七選五常見錯(cuò)誤原因及對(duì)策

盧心怡

（江蘇省蘇州實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)）

2021 年江蘇省開始采用新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷，其中新題型七選五閱讀對(duì)考生來(lái)說無(wú)疑是一大挑戰(zhàn)。根據(jù)《普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試說明》的要求，江蘇新高考英語(yǔ)試卷閱讀理解的第二節(jié)，考查學(xué)生理解語(yǔ)篇上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力。要求考生根據(jù)所提供短文的內(nèi)容（300 詞左右），從短文后所提供的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)小題選出一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。該題型側(cè)重考查學(xué)生的思維邏輯性，體現(xiàn)了新課標(biāo)中對(duì)學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)能力的要求?！镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2017 年版2020 年修訂）》提出，思維品質(zhì)是指思維在邏輯性，批判性，創(chuàng)新性等方面所表現(xiàn)的能力和水平，思維品質(zhì)體現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的心智特征。思維品質(zhì)的發(fā)展有助于提升學(xué)生分析和解決問題的能力，使他們能夠從跨文化視角觀察和認(rèn)識(shí)世界，對(duì)事物作出正確的價(jià)值判斷。從筆者的教學(xué)實(shí)踐來(lái)說，這個(gè)題型之所以讓考生們頭疼的主要原因是容易發(fā)生連環(huán)錯(cuò)誤。一是因?yàn)榻o出的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中兩個(gè)多余的選項(xiàng)往往非常具有迷惑性，很難排除，極易被當(dāng)成正確選項(xiàng)。二是一旦把正確的選項(xiàng)填入錯(cuò)誤的位置時(shí)，一下子至少就會(huì)錯(cuò)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。筆者仔細(xì)分析了七選五閱讀理解題型的特點(diǎn)后，對(duì)七選五閱讀理解設(shè)計(jì)出如下解題步驟。

一、七選五閱讀解題步驟

1.先通讀全文，理清文章主旨和脈絡(luò)。

2.按照A-G 的順序，仔細(xì)閱讀每個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)上下文，盡量把每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都放到題干里去。如果讀完某個(gè)選項(xiàng)，不知該選項(xiàng)放哪個(gè)位置，則跳過該選項(xiàng)，繼續(xù)讀下一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，直到讀完所有選項(xiàng)。這步進(jìn)行的是粗略的答案放置。通常來(lái)說，進(jìn)行完這步，大部分選項(xiàng)都有了“家”，有的題干里可能會(huì)有兩個(gè)答案（因?yàn)橛袃蓚€(gè)多余選項(xiàng)的干擾）。

3.仔細(xì)閱讀有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的題干，看上下文，結(jié)合文章主旨和脈絡(luò)后進(jìn)行判斷，刪除其中的一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。

4.排除之前已經(jīng)選到題干里非常確定的選項(xiàng)后，把剩余的全部選項(xiàng)放入還沒有確定選項(xiàng)的一到兩題中。通過閱讀上下文比較后，完成答題。

5.復(fù)查所有答案，看所填答案邏輯是否合理，語(yǔ)義是否連貫。

這種解題步驟的核心是從選項(xiàng)入手，而非按照題號(hào)順序一題一題解答。因?yàn)轭}目的難度不是按照題號(hào)順序?qū)訉舆f進(jìn)的。從簡(jiǎn)單的確定的選項(xiàng)入手，一步一步，過渡到最難的一題，這樣在排除之前非常肯定的選項(xiàng)后，在剩余的選項(xiàng)里去考慮最難的那題，可以在很大程度上避免連環(huán)錯(cuò)。在筆者向?qū)W生們介紹這種解題步驟后，筆者所任教的班級(jí)這個(gè)題型得分進(jìn)步明顯。

當(dāng)然，除了掌握好正確的七選五閱讀理解的解題方法，筆者還發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾種原因也是導(dǎo)致學(xué)生們這個(gè)題型失分的關(guān)鍵。

二、七選五閱讀常見錯(cuò)誤原因及對(duì)策

錯(cuò)誤原因1.基本功不扎實(shí)

(2023 年全國(guó)甲卷) Tricks To Becoming A Patient Person

Here’s a riddle: What do traffic jams,long lines and waiting for a vacation to start all have in common? There is one answer.36 .

