葡萄枝條資源化利用研究現(xiàn)狀及進(jìn)展

劉文政，平鳳姣，白雪冰，房玉林，董樹萌，楊繼紅，袁春龍，來疆文

葡萄枝條資源化利用研究現(xiàn)狀及進(jìn)展

劉文政，平鳳姣，白雪冰，房玉林，董樹萌，楊繼紅※，袁春龍，來疆文

（1. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)葡萄酒學(xué)院，楊凌 712100；2. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)寧夏賀蘭山東麓葡萄酒試驗(yàn)示范站，永寧 750104）

中國是葡萄生產(chǎn)大國，隨著葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，每年修剪產(chǎn)生大量葡萄殘枝，因葡萄枝條資源化利用率低而引起資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染等突出問題。因此，葡萄枝條作為可再生生物質(zhì)資源，其開發(fā)利用既可以減輕環(huán)境污染，改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)，推進(jìn)美麗鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)，也符合“雙碳”發(fā)展目標(biāo)，是實(shí)現(xiàn)資源、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有效途徑。該研究圍繞葡萄枝條資源化開發(fā)利用總目標(biāo)，從肥料化、燃料化、原料化3個(gè)方面對(duì)葡萄枝條資源化綜合利用現(xiàn)狀和研究進(jìn)展做了系統(tǒng)分析，總結(jié)了現(xiàn)有發(fā)展存在的問題，并對(duì)未來前景進(jìn)行了展望，以期為葡萄枝條高值高效資源化綜合利用和農(nóng)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供參考。

環(huán)境工程；生物質(zhì)；資源化；葡萄枝條綜合利用；可持續(xù)發(fā)展

0 引 言

葡萄是世界上產(chǎn)量最大，種植面積最廣的水果之一，可鮮食、制干，也可用于釀酒。據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織（Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations，F(xiàn)AO）統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，2019年全球葡萄種植面積為692.6萬hm2，總產(chǎn)量達(dá)7 700萬t。中國是葡萄生產(chǎn)大國，產(chǎn)量和種植面積分居世界第一、第二位[1]。在葡萄種植生產(chǎn)管理中，對(duì)枝條進(jìn)行整形修剪是每年必需的一項(xiàng)作業(yè)流程，枝條修剪將產(chǎn)生大量葡萄殘枝[2-3]。然而，長期以來，受農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式、葡萄枝條綜合利用技術(shù)水平、葡萄種植管理模式等多因素影響，葡萄枝條處理方式、渠道比較單一，資源稟賦得不到體現(xiàn)。中國每年有近千萬噸葡萄枝條隨意棄置腐爛或露天直接焚燒，造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染和安全隱患問題，且導(dǎo)致資源的極大浪費(fèi)[4-5]。據(jù)Pizzi等[6]研究，露天直接焚燒1 t葡萄枝條將向大氣排放51 kg的CO和5.1 kg的總懸浮顆粒物，若采用此方式，中國每年將產(chǎn)生約15萬t的CO和1.5萬t的總懸浮顆粒物。

葡萄修剪殘枝產(chǎn)出量高、處理難度大、環(huán)境影響突出。2021年國家發(fā)展改革委等10部門聯(lián)合發(fā)布了《關(guān)于“十四五”大宗固體廢棄物綜合利用的指導(dǎo)意見》[7]，提出要推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)副產(chǎn)物資源化綜合利用，加快建立綠色低碳循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)體系，為建設(shè)美麗中國提供重要支撐，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)“碳達(dá)峰、碳中和”目標(biāo)的重要途徑之一。葡萄枝條作為農(nóng)業(yè)副產(chǎn)物在生物質(zhì)資源化利用方面的研究是當(dāng)前農(nóng)業(yè)資源循環(huán)利用的熱點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)問題[8-9]。文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，葡萄枝條可進(jìn)行多途徑的高值化利用，如開發(fā)高性能燃料、生物炭、纖維素納米晶體、聚乙烯復(fù)合材料等，也可作為提取生物活性物質(zhì)的原料，如多酚、低聚糖、乳酸、揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)等，還可作為堆肥、造紙等原料。因此，合理有效地處理葡萄殘枝，積極開展葡萄枝條資源化利用的研究，使其變廢為寶，無論從農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和美麗鄉(xiāng)村構(gòu)建方面，還是當(dāng)前“碳達(dá)峰、碳中和”國家戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)方面，均將起到積極的促進(jìn)作用。本文圍繞葡萄枝條資源化綜合利用的總目標(biāo)，結(jié)合國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀，系統(tǒng)論述葡萄枝條在肥料化、燃料化和原料化3個(gè)方面的利用現(xiàn)狀與研究進(jìn)展，并對(duì)其發(fā)展前景進(jìn)行展望。該項(xiàng)研究可為葡萄枝條高效高值資源化利用提供參考，同時(shí)對(duì)于其他木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)農(nóng)業(yè)副產(chǎn)物的資源化高效利用也具有一定的科學(xué)指導(dǎo)意義。

