陳春婷 石亞平 王玥 周懿
摘 要 隨著微創(chuàng)外科的迅猛發(fā)展,多模式鎮(zhèn)痛在圍手術期的廣泛應用,導尿管相關不適現(xiàn)已成為圍手術期患者的主訴之一。導尿管相關膀胱刺激征(Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort,CRBD)可加重患者術后疼痛,降低患者圍手術期恢復質量。為更好地實現(xiàn)圍手術期舒適化醫(yī)療,提高對CRBD的重視,減少術后CRBD的發(fā)生,提高麻醉恢復質量,本文從術后CRBD的發(fā)生率、發(fā)生機制、危險因素、嚴重程度、危害、預防及治療等方面進行綜述。
關鍵詞 微創(chuàng)外科;導尿管相關膀胱刺激征;圍手術期;疼痛;全身麻醉
中圖分類號 R614.2 R694 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 2096-7721(2023)01-0034-08
Abstract With the rapid development of minimally invasive surgery, multi-mode analgesia has been widely used in perioperative period. Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) has become one of the main complaints of patients indwelling a catheter, which could aggravate postoperative pain and reduce the quality of perioperative recovery. In order to improve perioperative care quality, reduce the incidence of postoperative CRBD, and enhance the recovery quality from anesthesia, the incidence, possible mechanism, risk factors, severity, prevention and treatment of postoperative CRBD were reviewed in this paper.
Key words Minimally invasive surgery; Catheter-related bladder discomfort; Perioperative period; Pain; General anesthesia
隨著微創(chuàng)外科的迅猛發(fā)展,多模式鎮(zhèn)痛在圍手術期的廣泛應用,導尿管相關不適成為圍手術期患者的主訴之一。導尿管相關膀胱刺激征(Catheter-related Bladder Discomfort,CRBD)表現(xiàn)為留置導尿管后的恥骨上區(qū)域不適,尿頻、尿急,伴或不伴有急迫性尿失禁[1-2];大部分患者表現(xiàn)為下腹部燒灼樣疼痛[3],并伴有煩躁不安、言語混亂,甚至出現(xiàn)肢體運動試圖拔除導尿管。CRBD可加重患者術后疼痛,降低圍手術期恢復質量,甚至可導致患者術后出現(xiàn)譫妄躁動、術后出血等嚴重并發(fā)癥[4]。為更好地實現(xiàn)圍手術期舒適化醫(yī)療,臨床上應高度重視CRBD。本文從CRBD術后發(fā)生率、發(fā)生機制、危險因素、嚴重程度、危害、預防及治療這幾個方面闡述其臨床進展。
1 CRBD的發(fā)生率
隨著導尿管的廣泛使用,CRBD的發(fā)生率呈上升趨勢,術后CRBD的發(fā)生率為47%~ 90%[5],術后中重度CRBD發(fā)生率的發(fā)生率為16%~66.7%[3,6-11],中重度CRBD發(fā)生率差異的產(chǎn)生與納入患者的標準有關?;颊叩男詣e、年齡都與CRBD的發(fā)生極其相關,男性尿道比女性長,術后CRBD發(fā)生率高于女性患者。Lim N等人[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)50歲以下患者中重度CRBD的發(fā)生率明顯高于50歲以上患者(28% Vs 16.2%,P<0.05),這可能與老年患者對痛覺、溫度覺的敏感度下降而閾值升高有關[13]。此外,不同手術類型可影響CRBD的發(fā)生率,泌尿外科術后CRBD發(fā)生率比其他科高[12,14]。Kim D H等人[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤切除術(Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor,TURBT)術后早期中重度CRBD發(fā)生率高達66.7%。Moataz A等人[15]統(tǒng)計了CRBD發(fā)病率時間,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率高于術后晚期,其中導尿后第1d CRBD發(fā)生率高達92%,中重度患者占19%。
2 CRBD的發(fā)生機制
2.1 生理因素