In the Digital Age,we’re used to having what we need immediately and right at our fingertips.However,research suggests that if we practiced patience,we’d be a whole lot better off.Here are several tricks.

D.All this adds up to a state of hurry

E.It can also help us practice more patience

G.They’re all situations where we could use a little extra patience

第36 題學(xué)生很容易錯(cuò)選D 選項(xiàng)，筆者提醒學(xué)生D 選項(xiàng)中this 是單數(shù)，而traffic jams,long lines and waiting for a vacation to start 是個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)概念時(shí)，學(xué)生不禁笑了，原來(lái)高考還要考查小學(xué)英語(yǔ)的知識(shí)啊。同理可得E 選項(xiàng)中it 也是錯(cuò)誤的。請(qǐng)看下一篇七選五文章：

（江蘇省蘇州市2021 屆高三上期中考試）No one will be surprised to hear that the arts are under fire in this day and age.We view the arts as something of a hobby,something that’s fun but certainly can’t pay the rent.Do we really need art in our lives?

It seems as though the loss of art in daily life is a sad fact of life,but it doesn’t have to be.1 For example,art therapy has helped people with a range of illnesses,both mental and physical,cope with their symptoms.Art is found almost anywhere you look in your home.Practical items,such as furniture or clothing,are all art forms in themselves and arouse emotions in the people interacting with them.

...

So,do we need art in our lives? Many people would say no,but the art they’re thinking of is the art you see in galleries.5 It helps those in need,gives people in the future an idea of what life was like,and is a vital form of self-expression.

C.There are actually a lot of practical uses for art for many people.

D.Art is much more accessible and is truly needed in everyday life.

第1 題有許多學(xué)生誤選D 選項(xiàng)，究其原因是對(duì)accessible 這詞一知半解，并不清楚其真正的意思。同時(shí)覺得D 選項(xiàng)的后半句話：藝術(shù)被大家所需要，放在第一題，跟下文非常符合。但是，當(dāng)學(xué)生們知道accessible 表示易理解的意思的時(shí)候，就知道D 選項(xiàng)放在第五題才對(duì)，D 選項(xiàng)中的accessible 對(duì)應(yīng)第五題的上文：藝術(shù)并不只是你在galleries 看到的高大上的東西，D 選項(xiàng)后半句對(duì)應(yīng)下文It helps those in need...D 選項(xiàng)若放在第一題則much more accessible 跟上文不連貫。

對(duì)策1：夯實(shí)基本功新高考試卷非常重視基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的考查，高中教師不能一味追求難題的講解，要幫助學(xué)生梳理小學(xué)初中知識(shí)的盲點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)并一一講解突破。強(qiáng)化詞匯教學(xué)，尤其是一詞多義，相近詞的區(qū)別等。在新授課時(shí)，教師盡量要在各種豐富的語(yǔ)境中呈現(xiàn)詞塊，幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握好詞匯。

錯(cuò)誤原因2.不會(huì)根據(jù)上下文，對(duì)不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞組進(jìn)行合理推測(cè)

(2022 屆福建省龍巖市高中畢業(yè)班第一次教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)) Clarify the team expectations so everyone is on the same page.2 It’s likely that each teammate has a different idea about what’s expected of them,as well as what everyone else needs to be doing.It’s essential that the team discuss these expectations and agree on one universal list of expectations that everyone will follow.

E.State the issue you’re having,then listen to what everyone has to say.

G.This can include explaining the expectations or asking questions if you find them unclear.