1 葡萄枝條資源化現(xiàn)狀

近二十年來，中國葡萄種植面積和產(chǎn)量呈逐年增長的趨勢(shì)（圖1）。截至2020年，中國葡萄種植面積為76.8萬hm2，產(chǎn)量為1.48×103萬t。葡萄枝條修剪量的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析是其開展資源化合理利用的前提，有研究指出葡萄枝條修剪量與果實(shí)負(fù)載量之間存在一定的比例關(guān)系，Sánchez等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)年葡萄果實(shí)負(fù)載量與修剪枝條產(chǎn)量之間的比例約為1∶0.8；也有研究利用每棵葡萄樹修剪所產(chǎn)生的殘枝質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)估，如Sun等[11]選取中國8個(gè)主要葡萄產(chǎn)區(qū)的28個(gè)調(diào)查點(diǎn)，每個(gè)地點(diǎn)隨機(jī)選取40～50棵葡萄樹，收集修剪殘枝、稱其質(zhì)量并取均值，將每棵樹的平均質(zhì)量（kg/棵）作為相應(yīng)地點(diǎn)的修剪殘枝量，得到鮮食葡萄和釀酒葡萄的修剪殘枝量分別為2.74和1.53 kg/棵；此外，有研究報(bào)道采用單位面積統(tǒng)計(jì)方法對(duì)葡萄殘枝修剪量進(jìn)行的評(píng)估，如Dávila等[12]、Peralbo-Molina等[13]在各自的文獻(xiàn)中指出葡萄殘枝修剪量分別為2～4和1.4～2 t/hm2。鑒于各國的葡萄種植方式、管理模式等有所差異，對(duì)于中國而言，主要以鮮食葡萄種植為主，架形通常采用棚架型或V字型，單位面積殘枝修剪量與國外有所不同。綜合來看，Sun等[11]所做的系統(tǒng)性研究較為符合中國葡萄實(shí)際生產(chǎn)情況，本文參考該研究成果，以鮮食葡萄修剪殘枝量2.74 kg/棵進(jìn)行評(píng)估，結(jié)合國內(nèi)葡萄種植密度為2 000～3 330棵/hm2，由此估算，中國每年修剪產(chǎn)生的葡萄殘枝約為750萬t。

圖1 （2001—2020）年中國葡萄種植面積及產(chǎn)量.（數(shù)據(jù)源自FAO）

表1所示為葡萄枝條的化學(xué)成分組成。由表1可知，葡萄枝條富含木質(zhì)素、纖維素，且兩者質(zhì)量占比均在280～500 mg/g范圍以內(nèi)，半纖維素含量相對(duì)較少，最多一般不超過纖維素的10%，由此葡萄枝條表現(xiàn)出柔韌的物理特性。葡萄枝條中還含有較高含量的膳食纖維和果膠，其中總膳食纖維質(zhì)量占比最高可達(dá)981.2 mg/g，且含有一定量的可溶性糖以及蛋白質(zhì)，凸顯出葡萄枝條在食品衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的開發(fā)潛力。此外，枝條的C∶N比約為60∶1，每千克葡萄枝條（干基）最高約含975 g的有機(jī)物質(zhì)、8.0 g的N、2.6 g的P和8.6 g的K，且化學(xué)成分以酚類化合物、揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)等形式存在[11]，是極具利用價(jià)值的可再生生物質(zhì)資源，在醫(yī)療、化工、食品、生物醫(yī)藥、新材料等領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

