駁論型議論文讀寫(xiě)指南

廣東 肖莉英 付佳琪

文體導(dǎo)讀

駁論型議論文是議論文的一種形式。這種議論文是以駁斥某種觀點(diǎn)為主的議論文，常常通過(guò)否認(rèn)對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)樹(shù)立起自己的觀點(diǎn)，并闡明自己的理由。破立結(jié)合是駁論型議論文的顯著特點(diǎn)。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，一般是先指出對(duì)方錯(cuò)誤的實(shí)質(zhì)，或直接批駁（駁論點(diǎn)），或間接批駁（駁論據(jù)、駁論證）；繼而，針?shù)h相對(duì)地提出自己的觀點(diǎn)并加以論證。駁論是跟立論緊密聯(lián)系的，因?yàn)榉瘩g對(duì)方的錯(cuò)誤論點(diǎn)，往往要針?shù)h相對(duì)地提出自己的正確論點(diǎn)，以便徹底地駁倒錯(cuò)誤論點(diǎn)。高考中考查的論點(diǎn)一般是社會(huì)普遍存在的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立的問(wèn)題。

策略導(dǎo)航

一、運(yùn)用正確的閱讀策略，判斷事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)

大多數(shù)議論文是事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)交織的文章。在閱讀語(yǔ)篇的過(guò)程中，我們要區(qū)分哪些是事實(shí)，哪些是觀點(diǎn)。我們可以用以下兩種策略判斷事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)：

●厘清概念，從定義進(jìn)行判斷 事實(shí)是指事情的真實(shí)情況，包括事物、事件和事態(tài)，即客觀存在的一切物體與現(xiàn)象、社會(huì)上發(fā)生的不平常的事情和局勢(shì)及情況的變異態(tài)勢(shì)。觀點(diǎn)是指人們對(duì)事物的看法、評(píng)價(jià)，它是主觀性的。

●畫(huà)出句子，用不同記號(hào)區(qū)分 比如，對(duì)于觀點(diǎn)，我們可以用雙橫線畫(huà)出。很多文章的觀點(diǎn)，常常包括主論點(diǎn)和若干個(gè)支撐論點(diǎn)，我們可以把支撐論點(diǎn)都標(biāo)上序號(hào)。對(duì)于事實(shí)，我們可以用波浪線標(biāo)記出來(lái)。對(duì)于多個(gè)事實(shí)，我們也可以采用標(biāo)序號(hào)的方式進(jìn)行梳理。

二、運(yùn)用簡(jiǎn)單的思維導(dǎo)圖，搭建讀寫(xiě)框架

思維導(dǎo)圖是一種實(shí)用性的思維工具。將思維用圖像的方式展示出來(lái)，通過(guò)圖形和文字，圍繞一個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，將各個(gè)分支思維連接起來(lái)，這就是繪制思維導(dǎo)圖的過(guò)程，也是一種將思維具象化的方法。我們要一邊閱讀語(yǔ)篇，一邊畫(huà)出思維導(dǎo)圖，以明確文章的主旨，掌握文章的細(xì)節(jié)，從而真正從整體上、細(xì)節(jié)上理解文章。在寫(xiě)的方面，思維導(dǎo)圖從文章的主題出發(fā)，根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容逐級(jí)分層。在思維導(dǎo)圖的提示下，我們能構(gòu)思文章脈絡(luò)，厘清思路，把握文章的主旨大意和細(xì)節(jié)，這對(duì)寫(xiě)同類(lèi)型的文章也有幫助。

___文章結(jié)構(gòu)____Opening Body_____Ending行文視角_______________________________◆Abstract：開(kāi)篇寫(xiě)出產(chǎn)生矛盾的話題背景___________________________________◆Opinions：√針對(duì)該話題，指出存在的某種觀點(diǎn)（引論）√提出自己的觀點(diǎn)(本論)√對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論述，可以有若干個(gè)支撐觀點(diǎn)_______________√用論據(jù)來(lái)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)Conclusion/Summary：得出結(jié)論或提出解決方案______________________________

素材導(dǎo)背

1.駁論型議論文的常用邏輯關(guān)系詞

（1）表選擇關(guān)系的連接詞：either...or...、neither...nor...、or等。

（2）表因果關(guān)系的連接詞：so、therefore、hence、as a result、as a result of、consequently、because of、due to、owing to、thanks to、accordingly、under this circumstance等。

