塔斯馬尼亞荒原

◎許林玉

塔斯馬尼亞荒原是澳大利亞塔斯馬尼亞島上的一處保護(hù)區(qū)，也是澳大利亞最大的保護(hù)區(qū)之一，同時(shí)也是世界上最大的溫帶荒野之一，還是南半球僅存的三個(gè)溫帶荒原之一。一起來了解作為世界文化和自然雙重遺產(chǎn)的塔斯馬尼亞荒原吧！

入選時(shí)間(Date of Inscription) 1982 年遴選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Criteria) (iii)(iv)(vi)(vii)(viii)(ix)(x)占地面積(Property ) 1,584,233 公頃檔案編號(hào)(Dossier) 181

The Tasmanian Wilderness is an area of1)remarkablenatural beauty and ecological diversity in southwestern, western, and central Tasmania, Australia. Designated a World Heritage site in 1982, its area was2)extendedto some 13,800 square km in 1989.

Most UNESCO World Heritage sites meet only one or two of the ten criteria. The Tasmanian Wilderness meets seven out of ten criteria.Only one other place on earth — China’s Mount Taishan — meets that many criteria.

The Tasmanian Wilderness consists3)largelyof Southwest National Park (established 1968), Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park(established 1981), and Cradle Mountain-Lake St. Clair National Park(established 1971), and it also includes Walls of Jerusalem National Park (established 1981) and Hartz Mountains National Park (established 1939). On its northeastern and eastern edges are the Central Plateau Conservation Area (established 1982) and other protected lands.Archaeological sites within the region are Maxwell River and Wargata Mina, and there is a historic site at Macquarie Harbour.

The Tasmanian Wilderness is a4)diverseAboriginal cultural landscape in which the cultural heritage of Tasmanian Aboriginal people is5)preserved.For tens of thousands of years Aboriginal people lived in the coastal environments, the valleys with freshwater rivers, open button grass plains and alpine mountains.

Aboriginal people have lived in, used, managed and modified the landscape of the Tasmanian Wilderness for at least 35,000 years. The physical6)evidenceof this connection is7)apparenttoday in elements such as the vegetation types and coverage within the Tasmanian Wilderness, which were managed and modified by targeted burning rules implemented by Aboriginal people. Aboriginal cultural heritage sites provide further evidence of the long connection with the landscape.

Aboriginal cultural values are also evident in intangible culture associated with the Tasmanian Wilderness including stories, song,dance, language, custom, ceremony,etc. Knowledge of these intangible elements are held by Tasmanian Aboriginal people and are often associated with physical places or features within the landscape.

Tens of thousands of years after the arrival of Aborigines to the area, it became the home of Tasmania’s first penal colony (1822—1833). Trapping, mining, shipbuilding, and the harvest of timber were important economic activities from the early 19th century, and industrial interests still compete for the region’s natural wealth.

The landscape in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St. Clair National Park is also an outstanding example of ongoing geological processes.The famous Dove Lake beneath Cradle Mountain is just one superb example of glacially-formed landscapes that have “exceptional natural beauty”. The tearing apart of the supercontinent of Gondwana. This created many of the mountains of the Tasmanian Wilderness. “Plants of outstanding universal value” can be seen in the park’s forests. Myrtle beech, deciduous beech, King Billy pine, pencil pine, and pandani are examples of plants with Gondwanan ancestry. “Animals of outstanding universal value still survive” in this park, including Tasmanian devils,and quolls.

In Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park, lookouts along the Lyell Highway reveal outstanding glaciated features, including the distinctive Frenchmans Cap. Short walks enter ancient rainforests and untouched river catchments. Cruises up the Gordon River showcase ancient conifers, including Huon pines. An “outstanding example(of) humanity’s interaction with the natural environment” in this area,including the burning that helped create buttongrass moorlands, and the use of caves.

You can see one of the tallest flowering plants in the world, the swamp gum in Mount Field National Park along the Tall Trees Walk.It is one of the species that8)dominatesthe eucalypt forests of the Tasmanian Wilderness. Tarn Shelf and Lake Fenton are great sites to view the remarkable deciduous beech (or fagus). This is one of the species that helped9)confirmthe theory of continental drift. Tarns are also home to the mountain shrimp. This tiny crustacean is regarded as a living fossil, almost identical to 250 million year old fossils.

