviving theatre?

A.www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk

B.www.shermancymru.co.uk

C.www.glee.co.uk/cardiff

D.www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk

【答案】21.D 22.B 23.A

【文章大意】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了四家具有代表性的劇院和俱樂部的相關(guān)信息。

【解析】

21.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從設(shè)題的關(guān)鍵詞“the Welsh Proms Cardiff”可定位至St David’s Hall部分第二句中的“St David’s Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff”。由此可知，St David’s Hall 是它的主辦場地。故選D。

22.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從設(shè)題的關(guān)鍵詞專有名詞“the Glee Club”入手，定位具體段落，找到信息句“Every weekend this is‘Wales’premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn’t been on the stage here.”，不難選擇答案B。

23.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。結(jié)合設(shè)題，題干要求選擇的是“能夠了解Cardiff現(xiàn)存最古老的劇院”，可以找到New Theatre部分第二句中的“the New Theatre is Cardiff’s oldest surviving traditional theatre”這個(gè)信息句，找到對(duì)應(yīng)的網(wǎng)址www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk。故選A。

【例2】（2022 ?全國新高考Ⅰ卷?閱讀理解?D 篇）

Human speech contains more than 2 000 different sounds,from the common“m”and“a”to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.

More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such as“f ”and“v”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.

...

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300 000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,”said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.

32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?

A.Its variety. B.Its distribution.

C.Its quantity. D.Its development.

...

35.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?

A.It is key to effective communication.

B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C.It is a complex and dynamic system.

D.It drives the evolution of human beings.

【答案】32.D 35.C

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)飲食習(xí)慣和語言關(guān)聯(lián)的研究成果。

【解析】

32.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從設(shè)題的專有名詞“Damián Blasi”這個(gè)人名入手，找到信息段落在文章第二段，由信息句“Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.”可知，Damián Blasi 的研究重點(diǎn)是在語言的演變發(fā)展上。故選D。

35.推理判斷題。從專有名詞“Steven Moran”這個(gè)人名入手，找到他說的話，即文章最后一段最后一句“‘The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,’said Steven Moran,a member of the research team.”可推知，Steven Moran 認(rèn)為語音是一個(gè)復(fù)雜且動(dòng)態(tài)變化的系統(tǒng)。故選C。

考向二：書面表達(dá)中專有名詞的規(guī)范翻譯

書面表達(dá)中對(duì)專有名詞的考查主要體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：

一是人名的規(guī)范翻譯。比如多年一直陪伴我們左右的高考“釘子戶”李華，天津卷中的李津等，規(guī)范的寫法應(yīng)該是分成姓和名兩個(gè)部分，即Li Hua 和Li Jin，常有考生犯一些低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤，將人名寫成“Lihua”或者“Li Jing”。

二是地名的規(guī)范翻譯。對(duì)于漢語地名的翻譯，大部分師生清楚直接用拼音代替，但是對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)把握不準(zhǔn)，常見錯(cuò)誤就是將地名按照漢字字?jǐn)?shù)分開拼音，且首字母不大寫。有的考生甚至不清楚地名的翻譯規(guī)則，即地名要連在一起。比如2021年北京卷書面表達(dá)中的紅星中學(xué)，有的考生可能寫成 Hong Xing Middle School、Hongxin Middle School 等，正確翻譯是Hongxing Middle School。

三是一些節(jié)日名稱的規(guī)范翻譯。比如2015 年全國Ⅱ卷書面表達(dá)中的重陽節(jié)（the Double Ninth Festival）和2022 年全國甲卷中的世界海洋日（World Oceans Day）。一些考生因沒有掌握翻譯規(guī)則，可能犯一些常識(shí)性錯(cuò)誤，如寫成the world’s oceans day、the World Oceans’ Day、Shijiehaiyangri等，其原因不外乎平時(shí)師生對(duì)于專有名詞用法和表達(dá)的復(fù)習(xí)都不夠重視，對(duì)于專有名詞的基本特征和規(guī)范表達(dá)沒有很好地掌握，有的考生甚至不知道專有名詞要首字母大寫。