（3）表時(shí)間順序的連接詞：at first、the time、the moment、as soon as、and then、later、meanwhile、at the beginning、in the end、before long、for the first (second...) time、the minute/second/moment/instant等。

（4）表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞：but、yet、however、while、on the contrary、on the other hand、at the same time等。

（5）表解釋說(shuō)明的連接詞：in that case、that is、that is to say、in another word、in other words、such as、for instance、to begin with等。

（6）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連接詞：further more、not only...but (also)...、besides、in addition、moreover、above all等。

（7）表示總結(jié)的連接詞：to conclude、in conclusion、in a word、on the whole、in short、briefly、in brief、to sum up、all in all等。

2.駁論型議論文的常用句式

A.引出問(wèn)題的句型

（1）Although everyone believes that..., I doubt whether the argument bears much analysis.

雖然每個(gè)人都認(rèn)為……，但我懷疑這一論點(diǎn)是否經(jīng)得起分析。

（2）Contrary to widely held/accepted belief,I believe that...

與普遍接受的觀點(diǎn)相反，我認(rèn)為……

（3）They may be right about...,but they seem to neglect to mention the fact that...

他們關(guān)于……的觀點(diǎn)也許正確，但他們似乎忽視了一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是……

（4）The advantages of A far outweigh those we gain from B.

我們從A 獲得的好處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)從B獲得的好處。

（5）When the advantages and disadvantages of...are carefully compared, the conclusion is that...

當(dāng)我們仔細(xì)衡量……的優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)，結(jié)論是……

B.解釋原因或分析影響的句型

（1）One may view the phenomenon as a result of...

人們可能會(huì)把這種現(xiàn)象看作是……的結(jié)果。

（2）One may think of the phenomenon as a response to...

人們可能認(rèn)為這種現(xiàn)象是因?yàn)椤?/p>

（3）There are several causes for this phenomenon.First,...Second,...

造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因有幾個(gè)。其一，……其二，……

（4）There are different reasons for this phenomenon in...

造成……這種現(xiàn)象的原因各異。

（5）...is partly responsible for the phenomenon in...

……是造成……現(xiàn)象的部分原因。

（6）It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which...

找到造成……這種復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象的原因并非易事。

C.闡述或論述觀點(diǎn)的句型

（1）We may cite a single example of...

我們可以舉個(gè)……的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明。

（2）According to the figures/statistics released/provided by the government, we know that...

根據(jù)政府提供的數(shù)據(jù)，我們可知……

（3）There is strong evidence/proof that...

有充足的證據(jù)證明……

（4）At first thought, it may seem a sound solution, but on second thought, we find that...

乍一看，這可能是一個(gè)合理的解決方案，但仔細(xì)思考，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)……

（5）At first thought,it may seem an attractive suggestion,but carefully weighing on the mind,we find...

乍一看，這似乎是一個(gè)有吸引力的建議，但經(jīng)過(guò)掂量，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)……

（6）Under this circumstance...

在這種情況下……

（7）To what extent...

在多大程度上……

案例導(dǎo)練

(2018 年全國(guó)乙卷閱讀理解D 篇)We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (裝置)well after they go out of style.That's bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices,however,we didn't throw out our old ones.“The livingroom television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,”said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team,old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So what's the solution (解決方案)? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

Ⅰ.閱讀自測(cè)

Ⅱ.語(yǔ)言汲取

(一)駁論型議論文的核心表達(dá)

1.引出問(wèn)題

We may think that...,but a new study shows that...我們可能認(rèn)為……，但一項(xiàng)新的研究表明……

2.解釋原因

That's bad news for sth as...因?yàn)椤?，那?duì)于某事來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)壞消息。

3.闡述或論述

This method provided a readout for...這種研究方法提供了……的讀數(shù)。

We're not just...;we continue to...我們并不只是……；我們?nèi)匀弧?/p>

“...”said one researcher.一位研究者說(shuō)道：“……”