表1 葡萄枝條化學(xué)成分組成[11,14-15]

2 葡萄枝條資源化利用現(xiàn)狀

根據(jù)國內(nèi)外葡萄枝條生物質(zhì)資源化綜合利用的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研，相關(guān)研究內(nèi)容主要集中在葡萄枝條的肥料化、原料化以及燃料化3個(gè)領(lǐng)域，如圖2所示。

圖2 葡萄枝條資源化綜合利用途徑

2.1 肥料化利用

葡萄枝條因含有豐富的氮、磷、鉀及有機(jī)質(zhì)等植物生長所必須的營養(yǎng)元素，兼具改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、提升土壤肥力、促進(jìn)作物生長等作用，適于作為肥料加以利用，其肥料化利用方式可分為：粉碎后直接還田、堆肥化處理等。

2.1.1 粉碎后直接還田

葡萄枝條粉碎后直接還田是指采用機(jī)械粉碎裝置將葡萄枝條粉碎后直接拋撒于田間地表或利用耕整機(jī)械將枝屑與土壤混勻掩埋等方式，并在微生物作用下對(duì)枝條進(jìn)行腐解，實(shí)現(xiàn)葡萄枝條的肥料化利用。該方式在改良土壤的同時(shí)，可提升土壤固碳能力，即減少農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中二氧化碳、甲烷等的排放，增加土壤碳儲(chǔ)量，是實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)“碳達(dá)峰、碳中和”的有效路徑之一。目前相關(guān)研究集中于機(jī)具優(yōu)化和還田技術(shù)探究。

在粉碎機(jī)具結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化方面，研究人員分別開發(fā)了集撿拾、輸送、粉碎、拋撒等功能為一體的機(jī)械粉碎裝置[16]和直接就地粉碎還田機(jī)[17]等機(jī)械處理設(shè)備，試制了物理樣機(jī)，具有良好的撿拾和粉碎性能，撿拾率大于97%，粉碎合格率在85%以上，為提升葡萄枝條粉碎質(zhì)量提供了技術(shù)支撐和裝備支持。

在還田技術(shù)研究方面，為探究葡萄枝條直接粉碎還田的可行性，首先對(duì)葡萄枝條的有機(jī)質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分進(jìn)行了分析[11]，如通過理化分析方法測定分析植物生長所必需的氮磷鉀含量等。進(jìn)一步地，開展還田效應(yīng)分析，對(duì)比葡萄枝條在圓盤耙和旋耕機(jī)兩種不同耕作方式下與土壤混埋還田對(duì)不同粒徑土壤團(tuán)聚體形成、團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性及碳含量的影響，第一年枝條還田試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)表層土壤容重由1.49 mg/m3降低至1.44 mg/m3，表明枝條還田有利于改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)及理化性狀，而兩種耕作方式對(duì)土壤碳保持產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[18-19]；為尋求葡萄園在減少化肥施用而不影響葡萄產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的有效路徑，一項(xiàng)為期兩年的試驗(yàn)探究了葡萄枝條與豆科作物覆蓋聯(lián)合施用的潛在效益，分析發(fā)現(xiàn)該組合模式可確保土壤硝酸鹽對(duì)葡萄植株生理基本需求，是替代化肥施用的有效方式之一[20]；也有研究利用盆栽試驗(yàn)分析添加葡萄枝對(duì)葡萄樹體生長及土壤真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)等的影響[21]，可知適量添加葡萄枝（土壤∶枝條=50∶1）利于木質(zhì)素降解，可優(yōu)化土壤真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)，促進(jìn)樹體生長發(fā)育，并降低葡萄感染病害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?？梢?，枝條粉碎還田是一項(xiàng)有效、便捷的“就地應(yīng)用”處理模式，為短期內(nèi)處理大量葡萄殘枝提供方法參考。