三、普通名詞考向探究

普通名詞通常是指人、物、概念等的一般名稱的詞，通?？梢苑譃榭蓴?shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

考向三：完形填空中考查具體語境中的名詞辨析

完形填空中，名詞的考點(diǎn)占比僅次于動(dòng)詞，與形容詞和副詞的考查數(shù)量相當(dāng)。完形填空中主要考查具體語境中的名詞詞義辨析，不會(huì)獨(dú)立考查名詞，考生只有結(jié)合具體語境，才能做出正確選擇。

【例3】（2022 ?全國新高考Ⅰ卷?完形填空）

My husband,our children and I have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years.

Some of our ___41___ are funny,especially from the early years when our children were little.Once,we camped（42）along Chalk Creek.I was worried（43）that our 15-month-old boy would fall into the creek 小溪）.I tied a rope around his waist to keep him near to our spot.That lasted about ten minutes.He was uncomfortable（44）,and his crying let the whole campground know it.So instead of（45）tying him up,I just kept a close eye on him.It worked（46）—he didn’t end up in the creek.My three-year-old,however,did.

Another time,we rented a boat in Vallecito Lake.The sky was clear when we headed off（47）,but storms move in fast in the mountains,and this one quickly interrupted（48）our peaceful morning trip.The __49__ picked up and thunder rolled.My husband stopped fishing to start（50）the motor.Nothing.He tried again.No__51 .We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.As we all sat there helplessly（52）,a fisherman pulled up,threw us a rope and towed（拖）us back.We were safe（53）.

Now,every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage,we are filled with a sense of__54___,wondering what camping fun and __55__ we will experience next.

41.A.ideas B.jokes

C.memories D.discoveries

...

49.A.wind B.noise

C.temperature D.speed

...

51.A.luck B.answer

C.wonder D.signal

...

54.A.relief B.duty

C.pride D.excitement

55.A.failure B.adventure

C.performance D.conflict

【答案】41.C 49.A 51.A 54.D 55.B

【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者一家過去十年美好的露營經(jīng)歷以及他們對(duì)露營活動(dòng)的期盼。

【解析】41.考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“have had wonderful camping experiences over the past ten years” 以 及 下 文 中 的“especially from the early years when our children were little”可推知，此處表示作者和家人的一些記憶是有趣的。故選C。

【解析】49.考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“storms move in fast in the mountains”可推知，此處指起風(fēng)了。故選A。

【解析】51.考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)下文“We were stuck in the middle of the lake with a dead motor.”及語境可知，此處指作者的丈夫再次嘗試啟動(dòng)馬達(dá)，但運(yùn)氣不好，船還是無法啟動(dòng)。故選A。

【解析】54.考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)下文中的“wondering what camping fun”及語境可推知，此處指作者一家滿懷興奮地期待著接下來的露營。故選D。

【解析】55.考查名詞辨析。根據(jù)上文中的“Now,every year when my husband pulls our camper out of the garage,we are filled with a sense of____,wondering what camping fun and”和下文中的“we will experience next”及語境可推知，此處指露營中即將經(jīng)歷的冒險(xiǎn)。故選B。

考向四：語法填空中考查名詞的構(gòu)詞法

在語法填空中，詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為必考考點(diǎn)，考查名詞的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的頻率較高，涉及名詞的相關(guān)構(gòu)詞法，所以掌握一些基本的、常用的名詞構(gòu)詞知識(shí)是十分必要的。

【例4】（2022 ?全國甲卷?語法填空）Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road,in order to promote environmental ___65__（protect）.

