談?wù)劶?xì)節(jié)理解題的解答技巧

徐婕

閱讀理解題分值占比高，答題時(shí)間緊，難度較高。因此，針對(duì)不同類型的閱讀理解題，教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生有針對(duì)性地選擇具體的答題技巧和方法，從而提高解題效率。常規(guī)性閱讀理解題包括細(xì)節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)對(duì)近三年高考閱讀理解題的命題規(guī)律及特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行剖析，發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查占閱讀理解題總題量的60%左右，以下是筆者結(jié)合細(xì)節(jié)理解類高考閱讀真題，歸納總結(jié)出的三種答題技巧。

一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題的命題方式

對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題，命題人要求考生根據(jù)不同類型的任務(wù)要求來閱讀文章，以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接，理解字面意思即可答題；有時(shí)則較為間接，需要答題人對(duì)文本進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)貧w納、概括和推理才能作答。縱觀近三年新高考Ⅰ卷對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解考查的題量統(tǒng)計(jì)，2020 年共8 道，2021 年共6 道，2022 年共8 道，筆者深入剖析細(xì)節(jié)題的命題方式，不外乎有以下幾種考查方式：

1. Which of the following statement is true？

2. Which of the following is mentioned in the text？

3. The author （ or the passage） states that…

4. According to the passage， when （ where， why，how， who， what， which， etc.）…？

5. According to the passage， we can learn that...

二、細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題技巧

根據(jù)細(xì)節(jié)題的考查方式和提問特征，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)理解題往往有以下三類：一是直接細(xì)節(jié)題，即答題人能夠直接根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞快速定位涉及到相同關(guān)鍵詞的內(nèi)容，理解文意后即可確定答案；二是綜合細(xì)節(jié)題，即答題人無法直接定位材料，而是需要對(duì)題干中給定的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述理解才能定位文本內(nèi)容，比如同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、句式轉(zhuǎn)換、語言簡化概括等；三是特殊細(xì)節(jié)信息處理題，即答題人需要對(duì)文本某片段進(jìn)行解碼、理解，接著實(shí)施簡單細(xì)致地計(jì)算才能得出答案。

以2022 年高考英語新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀理解真題為例，詳細(xì)地闡釋三類細(xì)節(jié)理解題的解題技巧。

（一）直接細(xì)節(jié)題

以2022 年高考英語新高考Ⅰ卷A篇第三題為例：

LateWork

An essay not submitted in class on the due datewill lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.If itis not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it willearn a zero.Daily assignments not completed duringclass will get a zero.Short writings missed as a result ofan excused absence will be accepted.

3.What will happen if you submit an essay oneweek after the due date？

A.You will receive a zero.

B.You will lose a letter grade.

C.You will be given a test.

D.You will have to rewrite it.

這是一道直接細(xì)節(jié)題。那么首先速讀題干，根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“submit an essay one week after thedue date”快速找讀原文，直接定位并標(biāo)記原文內(nèi)容，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)和材料確定答案。即根據(jù)文本Late Work 的這一段內(nèi)容中“If it is not turned in by the 4th day afterthe due date，it will earn a zero.”（如果在到期日第四天還沒提交論文，將會(huì)得零分）可知正確答案就是A選項(xiàng)。

（二）綜合細(xì)節(jié)題

以2022 年高考英語新高考Ⅰ卷C篇第一題為例：The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善組織） to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peopleswell- being.It is also being used to help patientssuffering dementia，a serious illness of the mind.Staff incare homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicinewhere hens are in use.

1. What is the purpose of the project？

A.To ensure harmony in care homes.

B.To provide part-time jobs for the aged.

C.To raise money for medical research.

D.To promote the elderly peoples welfare.

此題屬于綜合細(xì)節(jié)類題。利用同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換方式，確定正確選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“the purpose ofthe project”定位第二自然段具體信息“The projectwas dreamed up by a local charity（慈善組織） to reduceloneliness and improve elderly peoples well- being.”（項(xiàng)目的目的在于緩解老年人的孤獨(dú)感和提升他們的幸福感，促進(jìn)老人的健康），注意原文需要轉(zhuǎn)述和互換，這里的“improve well-being”和選項(xiàng)D 中的“promotewelfare”對(duì)應(yīng)。所以正確的答案就是D選項(xiàng)。

以2022 年高考英語新高考Ⅰ卷D篇第二題為例：They discovered that the upper and lower frontteeth of ancient human adults were aligned（對(duì)齊），makingit hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed bytouching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later，our jawschanged to an overbite structure（結(jié)構(gòu)），making it easierto produce such sounds.

2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults toproduce labiodentals？

A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B.They could not open and close their lips easily.

C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

此題屬于綜合細(xì)節(jié)題。利用句式轉(zhuǎn)換和同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換，確定正確選項(xiàng)。根據(jù)題干中的“difficult”“ancienthuman adults”“produce labiodentals”定位段落具體信息“They discovered that the upper and lower frontteeth of ancient human adults were aligned（對(duì)齊），makingit hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed bytouching the lower lip to the upper teeth.”（要發(fā)出唇齒音，上牙需要觸碰到下嘴唇，而古人類的上門牙和下門牙是對(duì)齊的，這種頜骨結(jié)構(gòu)讓他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音），在定位時(shí)需要注意原文的轉(zhuǎn)述和互換，這里的“hard”和題干中的“difficult”對(duì)應(yīng)，“aligned（對(duì)齊）”和選項(xiàng)中“not conveniently structured”對(duì)應(yīng)。所以正確的答案就是C選項(xiàng)。

（三）特殊細(xì)節(jié)題

以2022 年高考英語新高考ⅠA篇第二題為例：

2.How many parts is a students final grade madeup of？

A.Two.

B.Three.

C.Four.

D.Five.

這是一道特殊細(xì)節(jié)題，迅速定位，理解細(xì)節(jié)，將題干內(nèi)容和文本材料相聯(lián)系，巧妙算出答案。根據(jù)文章標(biāo)題“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature”（文學(xué)導(dǎo)論課程評(píng)分規(guī)則）以及Grading Scale 中提到的“Essays （60% ）”和“Group Assignments（30% ）”和“Daily Work/In- Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework（10%）”中括號(hào)內(nèi)的分?jǐn)?shù)所占的百分比可知，這三項(xiàng)加起來正好是100%。因此學(xué)生的期末成績由三項(xiàng)考核內(nèi)容組成的。故選B 項(xiàng)。特殊細(xì)節(jié)題需要答題者關(guān)注特殊細(xì)節(jié)信息，比如數(shù)字細(xì)節(jié)和意義表達(dá)，根據(jù)題干問題進(jìn)行計(jì)算時(shí)，尤其要注意特殊信息，即特殊數(shù)字，比如decade/fortnight， overnight， double，couple， dozen， score 等；特殊詞匯，比如for free， free ofcharge， off， discount等。

總之，細(xì)節(jié)理解題作為英語閱讀理解題最常考查的類型，教師需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生結(jié)合題干信息中的關(guān)鍵詞直接或間接地定位原文的段落或者重點(diǎn)句子，將定位內(nèi)容和相關(guān)題干進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析，以及對(duì)閱讀材料進(jìn)行分析才能得到正確答案。本文總結(jié)了閱讀理解題中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的三種類型，幫助學(xué)生高效掌握相應(yīng)的解題技巧，以便提高解題效率和正確率。