2.1.2 堆肥化處理

堆肥化主要依靠自然界的微生物對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)有控制地進(jìn)行生物降解，生成可被植物吸收利用的有效態(tài)氮、磷、鉀化合物，同時(shí)可合成提升土壤肥力的重要活性物質(zhì)腐殖質(zhì)[22]。目前，葡萄枝條堆肥化的研究主要涉及堆肥化過程分析、堆肥對(duì)土壤和植物生長的影響。

葡萄枝條堆肥化過程分析方面，探明堆肥機(jī)理是研究的重點(diǎn)。王引權(quán)[23]結(jié)合常規(guī)生物化學(xué)分析方法和傅里葉變換紅外光譜分析技術(shù)，對(duì)不同初始C∶N比條件下葡萄枝條的堆肥化過程進(jìn)行效應(yīng)分析，結(jié)果表明，不同初始C∶N比葡萄枝條的有機(jī)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化特征基本相似，即OH、CH3和CH2基化合物均隨著堆肥化進(jìn)程的深入而減少，標(biāo)志著脂肪族化合物減少，芳香族化合物增加以及有機(jī)物產(chǎn)生了明顯的礦化作用。為進(jìn)一步高效地降解葡萄枝條以獲取高質(zhì)量堆肥化效果，部分學(xué)者引入蚯蚓堆肥技術(shù)開展葡萄枝條堆肥化過程分析，在實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下利用蚯蚓對(duì)葡萄枝條等廢棄物進(jìn)行降解處理并跟蹤觀察生物量和酶活性的演變情況[24-25]，并采用定量聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)（PCR）和變性梯度凝膠電泳（DGGE）分析方法[26]，監(jiān)測了葡萄枝條等農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物在蚯蚓堆肥和成熟期的微生物群落、酶活性和蠕蟲生物量間的動(dòng)態(tài)變化情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)蚯蚓堆肥期間細(xì)菌、真菌和-蛋白桿菌數(shù)量分別下降了77%、94%和71%，而-蛋白桿菌和放線桿菌數(shù)量增加了62%～79%，表明蚯蚓對(duì)葡萄枝條堆肥化進(jìn)程具有顯著的促進(jìn)作用。因此，研究微生物群落演變及生物化學(xué)變化是探明堆肥化過程機(jī)理的關(guān)鍵，為堆肥技術(shù)的提升提供支持。

堆肥對(duì)土壤以及植物生長的影響研究方面，主要是開展堆肥后效分析。Chan等[27]選取6個(gè)葡萄園開展為期3年的葡萄枝堆肥田間覆蓋試驗(yàn)，以探究堆肥施用對(duì)葡萄生長的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)將153 m3/hm2的葡萄枝堆肥覆蓋于葡萄園可增加果實(shí)產(chǎn)量1 t/hm2，降低果實(shí)含酸量，并提升果實(shí)鉀元素含量。Nicolás等[28]在半干旱土壤中進(jìn)行9個(gè)月的培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)，表明土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量受改良劑性能和穩(wěn)定性的影響較大，其中葡萄枝條堆肥更有利于腐殖化；Gaiotti等[29]指出，施用葡萄枝條堆肥使土壤總氮、有機(jī)質(zhì)的質(zhì)量（干質(zhì)量）分別增加0.5%～0.7%和3.1～5.9 g/kg，作物根系密度增長51根/m2，果實(shí)產(chǎn)量增加15%～24%，且果實(shí)品質(zhì)有所提升。由此可知，葡萄枝條堆肥化處理可作為土壤調(diào)節(jié)劑，增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)，減少化肥施用。