The average number of...rose from...to...平均數(shù)量從……上升至……

according to the analysis of...根據(jù)……的分析

more than doubling 翻了一倍多

The researchers also explored what would happen if... 如果……，將會(huì)發(fā)生什么呢？研究人員對(duì)此也進(jìn)行了探討。

such as 比如

They found that...他們發(fā)現(xiàn)……

cut energy consumption by 44%減少44%的能耗

4.其他

track 追蹤

evolve 進(jìn)化

accumulate 積累

tablet 平板電腦

get rid of 丟棄

worn technology 老舊技術(shù)

at the first sight of sth 一見(jiàn)到某物

out of style 過(guò)時(shí)的

figure out 弄清楚

be grouped by 以……分組

arrive on the scene 橫空出世

enter homes 進(jìn)入千家萬(wàn)戶

show up 出現(xiàn)

throw out 扔掉

energy consumption 能源消耗

greenhouse gas emissions 溫室氣體排放

go up to 2007 持續(xù)到2007年

replace A with B 將A替換為B

instead of 而不是

(二)精彩表達(dá)

1.We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new,but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices well after they go out of style.我們也許會(huì)認(rèn)為，人類(lèi)文化就是更傾向于“喜新厭舊”，第一眼見(jiàn)到亮麗的新穎技術(shù)，就會(huì)將老舊技術(shù)徹底拋棄，然而，一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，即使我們的老舊設(shè)備過(guò)時(shí)了，我們?nèi)匀粯?lè)于使用它們。

本句中，使用but一詞進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折，把兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

2. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 根據(jù)巴比特團(tuán)隊(duì)的分析，采用顯像管的老式臺(tái)式顯示器和老式電視機(jī)是最糟糕的設(shè)備，因?yàn)樵?992年到2007年期間，它們的能耗與溫室氣體排放量翻了一倍多。

本句中，with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window在句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的一種常見(jiàn)形式——“with+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”，此種形式的賓語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞之間為主謂關(guān)系。另外，該結(jié)構(gòu)還可以在句中作伴隨、方式、條件狀語(yǔ)等。

3.The team's data only went up to 2007,but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function.該團(tuán)隊(duì)的數(shù)據(jù)僅持續(xù)到2007年，然而，如果消費(fèi)者們用新的多功能電子產(chǎn)品來(lái)取代舊產(chǎn)品，將會(huì)發(fā)生什么呢？研究人員對(duì)此也進(jìn)行了探討。

本句中，what引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞explored的賓語(yǔ)。

Ⅲ.句式仿寫(xiě)

1.“10%理論”在20 世紀(jì)被廣泛認(rèn)可，然而現(xiàn)在幾乎所有的科學(xué)家都認(rèn)為這個(gè)理論是錯(cuò)誤的。

The 10 Percent Theory has been widely accepted over the 20th century, ___________.

2.隨著現(xiàn)代辦公室變得日益自動(dòng)化(mechanized)，設(shè)計(jì)師們正試圖利用較為溫暖而不太嚴(yán)肅的內(nèi)部裝飾來(lái)使其具有親切感。

___________, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.

3.他在想接下來(lái)應(yīng)該說(shuō)什么。

He is thinking about ___________.

Ⅳ.寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐

俗話說(shuō)“一心不可二用”，“專(zhuān)心致志”被認(rèn)為是美德。但合理的“一心多用”在生活中也被一部分人認(rèn)可。請(qǐng)寫(xiě)一篇200 詞左右的文章，談?wù)劇耙恍亩嘤谩苯o你帶來(lái)的好處。

On multitasking

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評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)思

A self-assessment checklist for my argumentation reading

1. 閱讀本文前，我認(rèn)真閱讀了駁論型議論文的相關(guān)知識(shí)。□Yes □No

2.在閱讀過(guò)程中，我會(huì)借助不同記號(hào)來(lái)區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)?！鮕es □No

3.在閱讀過(guò)程中，我會(huì)用思維導(dǎo)圖梳理文章?！鮕es □No

4.在這篇文章中，我最喜歡的部分是__________。

□Abstract □Opinions □Conclusion

5.讀完這篇文章后，我會(huì)嘗試著寫(xiě)一篇駁論型議論文?！鮕es □No

6.讀完這篇文章后，我會(huì)花費(fèi)__________分鐘來(lái)讀完一篇大約350詞的駁論型議論文。

□5 □7 □9 □其他

7.本次讀寫(xiě)活動(dòng)后，我會(huì)寫(xiě)駁論型議論文了?！鮕es □No

8.為了更好地閱讀駁論型議論文，我需要__________。

□加倍努力 □持之以恒 □培養(yǎng)良好的思維品質(zhì) □形成高效的讀寫(xiě)策略