• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Medicinal plants and phytomedicines are used to treat or prevent illnesses in Sudan:a review

    2023-01-21 20:49:56AbdalbasitMariodAhmedMohamedainHaroonElrasheidTahir
    Traditional Medicine Research 2023年1期

    Abdalbasit Mariod,Ahmed Mohamedain,Haroon Elrasheid Tahir

    1College of Science and Arts, Alkamil Branch, University of Jeddah, Alkamil 21931, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage Centre,Ghibaish College of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 110, Ghibaish, Sudan. 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University,Al-Hofuf 31982, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.5School of Food and Biological Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China.

    Abstract Traditional medicine is a reliable source for treating many diseases in Sudan. It is widely recognized in Sudan, as no Sudanese house is devoid of medicinal herbs. The Sudanese people and their historical stock of knowledge are distinguished by their knowledge and the many applications of herbs in treatment. This reference paper aims to collect all the available information about the use of medicinal plants in Sudan to treat disease or prevent it. Sudanese medicinal plants include a variety of plants and there are many medicinal applications for these plants in the world. According to the information reached by the paper, there are many therapeutic medical applications of these plants in the treatment of various bacterial infections, including digestive diseases, malaria, diabetes, rheumatic pain,respiratory diseases, jaundice, urinary tract infections, wounds, cancer and various microbial infections,according to the information reached by the paper. This reference is for a few groups of Sudanese medicinal plants such as tamarind, hibiscus, Acacia nilotica,Combretum hartmannianum, and Guiera senegalensis, etc. This review article also showed that these plants contain many biologically active substances as active ingredients, including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, stimulants, terpenes, tannins, fatty acids and essential oils.Even though Sudanese people use herbal medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, more research is needed to show that these plants are safe and effective for people to use. For example, phytochemical analysis, biochemical activity tests and toxicology studies should be done to show that these plants are safe and effective for people to use.

    Keywords: medicinal plants; phytomedicines; tamarind; hibiscus; Acacia nilotica;Combretum hartmannianum;Guiera senegalensis

    Background

    Traditional (folk) medicine (TM) was known to human civilizations before B.C.E. and it is a medicine that is passed on to generations of its practitioners who had great experience. The TM practitioners relied on herbs,plants and some spiritual methods.This type of medicine has contributed a great deal to improving human health, especially the provision of primary care services at the community level. This medicine still retains its popularity all over the world [1].

    Sudanese traditional medicine is a complete science that includes medicinal herbs and Sudanese spirituality, which usually includes clairvoyants, midwives, and herbalists. Diagnosis is made through spiritual means, then treatment is prescribed which usually consists of herbal remedies which have not only healing powers, but also symbolic and spiritual significance. The Sudanese traditional healer believes that illness does not occur by chance, but through a spiritual or social imbalance [2].

    The multiplicity of diseases and their differences created the need for specialization so that the specialist excels in the service he provides and this applies to the folk healer who can be treated in one or more ways, but he is more ingenious in one, which is his main specialty and these are examples of popular specialties: Al-Mutawa: it has other synonyms such as: Al-Faki: the Sheikh: he is usually the imam of the mosque and the religious scholar who has a special religious culture in the countryside and this practices religious treatment such as: reading to the patient and the work of erasing (the eraser) and erasing is a religious treatment by writing some healing verses on a wooden board or paper It is washed with water and the patient drinks it [3]. Al-Kwai: which is treated by cauterization with fire and it is a well-known folk method called“wassem”.It is a method commonly used in Arab folk medicine, where the treating doctor protects a piece of metal and put it on the place of pain or on a place determined by the doctor, given that this place in the human body controls the source of pain. Although this type of treatment often comes after using other methods of treatment because of the pain it causes for the patient [4].

    The therapeutic use of plants dates to prehistoric times when humans had a good knowledge of the plant kingdom from their surroundings. Forests and meadows are pharmacies that provide human beings with the necessary treatments for their medical use.The simple observation resulted in a crude experimentation with a hint of cleverness to distinguish between harmful and beneficial plants [5].Therapeutic knowledge has been passed down between generations.Tribal culture has a specific niche layer where shamans (priests) and herbalists act as healers. It is knowledge, skills and practices based on theories and beliefs. Authentic cultural experiences are used to preserve health and to prevent, diagnose, treat or improve the physical and mental illness conditions of the injured [6].