2.1.3 生物炭制備

葡萄枝條熱解制備生物炭技術(shù)逐漸成為肥料化利用研究的熱點(diǎn)，生物炭是有機(jī)物質(zhì)在密閉低氧環(huán)境中，經(jīng)加熱分解產(chǎn)生的固態(tài)物質(zhì)[30]，可改善酸化土質(zhì)、提升土壤保水能力及增加作物產(chǎn)量。Manyà等[31]通過慢熱解試驗(yàn)研究了熱解壓力、峰值溫度和粒徑對(duì)葡萄枝條衍生生物炭潛在穩(wěn)定性的影響，結(jié)果表明粒徑是決定生物炭潛在穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)鍵因素，固定碳產(chǎn)量、芳烴百分比和pH值隨粒徑增加而增大；Azuara等[32]采用CO2代替N2作為熱解環(huán)境，分析CO2對(duì)葡萄枝條熱解過程的影響，當(dāng)峰值溫度為600 ℃、壓力由0.1增至1.1 MPa時(shí)，枝條在CO2熱解環(huán)境下生物炭的碳化效率和質(zhì)量產(chǎn)率基本一致，可作為替代昂貴惰性氣體N2的有效方法，且增加了CO的產(chǎn)率；Libutti等[33]開展了一項(xiàng)旨在評(píng)估葡萄枝條生物炭等不同有機(jī)改良劑對(duì)瑞士甜菜生長情況的短期定量和定性試驗(yàn)，而甜菜質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量均無顯著提升，可能原因在于試驗(yàn)時(shí)間太短；Nunes等[34]分析了葡萄枝的化學(xué)特性以及材料在熱解過程中的行為機(jī)制，碳化后樣品含水量、揮發(fā)性成分、灰分含量、固定碳質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)等的均值分別為1.34%、33.90%、7.28%和58.82%，是制備生物炭的理想原料，并可作為改良劑用于土壤修復(fù)和碳封存。

2.2 燃料化利用

葡萄枝條碳、氫、氧等元素含量高，而氮、硫含量低，具有很高的能量儲(chǔ)存，是一種良好的燃料化原料資源。燃料化利用的研究主要集中于生物質(zhì)能源潛力評(píng)估與燃料轉(zhuǎn)化方式，其中根據(jù)燃料轉(zhuǎn)化方式又可分為直燃技術(shù)、氣體燃料制備、液體燃料制備和固體燃料制備等。

2.2.1 生物質(zhì)能源潛力評(píng)估

生物質(zhì)能源化開發(fā)是緩解當(dāng)前化石燃料短缺的有效途徑之一。對(duì)葡萄枝條生物質(zhì)能源進(jìn)行評(píng)估，探明生物質(zhì)能潛力，是發(fā)展生物質(zhì)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)[35]。已有專家學(xué)者對(duì)葡萄枝條的生物質(zhì)能源潛力開展了研究，如測定了葡萄枝的熱值[36]，對(duì)其生物質(zhì)能進(jìn)行了定量分析[37]，探究了品種、種植模式和灌溉等因素的影響，結(jié)果表明，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)架形的枝條修剪產(chǎn)量為2.15 t/hm2，比Y型架修枝量多25%，且灌溉可使葡萄生物量增長42%；同時(shí)構(gòu)建了生物量評(píng)估回歸模型，經(jīng)驗(yàn)證模型誤差約為0.2 t/hm2，模型較為準(zhǔn)確。此外，通過商業(yè)案例分析發(fā)現(xiàn)[38]，將葡萄枝回收發(fā)電可降低電力消耗成本，降幅約為5.26%，且年CO2排放將減少約3.78 t，具有顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益。也有研究選取不同地區(qū)、品種和年份的葡萄枝進(jìn)行化學(xué)表征，通過試驗(yàn)并結(jié)合地里信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）對(duì)其能量潛力（燃料、發(fā)電）做進(jìn)一步評(píng)估，經(jīng)燃燒試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄枝條具有較高的熱值為1.69×104kJ/kg和中等程度的灰分產(chǎn)出量及氣溶膠排放率，不存在因S或Cl等元素引起的腐蝕現(xiàn)象，且重金屬含量很低[39-41]?？梢?，葡萄枝整體表現(xiàn)出良好的燃料特性，在生物燃料方面具有較高的發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ勺鳛橐?guī)模供熱、供電等的理想替代燃料。

