抒情散文讀寫指南

徐奚瀟

文體導(dǎo)讀

抒情散文是重在表現(xiàn)作者感受、抒發(fā)作者情感的文章，它雖然也對(duì)具體事物進(jìn)行記敘和描寫，但通常沒(méi)有貫穿全篇的情節(jié)，它或直抒胸臆、或觸景生情、或托物言志。優(yōu)秀的抒情散文選材廣泛、立意獨(dú)特、結(jié)構(gòu)精巧、情感真摯、語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)、意蘊(yùn)豐富，常常運(yùn)用象征和比擬的寫作手法，將內(nèi)在思想寓于外在形象之中，含蓄隱忍但仍不失情感張力。它雖然不似詩(shī)歌那樣強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)奏和講究韻律，但與詩(shī)歌類似，二者均洋溢著詩(shī)情畫意和藝術(shù)感染力。

[抒情散文的語(yǔ)篇特征][文體風(fēng)格][語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)][寫作手法][形散神聚：選材自由，手法靈活，立意清晰][詩(shī)情畫意：語(yǔ)言清新自然，優(yōu)美雅致][真情實(shí)感：情感飽滿，意蘊(yùn)豐富，意境幽遠(yuǎn)][寫景式：描摹景致，移步換景，產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想，借景抒情][狀物式：概述物體，總結(jié)物性，由物及入，托物言志][情索式：情感之緣起，情感之積蓄，情感之噴薄，情感之歸結(jié)][描寫：動(dòng)靜描寫，虛實(shí)描寫][抒情：直抒胸臆，寓情于景，托物言志，融情于事][記敘：輔助手段，推動(dòng)情感]

策略導(dǎo)航

1. 對(duì)于抒情散文的分析與解讀，不妨關(guān)注“詞”和“句”兩個(gè)方面。

品詞：抒情散文因?yàn)槠^短，因此用詞考究，詞語(yǔ)含蓄、凝練，內(nèi)涵豐富，可以從詞中挖掘作者的思維鏈與情感線，此類關(guān)鍵詞表現(xiàn)文章主旨，反映深層含義和具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，具有引申含義或者指代意義等。

品句：抒情散文不同句子間的連接在形式上看似松散，實(shí)則都服務(wù)于同一個(gè)立意和主題，此類關(guān)鍵句含有修辭手法，富有哲理性，具有表層和深層含義，與上下文的句子形成前后照應(yīng)或?qū)Ρ鹊取?/p>

2. 抒情散文閱讀需要遵循“LSEA原則”，此原則中L為L(zhǎng)ead （行文線索），S為Structure （篇章結(jié)構(gòu)），E為Emotion （情感色彩），A為Artistry （藝術(shù)技巧）。

素材導(dǎo)背

1. 描寫事物

fragile 脆弱的；纖巧的

delicate 脆弱的；精細(xì)的

exquisite 精美的；雅致的

vulnerable 易受傷害的

flutter 振翅；鼓翼

snowy 雪白的

perfectly white 潔白無(wú)瑕的

ethereally beautiful 美得空靈

be drenched/soaked by the rain 被雨淋濕

be impeded in flight 無(wú)法飛行

2. 描寫環(huán)境

drizzle 毛毛細(xì)雨

scattered showers 零星小雨

downpour 瓢潑大雨

rain dogs and cats 下傾盆大雨

scorching sun 炎陽(yáng)

burning heat 灼人的熱氣

gentle breeze 微風(fēng)

howling wind 呼嘯的風(fēng)

biting wind 刺骨的風(fēng)

raging storm 狂風(fēng)暴雨

changeable weather 多變的天氣

3. 描寫品質(zhì)

staunch 堅(jiān)定的

fearless 無(wú)畏的

tenacious 堅(jiān)韌的；頑強(qiáng)的

unbeatable 無(wú)法戰(zhàn)勝的

iron?willed 有鋼鐵般意志的

strong?willed 意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的

against all odds 排除萬(wàn)難

with every ounce of strength 拼盡全力

with every fibre of ones being 竭盡所能

案例導(dǎo)練

Spring was very much in the air. In North China， however， the weather was agreeable but chilly. There was now a heart?warming spring wind， now a refreshing cold rain.

As I was walking on a meadow， I suddenly saw a snow?white butterfly lying on the tender green grass. It had been struck down by rain and was now unable to open out its tremulous wet wings. It was on the point of dying. Soft， slender and white like a snowflake， it looked so lovely and so pitiable.