    A group of medicines of plant origin were included in modern pharmacological treatment, as they were known by ancient civilizations and used for thousands of years [7]. The term “herbal medicine” includes herbs and herbal substances, herbal preparations and ready-made herbal products containing active botanicals or other botanical materials or formulations [8].

    Herbs are raw plant materials such as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds,stems, wood, bark, roots or other plant parts, which may be incomplete, fractionated or powdered. These substances include, in addition to herbs, fresh juices and forms of gum, fixed oils, resins and dry herbal powders. This can be prepared in Sudan by following different domestic procedures, such as steaming, roasting or cooking in the oven with honey, alcoholic beverages or other substances [9].

    Herbal preparations

    Prepared herbal products may include comminuted, powdered, or derivatives of herbal materials, tinctures, and fatty oils. These products are produced by extraction, fractionation, purification,concentration, or other processes involving physical or biological soaking. These products also include lotions that contain herbal substances in alcoholic beverages and/or honey or other substances that are heated to mix with these materials[10].

    Herbal treatment in Sudan

    The Sudanese have known herbal medicine since ancient times and they also discovered the raw materials of plants in their initial form and extracted from them what cures many endemic diseases that affect humans, and with the accumulation of experience, the Sudanese human beings have a cultural and intellectual legacy in fighting the epidemics that were prevalent in their time. They knew the importance of medicinal herbs and they were widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, now, despite the development in the medical field, Sudan is far from inventing medicines or taking advantage of herbal folk medicine due to a lack of research techniques in this area.There is a need to educate and train herbalists as there are no complete scientific statistics on the local patterns of herbs. With the need for laws on herbal treatment in Sudan and the need for doctors to prescribe herbal medicines and help in research [11].

    Medicinal plants are used to treat or prevent illnesses in Sudan

    Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

    Hibiscus is a shrubby plant that reaches a height of about two meters and its stems are red. The part used is the sepals that surround the flower and these are, after drying, either dark red or light. Hibiscus is a useful beverage for patients with high blood pressure due to its high content of potassium, which helps stimulate blood circulation,regulate heartbeat and maintain fluid and salt balance in the body.The composition analysis of the driedHibiscus sabdariffaL. sepals reported that the moisture content was 13%, the vitamin C content was 50-100 mm per 100. 5%, nitrates were 41%, ash and salts were 7% and 15%, respectively, while the total acids were 25-30% [12].

    Hibiscus is one of the natural herbs rich in potassium, which works with sodium on the balance of salts and fluids in the blood and reduces the risk of fluid retention in the body, as it is a fluid repellent and therefore helps reduce high pressure,regardless of how it is taken,whether “boiled or cold”. In both cases, it reduces pressure, not the other way around. Hibiscus is rich in beta-cyanine compounds, which give it this dark red color and have a significant role in lowering blood pressure[13].

    A Sudanese study indicated that the hibiscus flower has a low degree of toxicity and its decoction is used in the country to lower blood pressure. Consuming hibiscus daily can help lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in people with mild to moderate hypertension. The study showed that the anthocyanin pigment, which gives the hibiscus flower its distinctive color, is generally responsible for the hypotensive activity [14].

    Studies have shown that hibiscus offers many benefits for public health, most notably: strengthening the immune system. Fighting free radicals, which threaten body cells with inflammation and damage,which reduces the chances of chronic diseases. Reducing harmful cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Strengthening the ability of the liver to purify the body from toxins, reducing the chances of developing cirrhosis and fatty liver. Lose weight and reduce obesity.Prevent cancer because it contains polyphenols. Natural antibiotic,due to its antibacterial properties [15].

    Guiera senegalensis (G. senegalensis)

    A study by Mariod et al. in the year 2011 showed that the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds presents in the extracts of bothG.senegalensisandCombretum hartmannianumwas significant when compared to the activity of industrial and commercial antioxidants in foods. Also, these extracts were effective in stabilizing the stability of sunflower oil during storage at 70 °C[16].