尿道分布著豐富的神經(jīng)(骶副交感神經(jīng)、脊柱胸腰段交感神經(jīng)及骶部軀體運動神經(jīng)),它們對外界的刺激異常敏感。Rahnamai M S等人[16]報道了副交感神經(jīng)節(jié)后纖維釋放的乙酰膽堿遞質與逼尿肌上膽堿能受體相結合,導致膀胱與尿道平滑肌不自主收縮,引起術后CRBD的發(fā)生。Andersson K E等人[17]報道毒蕈堿受體是引起膀胱收縮的最重要的機制,其中M3型膽堿受體激活并促進平滑肌收縮,M2型膽堿能受體激活并抑制β腎上腺素能受體介導平滑肌舒張,這會間接導致平滑肌收縮。
2.2 解剖因素
男性的尿道較長,存在較多生理彎曲和狹窄,特別是恥骨下彎曲較固定,不易拉直導尿時易損傷;老年患者普遍存在前列腺增生和尿道狹窄,這也是CRBD發(fā)生的重要因素。
2.3 醫(yī)源性因素
留置導尿管時潤滑不足,導尿操作不當,反復多次暴力操作,導尿管型號選擇不當,異物刺激,破壞尿道黏膜的屏障作用,手術破壞膀胱壁屏障,膀胱持續(xù)沖洗引起痙攣等,這些均可加重患者疼痛不適進而誘發(fā)CRBD的發(fā)生。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),導尿管球囊注水量過多,尿道內口壓力過大[18]也是誘發(fā)CRBD的重要因素。
2.4 麻醉因素
全身麻醉誘導后患者無心理適應,蘇醒期痛覺敏感性增加也是CRBD發(fā)生的可能因素。
3 CRBD的危險因素、嚴重程度分級與危害
3.1 CRBD的危險因素
Lim N等人[12]采用多因素Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡<50歲、男性、婦產(chǎn)科手術及導管相關尿路疼痛(Urinary Catheter-related Pain,UCRP)評分≥4均是導致術后30min中重度CRBD的危險因素。Zugail A S等人[18]一項前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),導尿管球囊容積的大小對CRBD的發(fā)生也有顯著相關性,球囊體積減少50%,CRBD的發(fā)生率可降低18.7%。Moataz A等人[15]多因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn),中重度CRBD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素包括:導尿管口徑≥18 Fr、無潤滑、開腹手術、年齡<50歲及剖宮產(chǎn)手術。有研究表明,患者術后CRBD發(fā)生率與患者BMI、美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ASA)分級、手術時間及導尿時機(麻醉前后)差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)[15,19-20]。
3.2 CRBD的嚴重程度
CRBD的嚴重程度分四級(0~4分)[1,21]:①0分(無):患者在被詢問時無任何尿道、膀胱不適;②1分(輕度):患者在被詢問時主訴尿道輕度不適;③2分(中度):患者獨立報告尿管相關不適,但不伴隨任何行為反應;④3分(重度):患者獨立報告導尿管相關不適,并伴有行為反應,如強烈的語言反應,肢體亂動試圖拔出導尿管等。CRBD嚴重程度評分≥2為中重度,需要臨床處理。經(jīng)尿道導尿后的疼痛評分為10分,其中0分表示無任何不適;10分表示無法耐受;視覺模擬評分法(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)疼痛評分>3分應該采取措施緩解疼痛[22]。
3.3 CRBD的危害
中重度CRBD可能導致術后膀胱痙攣,增加術后并發(fā)癥(如切口裂開、出血、再次手術等)的發(fā)生率,誘發(fā)血流動力學變化、心律失常和冠狀動脈疾病的發(fā)生,需要臨床醫(yī)生及時干預治療[4]。同時,中重度CRBD也是患者麻醉蘇醒期躁動的主要原因之一。另外,CRBD易致患者術后焦慮,降低圍手術期生活質量,影響術后康復,導致住院滿意度下降,延長住院時間,增加醫(yī)務人員工作量[23]。
4 CRBD的預防及治療措施
4.1 心理干預
術前宣教可以使患者有充分的心理準備,并及時調整患者的心理狀態(tài),特別是鼓勵既往有導管史的患者放松,以減輕患者焦慮[24]。
4.2 針灸療法
隨著中醫(yī)在圍手術期疼痛治療中的應用,有研究報道[25],全身麻醉誘導前取關元、中極、足三里及三陰交穴給予經(jīng)皮穴位電刺激(Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation,TEAS),持續(xù)30min結束可減少術中麻醉藥物用量,降低中重度CRBD的發(fā)生率,緩解術后疼痛,提高患者麻醉恢復期的舒適度。
4.3 導尿管的選擇與外科操作
有研究報道,減少較大直徑導尿管的使用,在導尿管表面涂抹足夠潤滑劑可有效預防CRBD的發(fā)生[26]。導尿操作時盡量動作輕柔、緩慢減少尿道黏膜與尿管或手術器械的摩擦,且導尿管球囊注水時不宜過多,根據(jù)患者的情況必要時盡早拔除導尿管。
4.4 局部麻醉藥與局部麻醉