Where was it from？ And where was it flying to？ I stared at it blankly， feeling like a drop of holy water had suddenly fallen into the depths of my soul and a ray of dazzling light， white and soft， had lit up my heart.

I bent down to gently pick it up with my fingers and placed it in the palm of my hand.

The little creature， stiff （僵硬的） with cold， looked dried up and， twitching （顫動(dòng)） its thin legs slightly， fell on its side in my palm.

As I breathed on it to warm it up a bit， it came to life gradually. It might have been scared stiff and out of its senses by the violent storm of a moment ago. It was very slim. Its gossamer?like （像薄紗一樣的） wings were white， soft and transparent. Its two black feelers were stretched ahead. Its two eyes were pitch?black. Its legs were thin like thread. What had led the weak little creature to venture out on the wing？ What unusual courage it had displayed in battling against the treacherous weather as a seeker！

Its regained consciousness had brought me immeasurable joy.

By now， the wind and rain had both left off. The whole universe was basking in brilliant sunlight. Everything was bright and beautiful. The leaves had turned from light green to dark green. The meadow was studded all over with small yellow flowers as tiny as grains of millet （小米）. After placing the butterfly on a sunbathed leaf， I turned to walk down the meadow. Then I heard a very， very distant call and took it for the sound of wind and rain， but soon I realized it had come from the depths of my heart—a call demanding to know why I had carelessly cast away the poor little creature. Thereupon， I turned back and came to an ancient big tree swinging gently in the breeze. To my great surprise， the butterfly was wriggling （蠕動(dòng)） slightly on the leaf. I watched silently， avoiding alarming it. The sun was shining on the leaf with its reddish light， quivering and burning. It had brought fire， heat， light and life. It had dried up the raindrops and swept away the dust. And the tree leaf looked like a piece of green glass， transparent and crystal?clear.

Oh，my beautiful white butterfly！ Oh，my courageous white butterfly！ After trying several times， it finally managed to rise abruptly to its feet and spread its wings to fly. It circled agilely around me for quite a long time and then flew high into the cloudless skies like a tiny snowflake until it was out of sight.

Meanwhile， I got a bit sentimental. I had taken pity on the white butterfly when it was in hardship. But now， as it was soaring freely way up into the sky， I experienced a feeling of loss and sadness. “Oh， how mentally fragile man is！” I sighed. I stood， watching numbly? （麻木地） for a long time， and then turned to stroll away on the meadow.

Ⅰ. 閱讀自測(cè)

[Gist 1. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？

A. A walk on the meadow? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. A white butterfly

C. A chance meeting D. A spring day after rain

2. This essay combines events with emotion in an artistic way.

Event： I came across a butterfly struck down by rain and unable to fly.

Emotion： I felt .

Event： I came to its rescue and it began to regain consciousness.

Emotion： I felt .

Event： I placed the butterfly on a sun?bathed leaf， leaving it to fate.

Emotion： I felt .

Event： The butterfly rose to its feet and flew into the cloudless skies.

Emotion： I felt .

3. There was now a heart?warming spring wind， now a refreshing cold rain. （Para. 1）

By now， the wind and rain had both left off. （Para. 8）

Weather conditions in two paragraphs were respectively? ?and? ?? ? .

For what purpose did the author write about the surroundings？

4. What did the author try to convey through the underlined parts in paragraph 3？

5. Why did the author feel a sense of loss at last instead of relief when the butterfly flew away safe and sound？

6. What did the author think of the butterfly？

A. Stubborn and ungrateful. B. Vulnerable and timid.

C. Weak but tenacious. ? ? D. Ordinary and insignificant.

7. What is the main idea of the text？

A. The author got fascinated by a perfectly white butterfly.

B. Life is the most precious and the struggle for it deserves respect.

C. The author felt very proud to have saved a butterfly.

D. The authors encounter with the butterfly made a little difference to him. Discourse Detail Inference Inference Inference Gist ]

Ⅱ. 語(yǔ)言汲取

（一）生動(dòng)傳神的動(dòng)作描寫

1. 描寫蝴蝶

tremulous wet wings 簌簌顫動(dòng)著的沾濕的翅膀

soft， slender and white like a snowflake 輕柔纖細(xì)，白得像一片雪花

be stiff with cold 凍僵

twitch its thin legs slightly 輕輕動(dòng)彈它的細(xì)腿

be scared stiff and out of its senses 被嚇得僵硬，失去知覺(jué)

gossamer?like wings 如薄紗般的翅膀

white， soft and transparent 白絨絨又透明的

venture out on the wing 振翅冒險(xiǎn)

regain consciousness 恢復(fù)意識(shí)