    G. senegalensisis a shrub that grows abundantly in the sandy lands of the Sudanese states of Kordofan and Darfur. Its parts are used as leaves, stems and roots in traditional medicine to treat diseases and wounds. There is a study that showed that the leaf extract had no inhibitory activity against all tested fungal strains. On the other hand,a toxicological test study, which was carried out using brine shrimp,showed that the extract of the opium leaves is apparently not toxic.The phytochemical examination also showed that the extract of gooseberry contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins,carbohydrates, proteins, steroids and saponins. The results of this preliminary investigation indicated that the medicinal plant extract is safe to use as a drink to treat various diseases, as has been the case for years in the villages of western Sudan [17]. The common ailment treated by the leaves’ extract ofG. senegalensisis jaundice, which represents more than 51.5% of the conditions treated; and the other 48.5% of the conditions treated include diabetes mellitus,hypertension, cough, arthritis, enteritis, diarrhea and malaria[18].

    The ethanolic extract ofG. senegalensisat a concentration of 13 g/mL caused a 100% cytotoxic effect against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Moreover, it possessed considerable antioxidant activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. The G.senegalensisextract was found to contain appreciable amounts of phenolic and flavonoidal compounds.G. senegalensispossesses sufficient in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activities to warrant further detailed study of its pharm ecology and phytochemistry [19].G. senegalensisethanolic extract has evidence of reducing hyperthermia in experimental animals and this effect may be correlated to other biological activities of this medicinal plant [20].

    Combretum hartmannianum (C.hartmannianum)

    Hartmannianum is a shrub or small tree and grows mainly in wooded grassland, high-rainfall savannas and savannah woodland habitats on well-drained alluvial soils. It is a tree that grows in different Sudanese states, e.g., Kordofan, Darfour and Blue Nile, with a branched and intertwined stem, it has smooth white bark, and it has a thin lime green leaf. It breaks (green) early as soon as it rains, and it has a wonderful view.Its branches are used as hammers for building,and its firewood burns smoke to repel insects and mosquitoes [16].

    In Sudanese traditional medicine,C. hartmannianumis used habitually against a wide range of diseases,including asthma,malaria,fever, jaundice, fungal and bacterial infections, including tuberculosis.Accordingly, some in vitro studies confirm thatC. hartmannianumextracts are antibacterial. Salih et al.’s study justified the use ofC.hartmannianumin Sudanese folk medicine against prolonged cough that could be related to tuberculosis infection [21]. The decoction of the tender leaves is used as a disinfectant for the wounds of women during childbirth and firewood is used in a sauna for married women before intimacy, by using thick smoke to be deposited around the woman’s body to give it a bright yellow color and a sweet smell. Fadle et al. analyzed the petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water fractions of the fermented wood Nikhra ofC. hartmannianumusing chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis [22]. The main fragrance aromatic compound in the petroleum ether Nikhra fraction ofC.hartmannianumwas 2-tert-butyl-5-(hydroxtmethyl)-4-formylfuran and a terponid compound, according to these authors [23]. Soaked leaves are used in the treatment of skin ulcers, toothaches, wound infections and infections in general. Ointments and tonics were prepared from the leaves, stems and roots for the treatment of acne and skin infections by placing the mentioned plant parts in boiling water for half an hour. The paste prepared in this way covers wounds and treats skin fungal infections [24].

    The effect of aqueous extracts, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether fromC. hartmannianumwood was tested to identify the antibacterial activity ofSalmonella,Escherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus. The study showed that ethyl acetate extract has a high ability to inhibit Salmonella bacteria. While the activity of other extracts was moderate in inhibiting all bacteria. Thus, this study confirmed the possibility of usingC. hartmannianumwood as an effective antidote and drug in the treatment of bacterial infections[23].