2.2.2 直燃技術(shù)

直燃技術(shù)是生物質(zhì)能源轉(zhuǎn)化中較為傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)，從能量轉(zhuǎn)換觀點(diǎn)來看，生物質(zhì)直燃是通過燃燒將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能加以利用。目前，直燃技術(shù)在葡萄枝條利用方面的研究主要集中于熱開采及發(fā)電，該技術(shù)的核心在于燃燒設(shè)備。Vamvuka等[42]基于流化床試驗(yàn)對(duì)葡萄枝條燃燒所產(chǎn)生的飛灰和底灰進(jìn)行了表征，探究了結(jié)垢機(jī)制，結(jié)果表明灰分中CaO、K2O、P2O5和Ni含量較高，且氧化物含量隨燃燒溫度升高而增加，水浸可顯著降低易導(dǎo)致結(jié)垢的問題元素K、Na、P、Cl等的含量，因此低溫燃燒或水浸有利于減輕結(jié)垢問題；José等[43-44]在錐形噴流床燃燒器內(nèi)開展燃燒試驗(yàn)，通過流體動(dòng)力學(xué)和熱學(xué)理論，分析了燃燒氣體的演變過程，并引入Pd催化燃燒技術(shù)，有效削弱了揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物的生成，CO和碳?xì)浠衔餄舛确謩e減少了25%和63%，CO2濃度增加了40%，總CO2/CO比例超過10%，對(duì)燃燒效率及性能的提升起到了積極影響；Fernández-Puratich等[45]對(duì)葡萄枝屑進(jìn)行了能量值（熱值、灰分含量等）分析，并與常用的固體生物燃料（松木）在CO2總排放量（TCO2）上進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄枝條具有較低的TCO2排放，并利用葡萄枝條代替商用燃料，每年可為葡萄園節(jié)省401美元/hm2的燃料開支，其燃燒灰燼代替化肥可節(jié)省約8美元/hm2的肥料開支，生態(tài)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益顯著。總之，直燃技術(shù)是一項(xiàng)便捷、操作簡單的燃料化利用方式，燃燒設(shè)備與催化劑的引入是提升該技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵，同時(shí)應(yīng)考慮燃燒后殘?jiān)幕厥赵倮?，以加?qiáng)資源化利用率。

2.2.3 氣體燃料制備

氣體燃料的制備通常采用生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)，根據(jù)氣化工藝不同，可進(jìn)一步分為直接氣化和沼氣發(fā)酵兩類，其中直接氣化是將粉碎的固態(tài)生物質(zhì)在缺氧條件下經(jīng)干燥、熱解、燃燒和還原等工藝，生成由CO、H2、CH4和CnHm的混合可燃?xì)怏w。國內(nèi)外學(xué)者在能量潛力[46]、生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電及環(huán)境可持續(xù)性[47-48]、產(chǎn)氫和沼氣制備[49-50]等方面對(duì)葡萄枝氣化燃料的開發(fā)進(jìn)行了探索，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，葡萄枝條制備氣體燃料替代傳統(tǒng)燃料發(fā)電可節(jié)約29%～60%的能源，環(huán)境效益高達(dá)98%，且甲烷產(chǎn)量一般能達(dá)到30.2～342 L/kg，表明葡萄枝條適于氣體燃料的開發(fā)。為了提升沼氣制備效率，Pérez-Rodríguez等[51-52]對(duì)葡萄枝條進(jìn)行酶水解、超聲波和分級(jí)擠壓等預(yù)處理，過程中木質(zhì)素的降解加快，促進(jìn)了厭氧微生物進(jìn)入木質(zhì)纖維素基質(zhì)，甲烷產(chǎn)出量提升約40%，因此，采用合理地預(yù)處理方式對(duì)于葡萄枝條沼氣制備具有一定的促進(jìn)作用。此外，有研究通過氣化試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行葡萄枝氣化過程熱化學(xué)和生化反應(yīng)機(jī)理研究[53-54]，評(píng)估并構(gòu)建了氣化過程動(dòng)力學(xué)模型[50]，利于氣化技術(shù)在葡萄枝燃料化利用中的發(fā)展。