膀胱內壁黏膜上蘊含的神經(jīng)末梢可以感受來自外界的各種刺激,并將刺激轉換為神經(jīng)沖動傳入中樞神經(jīng)。臨床上常用的局部麻醉方法有表面麻醉、局部浸潤麻醉及神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉,這些局部麻醉方法均是通過阻斷神經(jīng)沖動的傳入來預防CRBD的發(fā)生。MU L等人[27]的一項前瞻性、隨機病例對照研究表明,將利多卡因乳膏涂抹在導尿管表面,CRBD的發(fā)生率可明顯降低。Kim D H等人[3]在一項前瞻性、隨機、雙盲、安慰劑對照研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),在麻醉誘導前靜脈推注1%利多卡因1.5mg/kg,術中持續(xù)靜脈輸注2mg/(kg·h),術后在麻醉恢復室持續(xù)靜脈輸注1h可以降低男性TURBT患者術后中重度CRBD發(fā)生率,同時減少了患者術后24h對阿片類藥物的需求量。G?ger Y E等人[28]通過一項隨機對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),行雙側陰莖背神經(jīng)阻滯(0.25%丁哌卡因10ml)可以減少泌尿外科術后疼痛和CRBD的發(fā)生,并減輕患者術后8h的不適癥狀。
4.5 M受體阻滯劑
抗毒蕈堿預防CRBD的機制是通過降低膀胱平滑肌收縮頻率和強度來減輕膀胱逼尿肌過度活動[17]。一項關于阿托品的研究中,給予阿托品15?g/kg聯(lián)合新斯的明25?g/kg拮抗肌松作用,對照組給予4mg/kg的舒更葡糖,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),阿托品可以安全用于減輕術后CRBD的癥狀,同時減輕術后惡心、嘔吐的發(fā)生[29]。除此之外,全身麻醉術后在麻醉恢復室中發(fā)生CRBD的患者,應用2%利多卡因(10ml)聯(lián)合阿托品(0.5mg)經(jīng)導尿管注入膀胱,藥物注射完成后夾閉導尿管20min可聯(lián)合產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用,注藥后30min及1h CRBD的治療效果較單獨應用更好、起效更快[30]。在東莨菪堿治療CRBD的研究中,拔除氣管導管前緩慢靜推20mg東莨菪堿可有效降低術后CRBD的發(fā)生[31],顯著降低TURBT相關CRBD的嚴重程度,并能夠縮短患者在麻醉恢復室的停留時間[32]。Tijani K H等人[33]研究表明,在麻醉誘導前1h口服托特羅定2mg可顯著降低CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度。
4.6 抗癲癇藥物
抗癲癇藥物的作用機制可能與抑制C型傳入纖維的活性有關。根據(jù)Srivastava V K等人[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),麻醉誘導前1h口服普瑞巴林150mg可顯著降低CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度。另一項經(jīng)皮腎鏡手術的研究結果表明,249例患者術前1h口服加巴噴丁600mg可減少術后CRBD的發(fā)生率[35]。Hur M等人[1]對術后0h、1h、6h CRBD的干預措施進行了Meta分析,比較了不同劑量加巴噴丁對術后CRBD的有效性。研究表明,1200mg加巴噴丁在減少CRBD的總體發(fā)病率方面最佳,托特羅定在減少術后0h、1h和6h CRBD嚴重程度的效果最佳。
4.7 非甾體類抗炎藥
非甾體類抗炎藥的主要作用機制是抑制導尿管刺激引起的局部炎癥反應。酮咯酸是預防中重度CRBD有效且安全的選擇,需要導尿行機器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺根治術(Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy,RALP)的患者,尿道吻合后靜脈注射酮咯酸30mg可顯著降低術后0h、1h、2h和6h中重度CRBD的發(fā)生率[2]。此外,酮咯酸組在術后0h和1h時疼痛評分明顯低于對照組,但在術后2h、6h時與對照組相比差異不明顯[2]。帕瑞昔布鈉在置導尿管前30min靜注35mg或手術結束前靜脈注射40mg帕瑞昔布鈉均可安全、有效地降低TURBT患者CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度,減輕患者術后疼痛、胃腸道反應發(fā)生率及膀胱痙攣次數(shù)[36]。
4.8 麻醉藥及麻醉輔助藥
4.8.1 吸入麻醉藥
Kim H C等人[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與異丙酚相比,術中使用七氟醚維持麻醉,術后1h CRBD發(fā)生率更低,并且對TURBT患者無嚴重副作用。在另一篇Kim H C的研究中[10],與地氟醚相比,TURBT患者使用七氟醚可更好地降低術后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率。
4.8.2 非巴比妥類鎮(zhèn)靜藥
Moharari R S等人[37]研究表明,麻醉誘導后、導尿前靜脈注射氯胺酮(0.5mg/kg)可降低腎切除術患者術后0h、1h CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度。除了氯胺酮的直接鎮(zhèn)痛作用外,最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),導尿前尿道內注入100mg氯胺酮和5ml利多卡因凝膠也可降低患者在麻醉恢復室時及離開恢復室后1h、2h的CRBD發(fā)生率[38]。