    Tamarindus indica

    Another Sudanese drink is Al-Ardeeb, which is the plant known as tamarind in Arab countries. It has black or brown clusters of fruits. Its cultivation is spread in western Sudan, and its juice is extracted after soaking in water for a period, then filtered and drunk.It has a pungent flavor. However, it is the most popular juice among many [25].Al-Ardib drink “Tamarind” contains 0.1% of tartaric acid, 0.06% of citric acid, 0.08% of acidic potassium salts, as well as a little pectin and tannin and 0.02% of mineral salts, especially phosphorous and magnesium compounds, as well as 30% of sugar and is useful in treating rickets instead of oranges and lemons. The high percentage of acids and mineral salts in tamarind is responsible for its pungent taste and distinctive taste. It is also the main factor in taking Al-Ardeeb as a drink, useful in ridding the blood of excess acidity and expelling the toxins it contains. It fights thirst and is used as a laxative, antacid and a depressant [26]. In a recent study conducted to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the tamarind pulp extracts againstPlasmodium falciparum, they were extracted with solvents of different polarities.Among the used solvents, the chloroform solvent showed the highest activity, as it contained mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons, acid alcohols and their esters, in addition to sitosterol and aromatics were among the selected components. The results of the study indicated that the antispasmodic activity is due to one or a group of these components[27].

    Tamarind is used as a traditional remedy in many countries of the world, including Sudan, where it is used to treat abdominal pain,diarrhea, dysentery, parasitic worm infections, wound healing,malaria, fever, constipation, infections, cell poisoning, gonorrhea and eye diseases. The Sudanese tamarind fruit contains many chemical compounds. Some studies showed that the tamarind fruit possesses antidiabetic activity, antimicrobial activity, antitoxin activity,antioxidant activity, antimalarial activity, hepatoprotective activity,antipyretic activity and antihypertensive activity [28].

    Acacia nilotica

    Acacia niloticais a spiny tree with yellow flowers, fruits like carob and cracked bark yielding a resinous substance. It belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae). Scientific research has shown several potential curative effects ofAcacia nilotica.Acacia niloticahas been used in traditional medicine (since ancient times) to treat many diseases such as cancerous tumors, high blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis,diarrhea, asthma, infertility and others.Acacia-niloticaleaf extract,like glibenclamide, had a hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic impact on alloxan-induced diabetic rats [29]. Some scientific research conducted on rats with diabetes indicated that it contributes to significantly lowering the level of glucose in the blood. Studies conducted on some experimental animals have shown that this herb has a role in lowering cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and that it significantly increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well. Studies conducted on some experimental animals have shown that this herb has a role in lowering cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and that it significantly increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well. According to one study, this herb may inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, thereby improving memory and alleviating Alzheimer’s symptoms[30].

    In a study that showed the effectiveness of methanol extract ofAcacia niloticaas an antibacterial against bacteria that cause various diseases,that study provided the scientific basis that explains its use in Sudanese traditional medicine. The results of the study showed that the extract of pods from the acacia plant was effective against all tested bacteria, even at low concentrations. For a long time, the Sudanese have usedAcacia niloticain the treatment of many diseases,such as streptococcus mutans salivary and metabolic syndrome [26].There are also many studies that have shown the possibility of usingAcacia niloticaproducts as compounds against the hepatitis C virus[27]. Efficacy against the COVID-19 virus in several self-reported cases.

    Cymbopogon citratusknown in Sudan as Al-Muhrib, Al-marhabib or Alhamareeb, it is a perennial herbal plant with a fragrant aroma that often resembles the smell of roses. Useful in relieving gastrointestinal and urinary diseases, as well as in treating menstrual pain, regulating the menstrual cycle in women, relieving postpartum pain, lactation and in some skin diseases. Al-Muhrib oil is useful for tension and headaches [4]. All parts of the plant are used. The plant contains volatile oils, and the most important compounds of this oil are geraniol,which is like lemongrass oil and citral,which is used as a raw material in the manufacture of vitamin A, in addition to converting it into aenon perfume. As well as a sterol compound. It also contains flavonoids. It is gentle, opens the plugs and the mouths of the veins,generates urine and menstruation, breaks up stones, dissolves solid tumors in the stomach, liver and kidneys as a drink and as a bandage[4].