第2 題有些同學(xué)誤選E 項(xiàng)，其原因是看不懂第二段on the same page 這個(gè)短語(yǔ)，所以只能根據(jù)該題后面所說 each teammate has a different idea 和E 選項(xiàng)中l(wèi)isten to what everyone has to say 對(duì)應(yīng)而選擇E。其實(shí)，像on the same page（一個(gè)生詞也沒有，但是組合在一起是同學(xué)沒學(xué)過的短語(yǔ)）這樣的詞組在試卷中很常見，考生們需要通過閱讀上下文來(lái)推測(cè)這類詞組的大概意思的，千萬(wàn)不要一看到陌生短語(yǔ)就不知所措。當(dāng)閱讀下文后，得出本段大意：組長(zhǎng)要跟組員說清楚每個(gè)人要做什么。從而得知on the same page 和下文agree on one universal list of sth 是一個(gè)意思。

對(duì)策2：教師在平時(shí)教學(xué)時(shí)要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷未知單詞或者詞組意思的能力。教師可以拓展閱讀材料，有計(jì)劃得開展相關(guān)閱讀技巧的訓(xùn)練。

錯(cuò)誤原因3.只抓關(guān)鍵詞就進(jìn)行選擇

(2023 年全國(guó)乙卷) Aloe vera,peace lilies and spider plants are some of the species that are easy to grow indoors.You can buy plants from supermarkets,garden centres or online.Younger plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones,and you get to care for them as they mature — which is part of the joy of owning plants.“ 40,”Spoelstra says.“It can bring a new interest and focus into people’s lives and help to make the link between home and nature.”

E.Plants like peace lilies and devil’s ivy are among the best

G.Learning about the requirements of each plant can be very rewarding

第40 題學(xué)生很容易誤選E，因?yàn)榭吹紼 選項(xiàng)中peace lilies 是該段第一句話中peace lilies 的復(fù)現(xiàn)。但是當(dāng)筆者提示同學(xué)們仔細(xì)閱讀E 選項(xiàng)的意思后，學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話跟上下文根本不匹配。

對(duì)策3：一定不能因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)這段的關(guān)鍵詞就進(jìn)行選擇。有時(shí)陷阱就是利用學(xué)生的這個(gè)心理讓大家上當(dāng)。讀選項(xiàng)時(shí)，一定要耐心讀完整句話表達(dá)的意思后，思考該選項(xiàng)是否符合上下文。

錯(cuò)誤原因4.只會(huì)瞻前不會(huì)顧后，沒有語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)

（深圳市普通高中2021—2022 學(xué)年高三第一次調(diào)研考試英語(yǔ)試題）Oscar Wilde once said,“Man is least himself when he talks in his own person.Give him a mask,and he will tell you the truth.”Art provides a way to communicate experiences when people lack verbal skills.

What are art therapists’ superpower? They can channel dangerous thoughts into imaginative artworks.For instance,people with violent tendencies might let out their anger by hitting another human being.5 These artistic choices satisfy the brain’s desire for novelty without compromising personal safety.

D.But,obviously,releasing their anger in this way isn’t a good choice.

G.However,with art therapists’ help,their energy could be changed into creative products.

這題很多錯(cuò)選的學(xué)生選了D，D 跟上文邏輯是連貫的，但是跟下文并不連貫。只有G 才是上下文都符合。再看下一篇七選五文章：

(2022 屆江蘇南通市基地學(xué)校期中大聯(lián)考解析) If you have an uphill hike,you may be worried about how your body will hold up over mile after mile.There are a few things you can do to keep the experience from being a painful one.1

Uphill climbing requires hard work from your hamstrings.These powerful leg muscles work overtime.And if you’ll be carrying a backpack,your upper body also plays a big part.2 Besides,you’ll need arm and shoulder strength to get your pack on and off.

Depending on the length of the hike you’re planning,you might increase your training.3 If your hike will be very steep,you might add some stair sets to your workout.You can do these at home or go to a facility like a stadium that has a lot of stairs for extended climbs.

4 If you’ve been jogging for twenty minutes,try alternating one day of longer jogging with a hilly hike while wearing a backpack.If you’ve been walking for your exercise,alternate longer walks with walks that include hills.

As with any workout program,the key is to keep at it.5 Chances are that once you get moving,you’ll be more interested in keeping on until you finish.And if you find that you don’t want to do it,keep your goal in mind.

A.Warm-up is a must when jogging.

B.This is the time to schedule that daily walk or jog.

C.Jogging is a great way to have fun and stay in shape.

D.You’ll need the core muscles to carry your pack for hours.

E.A little training,good planning,and a strong will can help.

F.Now it’s time to increase the difficulty of your daily walk or jog.

G.You should make a promise to yourself that you’ll at least get started.