4.8.3 α2受體激動藥
右美托咪定已被證實在抑制M3受體預防CRBD方面具有良好效果[39]。在麻醉誘導后給予負荷量的右美托咪定1μg/kg,術中0.3~0.5μg/(kg·h)持續(xù)泵注至手術結束,術后1h、3h、6h CRBD發(fā)生率分別降低28.6%、34.9%和37.2%[40]。另外Singh T K等人[41]一項前瞻性隨機雙盲研究表明,拔管前30min靜脈注射右美托咪定1μg/kg,可降低術后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率及嚴重程度,其術后0h、2h鎮(zhèn)靜水平高于對照組(P<0.05),且未出現(xiàn)不良反應。SHI H等人[42]將包含607例患者的7項隨機對照試驗(Randomized Controlled?Trial,RCT)納入分析,結果顯示:與安慰劑組相比,術中應用右美托咪定可減輕術后早期CRBD的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度,且不會引起明顯的不良反應。但兩組患者術后12h、24h的中重度CRBD發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.66)。
4.9 麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥
4.9.1 阿片類受體激動藥
羥考酮屬于強效的阿片類藥物,通過 κ 和 μ受體減輕內臟痛及排尿沖動,而 μ 受體激動作用能夠改變黏膜的感知,抑制肌肉收縮并呈現(xiàn)出劑量依賴性,從而減少排尿沖動[43]。最新的研究報道表明,將手術結束前15min靜脈注射羥考酮0.07mg/kg改為手術結束前10min靜脈注射0.03mg/kg羥考酮可有效預防CRBD的發(fā)生和嚴重程度[44]。
4.9.2 阿片類激動-拮抗藥
阿片類激動-拮抗藥主要通過激動 κ 受體產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用,鎮(zhèn)痛效果強 ,對 μ 受體具有激動和拮抗雙重作用。術畢靜注噴他佐辛0.6mg/kg可降低神經(jīng)外科患者全身麻醉恢復期CRBD的發(fā)生率及嚴重程度,且術后數(shù)字評分法(Numerical Rating Scale,NRS)、躁動評分和Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分更優(yōu),提高了患者早期恢復質量[45]。ZHANG G F等人[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術前20~30min給予地佐辛0.1mg/kg,拔管后1h CRBD發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組(20.83% Vs 58.33%;P<0.01);拔管后0h、2h的發(fā)生率及嚴重程度均低于對照組(P<0.05)。
4.9.3 阿片類合成藥
曲馬多是氨基環(huán)己醇組的一種合成阿片,能增強中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)下行抑制通路的鎮(zhèn)痛效應,也是一種對M1、M3毒蕈堿受體有抑制作用的中樞性鎮(zhèn)痛藥。一項前瞻性隨機對照雙盲研究表明,當出現(xiàn)中重度CRBD時給予1.5mg/kg曲馬多進行治療,可減輕CRBD的嚴重程度,并有更好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[8]。
4.10 鎂劑
低鎂會導致膀胱痙攣和尿頻,鎂劑在鈣離子跨細胞膜的主動運輸中起關鍵作用,可以影響鈣離子的交換,減少和穩(wěn)定平滑肌收縮。有研究表明,在接受TURBT的患者中,全身麻醉誘導后給予負荷量硫酸鎂50mg/kg靜脈滴注15min,術中以15mg/(kg·h)維持靜脈滴注至手術結束,患者術后0h、1h、2h中重度CRBD發(fā)生率及嚴重程度顯著降低,手術滿意度顯著提高[46]。
5 討論
圍手術期為了防止術中、術后尿潴留的發(fā)生,避免膀胱損傷及監(jiān)測尿量,指導圍手術期的液體治療及開展相關的臨床應用,根據(jù)手術時間、手術類型及麻醉方式的不同,很多手術選擇留置導尿管,但隨之帶來的不良反應也越來越明顯。在麻醉蘇醒室,中重度CRBD患者難以忍受疼痛,需要給予干預治療。近年來針對CRBD的臨床研究越來越多,一些藥物的應用已取得一定臨床療效,藥物干預雖然可以減輕相應的膀胱刺激征,但也會帶來相應的不良反應,如M受體阻滯劑易導致口干、視力調節(jié)障礙及頭暈、嘔吐的風險;阿片類易導致嗜睡、蘇醒延遲及呼吸抑制等風險;神經(jīng)阻滯有感染出血和神經(jīng)損傷的風險。大多數(shù)藥物均可降低CRBD的發(fā)生率及嚴重程度,但僅在術后0h、1h比較明顯,作用時間相對較短。臨床實踐中,雖然預防及治療CRBD已經(jīng)取得了一系列進展,但缺乏精準方案,圍手術期如何選擇安全有效的多模式預防措施是圍手術期舒適化醫(yī)療的研究方向,也是臨床急需解決的問題,需要進一步的臨床研究提供循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)。
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