    It calms toothaches, amalgams, breaks up stones, benefits hemoptysis, analyzes tumors at all, resists toxins, purifies the chest and stomach, and it benefits the kidneys and fixes it. Joint machines:it is beneficial for the muscles and for the benefit of convulsions if you drink from it a quarter of a weight of pepper with pepper and its essential oil will relieve fatigue [31].

    Ducrosia anethifolia(Al-Hazza) is a natural herb, which is spread in many places around the world, especially in places with a hot environment. Al-Hazza leaves are one of the most important parts of the plant and they are used in folk medicine. Some clinical trials have shown that the volatile oil of the plant is useful in reducing anxiety and that it does not cause sedation when compared to chemical anti-anxiety drugs[32].

    Artemisia absinthium(Al-sheeh) is spread in North Africa, Syria, Iran and Turkey, contains (3%) volatile oil. It is used in folk medicine in the form of a drenched drink for three consecutive days before bedtime to expel worms. Argil: it is a perennial herbaceous plant, its leaves are simple, its small white flowers are collected in tent inflorescences. It is used either as a drink, after adding hot water to the herb or by inhaling the decoction to treat diseases of the respiratory and digestive systems, as well as menstrual and puerperal pain in women [33].

    Vitex agnus-castusMary’s herb is known as the palm of Mary, used to treat many women’s diseases. In Sudanese folk medicine, it was used during difficult childbirth by placing it on a container with a tight lid,and women chanted some praises and chants that glorify the people of the house, peace be upon them, and believe that this facilitates childbirth, and is also used to increase milk production [4].Vitex agnus-castusis used for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome orally taken, the plant reduces some symptoms of premenstrual syndrome,especially breast pain, constipation, irritability, depressed mood or mood changes, anger and headaches in some women [34].

    Medicinal plants and COVID-19

    Hardly any Sudanese home these days is free from the use ofAcacia nilotica, garlic, white onions, gum Arabic, hibiscus, fenugreek, bee honey and black cumin.Most elderly people have become persistent in taking doses of garlic, cumin seeds, and anise twice or more daily, in the morning and in the evening,with a spoonful of honey.Housewives are keen on fumigating homes by burning theAcacia niloticaand using it as a disinfectant and sterilizer. It is the fruit of the acacia tree that grows in semi-desert areas in central and southwestern Sudan. Its solution is a natural hand sanitizer as well as a general body sanitizer[35, 36]. Some Sudanese research has proven that the use of different traditional herbs and the way they are prepared and eaten can effectively relieve initial symptoms such as fever, cough and fatigue,as well as reduce the possibility of serious diseases [37]. Mohamed et al. conducted a rapid survey study in Khartoum State, Sudan, on some herbs (Acacia nilotica,Nigella sativa,Zingiber officinale,Syzygium aromaticum,Boswellia carterii,Hisbiscus sabdariffa,Citrus aurantiifolia,Camellia sinensis,Allium sativum,Adansonia digitata,Pimpinella anisum,Citrus aurantiifolia) and their relationship to relieving the initial symptoms of the COVID-19 pandemic [37]. A number of 652 people participated in this survey, including those who used these herbs themselves or their relatives during infection with Corona 19,knowing that these people used other additives such as honey and vinegar and sesame oil, olive oil and salt, the results of the survey showed that people who used traditional herbs with different methods of intake effectively reduced the initial symptoms such as fever, cough and fatigue for COVID19 disease, while reducing the possibility of other serious diseases for the infected person.

    Phytomedicines in Sudan

    Phytomedicine can be defined as herbal medicine with healing properties. Phytomedicine has been in existence since the advent of human civilization. Plants are the effective source of naturally occurring herbs, which are a storehouse of medicinally active phytochemicals, and plant medicine is an inspiring source for the treatment of many diseases. Their accessibility, affordability and most of all, their safety and efficacy have all contributed greatly to the success of their traditional use against some of the most severe forms of neurological disease and the reliability of consumers [38]. The plantQuercus infectoriahas many therapeutic and medicinal properties, such as being an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, reducing fever, antiseptic for wounds and anti-inflammatory. Strong antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. Its healing properties are because it contains tannin,which is the main compound that makes up 50-70% of the galls ofQuercus Infectoria[39].