wriggle slightly on the leaf 緩緩地在樹葉上蠕動(dòng)

rise abruptly to its feet 一躍而起

circle agilely around 活潑伶俐地在……周圍翩翩飛舞

soar freely way up into the sky 向著天空冉冉飛去

2. 描寫環(huán)境

a heart?warming spring wind 一陣暖心的春風(fēng)

a refreshing cold rain 一場(chǎng)沁人心脾的冷雨

tender green grass 嫩綠的草地

battle against the treacherous weather 克服陰晴不定的天氣

bask in brilliant sunlight 沐浴在太陽(yáng)明媚的光輝中

be studded all over with small yellow flowers 開滿黃色的小花

a sun?bathed leaf 一片盛滿陽(yáng)光的嫩葉

reddish light， quivering and burning 淡紅色的陽(yáng)光，顫悸著、燃燒著

dry up the raindrops and sweep away the dust 曬干雨珠，掃凈風(fēng)沙

3. 描寫心情

from the depths of my heart 在我心靈深處

light up my heart 點(diǎn)亮我的內(nèi)心

get a bit sentimental 悵然若失

take pity on 同情

（二）別具一格的句式表達(dá)

1. There was now a heart?warming spring wind， now a refreshing cold rain. （Para. 1） 一陣暖心的春風(fēng)剛剛吹過(guò)，又來(lái)了一場(chǎng)沁人心脾的冷雨。

now...now...意為“時(shí)而……時(shí)而……”，用來(lái)表達(dá)兩種狀態(tài)交替出現(xiàn)。

2. Soft， slender and white like a snowflake， it looked so lovely and so pitiable. （Para. 2）但它白得像一片小雪花，輕柔纖細(xì)，楚楚動(dòng)人，多么可憐呀！

Soft， slender and white like a snowflake為狀語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)it，即the butterfly。

3. What had led the weak little creature to venture out on the wing？ What unusual courage it had displayed in battling against the treacherous weather as a seeker！ （Para. 6） 它振翅出來(lái)冒險(xiǎn)是為了尋覓什么呢？在克服這陰晴不定的天氣里，它表現(xiàn)出尋求者何等非凡的勇氣！

兩個(gè)句子雖然都是由what引導(dǎo)，但是前面一句是特殊疑問(wèn)句，而后面一句則是感嘆句。

Ⅲ. 句式仿寫

1. 夏天的天氣總是變幻不定，時(shí)而暴雨傾盆，時(shí)而艷陽(yáng)當(dāng)空。

The weather is always changeable in summer，? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?.

2. 夜空綴滿了無(wú)數(shù)閃亮的星星，引發(fā)了兒童無(wú)盡的想象。

， the sky piqued unconstrained imagination of children.

3. 完成這一部巨著需要傾注多大的決心和熱情?。?/p>

must have been involved to complete this bulky volume！

Ⅳ. 寫作實(shí)踐

近日，Crazy English舉辦了主題為“My favourite insect”的征文活動(dòng)。你想投稿介紹你最喜歡的一種昆蟲。請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下要點(diǎn)，寫一篇短文投稿。

1. 你最喜歡的昆蟲；

2. 你喜歡它的原因；

3. 你的感悟與啟示。

注意：

1. 詞數(shù)80左右；

2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；

3. 至少有兩處需要使用文本中解析過(guò)的詞匯和表達(dá)。

My favourite insect

評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)思

[A self?assessment checklist for my lyrical prose reading 1. 閱讀本文前，我認(rèn)真了解了抒情散文的文體知識(shí)?！?Yes □ No

2. 在閱讀過(guò)程中，我會(huì)用“LSEA原則”梳理和分析文章?！?Yes □ No

3. 這篇文章最吸引我的部分是? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 。

□ 文本形象 □ 語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格 □ 主題思想 □ 情感色彩

4. 讀完這篇文章后，我會(huì)嘗試著對(duì)生活中的常見事物進(jìn)行觀察和描寫?！?Yes □ No

5. 讀完這篇文章后，我會(huì)嘗試著在日常生活中捕捉隨感和記錄心情?！?Yes □ No

6. 本次讀寫活動(dòng)后，我懂得了生命是可貴的，要尊重每一個(gè)生命?！?Yes □ No

7. 本次讀寫活動(dòng)后，我加深了對(duì)抒情散文的理解。 □ Yes □ No

8.為了閱讀更多類型的抒情散文，我需要? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 。

□ 加倍努力 □ 持之以恒 □ 堅(jiān)持目標(biāo) □ 形成高效的讀寫策略 ]