1) remarkableadj.不同尋常的；非凡卓越的

2) extendv.延伸；擴(kuò)大

3) largelyadv.很大程度上；主要地

4) diverseadj.不同的；各式各樣的

5) preservev.保護(hù)；維護(hù)

6) evidencen.證據(jù)

7) apparentadj.明顯的

8) dominatev.統(tǒng)治；支配；在……中占首要地位

9) confirmv.證實(shí)

詞組加油站

(be) associated with 與……相關(guān)

compete for 為……而競爭

be home to 是……的家園

be regarded as 被視為

(be) identical to 和……一致

塔斯馬尼亞荒原是一個(gè)自然景觀和生態(tài)多樣性都具有顯著特點(diǎn)的地區(qū)，包括澳大利亞塔斯馬尼亞州西南部、西部和中部。1982 年，塔斯馬尼亞荒原被列為世界遺產(chǎn)，1989 年，其面積擴(kuò)大至約13,800 平方千米。

聯(lián)合國教科文組織的大多數(shù)世界遺產(chǎn)只符合十項(xiàng)遴選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的一兩項(xiàng)，塔斯馬尼亞荒原則符合其中的七項(xiàng)。而全球僅有另一處遺產(chǎn)，即中國的泰山，符合如此多的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

塔斯馬尼亞荒原主要包括西南國家公園（建立于1968 年）、富蘭克林-戈登野河國家公園（建立于1981 年）和搖籃山-圣克萊爾湖國家公園（建立于1971 年），還包括耶路撒冷墻國家公園（建立于1981 年）和哈茲山國家公園（建立于1939 年）。在其東北部和東部邊緣有中央高原保護(hù)區(qū)（建立于1982 年）和其他受保護(hù)的土地。該地區(qū)的考古遺址包括麥克斯韋河和瓦加塔米納；另外，在麥考瑞港也有一個(gè)歷史遺址。

塔斯馬尼亞荒原是一個(gè)多元化原住民文化景觀，其中保存著塔斯馬尼亞原住民的文化遺產(chǎn)。數(shù)萬年來，原住民一直生活在沿海地區(qū)、有淡水河流經(jīng)的山谷、開闊的扣子草平原和高山上。

原住民居住于塔斯馬尼亞荒原景觀地帶及對(duì)其使用、管理和改變的歷史至少已有35,000 年。如今，這種聯(lián)系的實(shí)物證據(jù)在塔斯馬尼亞荒原內(nèi)植被的類型和覆蓋范圍等元素中得到了明顯體現(xiàn)。原住民通過有針對(duì)性的焚燒制度，管理和改變了這些植被及其分布，而原住民文化遺址則進(jìn)一步證明了他們與景觀聯(lián)系的歷史悠久。

原住民的文化價(jià)值還體現(xiàn)在與塔斯馬尼亞荒原相關(guān)的非物質(zhì)文化中，包括故事、歌曲、舞蹈、語言、習(xí)俗和禮節(jié)等。塔斯馬尼亞原住民對(duì)這些非物質(zhì)元素有一定的了解，而且這些知識(shí)通常與自然景觀中的某個(gè)地方或地貌有關(guān)。

在原住民到達(dá)該地區(qū)數(shù)萬年后，這里成為塔斯馬尼亞州第一個(gè)罪犯流放地（1822—1833）。從19 世紀(jì)初開始，捕獵、采礦、造船和木材采伐成了本地重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。直到現(xiàn)在，工業(yè)利益集團(tuán)仍在爭奪該地區(qū)的自然資源。

搖籃山-圣克萊爾湖國家公園的景觀突出展現(xiàn)了正在經(jīng)歷的地質(zhì)過程。搖籃山下著名的鴿子湖便是一個(gè)冰川形成的地貌的絕佳范例，其“自然之美無與倫比”。岡瓦納超級(jí)大陸的撕裂造就了塔斯馬尼亞荒原的眾多山脈。在該公園的森林中，可以見到“具有卓越普世價(jià)值的植物”，如桃金娘山毛櫸、落葉山毛櫸、比利王松、鉛筆松和露兜樹等，它們都是具有岡瓦納血統(tǒng)的植物。在這個(gè)公園中，“仍然生活著具有卓越普世價(jià)值的動(dòng)物”，如塔斯馬尼亞袋獾和袋鼬。

在富蘭克林-戈登野河國家公園，從萊爾公路旁的瞭望臺(tái)可以看到突出的冰川特征，包括與眾不同的法國帽。經(jīng)過一小段路，就會(huì)進(jìn)入古老的雨林和未被破壞的河流集水區(qū)。在航行于戈登河的游船上，可以看到侯恩松等古老的針葉樹。該地區(qū)的原住民聚居地是“人類與自然環(huán)境相互融合的典范”，包括通過焚燒開辟出扣子草荒原，以及對(duì)洞穴的利用。

沿著菲爾德山國家公園的大樹步道，你可以看到世界上最高的開花植物之一——赤桉。這是塔斯馬尼亞荒原桉樹林的主要物種之一。塔恩淺灘和芬頓湖是觀賞高大的落葉山毛櫸的好去處——這是可以佐證大陸漂移說的物種之一。冰斗湖也是山蝦的家園。這種微小的甲殼類動(dòng)物幾乎與2.5 億年前的化石別無二致，因此被視為活化石。