    There are widespread traditional uses of Sudanese medicinal herbs and plants, where studies and research have shown to identify the chemistry, composition, and composition of these plants and the most important active compounds in them and to derive drugs from them.The active compounds were extracted and isolated, which were found to have different biological activities. Among those activities were anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. Thus, the efficacy of extracts and isolated compounds needs to be further investigated for their efficacy and safety using studies in living cells. Therefore, serious consideration should be given to research and projects designed to produce active compounds or biologically active molecules from plant sources [40].

    Conclusion

    Traditional medicine occupies a very important place in health care in the world in general, in Africa and Sudan in particular. In this review article, it became clear to us that the Sudanese still rely to a large extent on plants and medicinal herbs to treat many diseases, microbes and infections. This review clearly clarified the vast amount of research and studies conducted on the traditional medicinal plants and herbs that exist and are widely spread in most of the Sudanese states and that many of these plants have great therapeutic value,which is why they encouraged their cultivation and trade.

    欧美乱妇无乱码| 一本久久中文字幕| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 久久性视频一级片| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 亚洲av一区综合| 日本a在线网址| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 国产不卡一卡二| 精品久久久久久久久av| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 一区二区三区四区激情视频 | 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 免费看日本二区| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 国产熟女xx| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 免费看a级黄色片| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 综合色av麻豆| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产 | 不卡一级毛片| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 中文在线观看免费www的网站| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 嫩草影院精品99| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 欧美潮喷喷水| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 永久网站在线| 美女黄网站色视频| www.www免费av| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 精品福利观看| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 国产亚洲欧美98| 国产午夜精品论理片| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 综合色av麻豆| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 国产成人福利小说| 三级毛片av免费| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 午夜影院日韩av| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 国产不卡一卡二| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片 | 99久久精品热视频| 十八禁人妻一区二区| 观看免费一级毛片| 国产高潮美女av| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 免费av观看视频| 免费看a级黄色片| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 欧美3d第一页| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 中文字幕久久专区| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 日本免费a在线| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| .国产精品久久| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 久9热在线精品视频| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 精品久久久久久成人av| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 天堂动漫精品| 一级黄片播放器| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 亚洲片人在线观看| a在线观看视频网站| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 在线看三级毛片| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 99热精品在线国产| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 69av精品久久久久久| 日本在线视频免费播放| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| 国产美女午夜福利| 欧美+日韩+精品| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 久久午夜福利片| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 两个人的视频大全免费| 国产精品女同一区二区软件 | 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 一本一本综合久久| netflix在线观看网站| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看 | 一个人看视频在线观看www免费| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 亚洲精品影视一区二区三区av| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 熟女电影av网| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 1000部很黄的大片| 免费观看人在逋| 亚洲第一电影网av| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 高清在线国产一区| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 综合色av麻豆| 日本在线视频免费播放| 日韩免费av在线播放| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图 | 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 午夜视频国产福利| av欧美777| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 在线播放无遮挡| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| www.色视频.com| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 日本熟妇午夜| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 在线看三级毛片| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 亚洲综合色惰| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添av毛片 | 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 国产野战对白在线观看| 18+在线观看网站| 免费av不卡在线播放| 最好的美女福利视频网| 亚州av有码| 99热只有精品国产| 久久久久久久精品吃奶| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片 | 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| av国产免费在线观看| a级毛片a级免费在线| 欧美zozozo另类| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产探花极品一区二区| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 日本在线视频免费播放| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 国产老妇女一区| 午夜影院日韩av| 久久久久久大精品| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 亚洲国产色片| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| av在线天堂中文字幕| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 久久久色成人| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 乱人视频在线观看| 怎么达到女性高潮| avwww免费| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| .