第1 題學(xué)生誤選ABCDG 的都有，殊不知第一題不僅要跟上文符合，還起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)下文的作用，只有E 符合，因?yàn)橄挛牡诙蔚降谖宥尉鶉@E展開。

對(duì)策4：強(qiáng)化學(xué)生語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)，這包括句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系（瞻前顧后），也包括段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，尤其是某一段的最后一句話與下文的關(guān)系。有時(shí)某段最后一句話只是起到連接本段與下一段的作用，但是有時(shí)卻是起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)下面好幾段甚至整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的作用，要有大局觀。學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)是發(fā)展語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)有助于語(yǔ)言使用者有效理解聽到或讀到的語(yǔ)篇，比如，關(guān)于語(yǔ)篇中的立論句，段落主題句可以幫助讀者把握文章的脈絡(luò)，從而提高閱讀效果。

5.不注意細(xì)節(jié)

(2023 年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷) Personal Forgiveness

Taking responsibility for mistakes is a positive step,but don’t beat yourself up about them.To err(犯錯(cuò)) is human.36 You can use the following writing exercise to help you do this.

...

It’s something of a cliché（陳詞濫調(diào)）that most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes.The thing is,it’s true.40 We’ re all changing and learning all the time and mistakes are a positive way to develop and grow.

A.A little self-forgiveness also goes a long way.

D.It’s just as important to show yourself some forgiveness.

第36 題，學(xué)生極易誤選A 選項(xiàng)：一點(diǎn)自我寬恕也非常有幫助。因?yàn)榈谝欢问强偲疬@篇文章的段落，而整篇文章就是在講要看到自己優(yōu)秀的地方，是人都會(huì)犯錯(cuò)，要學(xué)會(huì)寬恕自己，A 選項(xiàng)非常符合。但是當(dāng)筆者提醒學(xué)生注意also 這個(gè)單詞時(shí)，學(xué)生陷入了沉思。假若選A，則上文應(yīng)該提到別的很有幫助的點(diǎn)才對(duì)。而D 選項(xiàng)對(duì)你自己寬恕很重要，才是符合上下文的。

對(duì)策5：引導(dǎo)學(xué)生做題時(shí)一定注意細(xì)節(jié)，不能遺漏任何一個(gè)單詞，多看或者少看一個(gè)單詞都會(huì)導(dǎo)致整句話的意思發(fā)生變化。同時(shí)，教師也要注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生耐心作答的能力，不少學(xué)生有些時(shí)候整句話未讀完整，就著急完成答題，這是非常不可取的。

6.上下文邏輯上重復(fù)

（2023 春江蘇高一期末聯(lián)考）Fruits and vegetables bring some pretty attractive benefits to our human bodies.Evidence shows that,when consumed daily,they can help reduce the risk of diseases,including heart disease and some cancers.There’s also some research to suggest they may protect against type-2 diabetes.1

While most fruits come ready to eat,vegetables usually get some sort of cooking before they reach your plate.2 So,if you’re going to cook the vegetable,what’s the most nutritious way to do it?...

B.This matters,because cooking affects nutrient levels.

C.According to this,we should find out the best cooking method.

第2 題有些學(xué)生選擇C 選項(xiàng)，殊不知C 選項(xiàng)跟下句話語(yǔ)義上存在明顯的重復(fù)。

對(duì)策6：一定要仔細(xì)閱讀選擇的選項(xiàng)，瞻前顧后，看選項(xiàng)的意思是否跟上文或者下文的意思發(fā)生重復(fù)。如若重復(fù)，堅(jiān)決不能選擇該選項(xiàng)。

結(jié)束語(yǔ)：七選五閱讀的解題過程不僅需要學(xué)生具備觀察、比較、分析、推斷等方面的思維品質(zhì)，更需要學(xué)生們有強(qiáng)烈的語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)。教師要不斷激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的熱情，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生不斷總結(jié)錯(cuò)誤的原因，從而進(jìn)一步提升學(xué)生邏輯思維分析能力。七選五閱讀理解的設(shè)置非常符合普通高中英語(yǔ)課程的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有助于發(fā)展學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)，從而進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)德智體美全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)者和接班人。