【答案】protection

【解析】考查名詞構(gòu)詞法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語，promote 后面缺賓語，提示詞protect 為動(dòng)詞，且置于形容詞environmental 之后，故填其名詞形式，即加后綴-ion。又“protection”意為“保護(hù)”時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞，故填protection。

考向五：語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中考查名詞的數(shù)

名詞的數(shù)是高考英語的必考點(diǎn)，語法填空中一般考查可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，短文改錯(cuò)中考查可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的辨析以及可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【例5】（2022 ?全國新高考Ⅰ卷?語法填空）The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ___62___（population）and homes of giant pandas,and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.

【答案】populations

【解析】考查名詞的數(shù)。between...and...連接兩個(gè)并列名詞。根據(jù)“homes”可知，此處應(yīng)用population 的復(fù)數(shù)形式populations。

【譯文】大熊貓國家公園的主要目標(biāo)是改善不同種群和大熊貓棲息地之間的聯(lián)系，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)野生大熊貓的數(shù)量達(dá)到理想水平。

【例6】（2022 ?全國乙卷?短文改錯(cuò)）...And there were traffic jams,too.Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycle.

【答案】bicycle 改為bicycles

【解析】考查名詞的數(shù)。with 前后名詞要用平行結(jié)構(gòu)，此處應(yīng)用bicycle 的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示“一類”。故填bicycles。

考向六：語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)中考查名詞所有格

名詞所有格一般表示的是名詞的所有關(guān)系。有’s 所有格和of 所有格兩種。’s 所有格一般表示有生命的人或物的所有關(guān)系，一般直接在名詞末尾加 ’s，如Father’s Day。但是如果名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式或者以s 結(jié)尾，一般加“ ’”，如Teachers’Day。

【例7】（2022 ?全國新高考Ⅱ卷?語法填空）“He saved my ___64___（son）life,”said Mrs.Brown.

【答案】son’s

【解析】考查名詞所有格。此處表示“他救了我兒子的命”，應(yīng)用son 的名詞所有格形式。故填son’s。

【例8】（2021?1 月浙江卷?語法填空）It is calculated by dividing a __58_（person）weight in kg by their height in meters squared,and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy.

【答案】person’s

【解析】考查名詞所有格。此處應(yīng)用person的名詞所有格形式作定語，修飾名詞“weight”。故填person’s。

【譯文】它是通過將一個(gè)人的體重（以千克為單位）除以他們的身高（以米為單位）的平方計(jì)算的，體重指數(shù)在19 到25 之間就被認(rèn)為是健康的。

四、應(yīng)試策略

1.熟悉名詞的分類，能夠區(qū)分專有名詞和普通名詞，熟練掌握人名、地名和一些節(jié)日名稱的翻譯規(guī)則；

2.掌握一些常見的名詞后綴，如-or/er/ess/crat/cis（表示“從事……的人”）；-an（表示“精通……的人；……地方的人”）；-ity/-acy/-ance/-ence/-ancy/-ency/-bility/-dom/-th（表示“性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、境遇、行為、過程”等）；-ion/-sion/-tion/-ation/-ition/-al（表示“行為的過程、結(jié)果、狀況”）；-ism（表示“……主義”）；-ment/-ness/-ship（表示“行為、狀態(tài)、過程、手段及其結(jié)果”）等；

3.能夠區(qū)分一些常見的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，熟練掌握名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式變化規(guī)則（包括不規(guī)則變化）。大家要注意：在英語中有一些不可數(shù)名詞，考生容易將它們混淆為可數(shù)名詞，如news,bread、work、paper、weather、fun、information、advice、progress、equipment、luggage/baggage、furniture、jewelry 等。此外，有些不可數(shù)名詞后面加了s，并不能說明其為可數(shù)名詞，而是表示另外的含義或者強(qiáng)調(diào)其種類，例如：water（水，不可數(shù) ），waters（水域）；food（食物，不可數(shù)），foods（各種各樣的食物）；work（工作，不可數(shù)），works（作品）；paper（紙，不可數(shù)），papers（報(bào)紙、試卷、論文）等。

4.掌握名詞所有格的用法。