国产精品久久| 舔av片在线| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产美女午夜福利| 久久精品91蜜桃| 一区二区三区四区激情视频 | a级毛片a级免费在线| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 色在线成人网| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 久久热精品热| 日本一二三区视频观看| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 天堂动漫精品| 别揉我奶头 嗯啊视频| 日本五十路高清| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 窝窝影院91人妻| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 1000部很黄的大片| www.www免费av| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 脱女人内裤的视频| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 99热这里只有精品一区| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 99热精品在线国产| 在线免费观看的www视频| 色av中文字幕| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 69av精品久久久久久| netflix在线观看网站| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区 | 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图 | 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 欧美色欧美亚洲另类二区| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 中文字幕久久专区| 宅男免费午夜| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 免费黄网站久久成人精品 | 麻豆av噜噜一区二区三区| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 精品午夜福利在线看| 99久久成人亚洲精品观看| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看| 色播亚洲综合网| 内射极品少妇av片p| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 长腿黑丝高跟| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 国产精品一及| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 久久久成人免费电影| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片 | 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站 | 亚州av有码| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 少妇丰满av| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| 精品久久久久久久末码| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添av毛片 | 久久久久性生活片| 精品人妻1区二区| 能在线免费观看的黄片| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 国产黄片美女视频| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 内射极品少妇av片p| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 一个人看视频在线观看www免费| av在线天堂中文字幕| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 久久久久久大精品| 91在线观看av| 日韩欧美免费精品| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 免费在线观看日本一区| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 免费观看精品视频网站| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 亚洲18禁久久av| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| av专区在线播放| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 天堂网av新在线| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 精品久久久久久久久av| 欧美潮喷喷水| 亚洲最大成人av| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 国产精品久久视频播放| 精品国产亚洲在线| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 日本五十路高清| 日本黄色片子视频| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 如何舔出高潮| 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件 | 性色avwww在线观看| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 亚洲国产精品999在线| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 人人妻人人澡欧美一区二区| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 久久久成人免费电影| 观看免费一级毛片| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 日韩免费av在线播放| 久久久久性生活片| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va | 亚洲精品色激情综合| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| 欧美性猛交黑人性爽| 一本综合久久免费| 亚洲精品影视一区二区三区av| 全区人妻精品视频| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 国产三级在线视频| 色av中文字幕| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 丁香六月欧美| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 亚州av有码| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 午夜福利在线在线| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 51午夜福利影视在线观看| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 不卡一级毛片| 日韩欧美精品免费久久 | 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 中文字幕av在线有码专区| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 怎么达到女性高潮| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 久久性视频一级片| 午夜免费成人在线视频| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看 | 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 国产色婷婷99| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区 | av天堂中文字幕网| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 久久精品影院6| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 国产日本99.免费观看| 在线观看一区二区三区| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 成年版毛片免费区| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 在线免费观看的www视频| 少妇的逼水好多| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 午夜激情欧美在线| 亚洲片人在线观看| 成人欧美大片| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 一夜夜www| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 99热6这里只有精品| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| 精品国产亚洲在线| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 国产高潮美女av| 国产精品久久久久久久久免 | 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 免费高清视频大片| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 久久精品人妻少妇| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄 | 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 91麻豆av在线| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 精品国产亚洲在线| 国产单亲对白刺激| 天堂动漫精品| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 成人av在线播放网站| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 亚洲精品456在线播放app | 亚洲成av人片免费观看| 成人三级黄色视频| 看免费av毛片| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| 免费高清视频大片| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 一进一出抽搐动态| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看 | 欧美一区二区亚洲| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 91字幕亚洲| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 精品一区二区免费观看| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 国产成人a区在线观看| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 成人av在线播放网站| 草草在线视频免费看| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| av在线天堂中文字幕| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 久久草成人影院| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 小说图片视频综合网站| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 天堂√8在线中文| 亚洲经典国产精华液单 | 黄色女人牲交| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 热99在线观看视频| 日韩欧美在线乱码| a在线观看视频网站| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区 | 国产成人福利小说| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 日本成人三级电影网站| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| a级毛片a级免费在线| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 国产v大片淫在线免费观看| a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 舔av片在线| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 级片在线观看| 一区二区三区四区激情视频 | 别揉我奶头 嗯啊视频|