2.2.4 液體燃料制備

液體燃料的制備主要采用液化技術(shù)，即依靠微生物或酶的作用，對(duì)生物質(zhì)能進(jìn)行生物轉(zhuǎn)化，生產(chǎn)乙醇等液體燃料。該技術(shù)的生產(chǎn)過程、反應(yīng)機(jī)理和反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)等與白酒釀造基本一致，在生產(chǎn)工藝、裝備和技術(shù)方面可借鑒現(xiàn)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，是近些年發(fā)展較快的生物質(zhì)能轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)，也是較為理想的資源化利用途徑之一。在葡萄枝條液化制備醇類燃料研究方面，主要集中于纖維素降解及乙醇轉(zhuǎn)化率提升等。首先，通過蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理并結(jié)合水解、發(fā)酵等試驗(yàn)，對(duì)葡萄枝進(jìn)行表征和化學(xué)成分分析，測定了灰分、提取物、木質(zhì)素、葡聚糖、寡聚糖、乙?；馁|(zhì)量占比分別為3.0%、12.2%、31.6%、28.4%、2.6%和3.9%，可見葡萄枝是生物乙醇生產(chǎn)的合適原材料，并初步明確了乙醇制備的條件[55-56]；之后，基于生物煉制的技術(shù)理念，分析葡萄枝制備生物乙醇的過程，重點(diǎn)在于木質(zhì)素結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，提出了提升纖維素降解率和乙醇轉(zhuǎn)化率的處理方式和手段，如兩步自水解、微波輔助處理等[57]。此外，利用堿性預(yù)處理、酶水解等分析了丙酮-丁醇-乙醇發(fā)酵生產(chǎn)生物丁醇的可行性，將碳酸鈣替換為蛋殼粉作為緩沖劑，使生物丁醇產(chǎn)量保持在7 g/L以上，有效降低了生產(chǎn)成本[58]。然而，以葡萄枝條等纖維素生物質(zhì)為原料制取醇類燃料在技術(shù)方面尚不成熟，仍處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段，存在轉(zhuǎn)化率低、能耗大等問題，需開展深入研究。

2.2.5 固體燃料制備

固體燃料的制備通常采用固化技術(shù)，根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化方式不同可分為碳化和固化成型。其中，碳化是在缺氧或絕氧環(huán)境中經(jīng)高溫?zé)崃呀夂笊傻墓虘B(tài)產(chǎn)物；固化成型是經(jīng)生物質(zhì)壓塊制備成體積小、密度高的顆粒燃料。

葡萄枝條碳化方面，顆粒燃料的碳化制備過程、燃燒特性等是研究重點(diǎn)，研究人員利用熱催化重整技術(shù)[59]、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化等容爆炸試驗(yàn)[60]分別對(duì)葡萄枝生物質(zhì)燃料潛力、碳化燃料的爆炸特性進(jìn)行了研究；為明確適宜葡萄枝碳化生產(chǎn)條件，分析了碳化溫度和時(shí)間對(duì)顆粒燃料特性的影響，得出300 ℃、2 h碳化條件下可獲取優(yōu)質(zhì)生物炭[61]；也有研究利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法[62]和新的熱解方法[63]分別探究了葡萄枝條在發(fā)電方面替代煤炭的潛力，從葡萄枝中獲取具有與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化亞煙煤理化特性相當(dāng)?shù)膯我惶蓟a(chǎn)品，評(píng)估和比較了反應(yīng)溫度、時(shí)間和氣氛等對(duì)生物質(zhì)熱解的影響，表明葡萄枝具備代替煤作為生物燃料的潛力。

葡萄枝條固化成型方面，主要研究了生物質(zhì)顆粒燃料物料及燃燒特性。將葡萄枝顆?；瞥深w粒燃料，開展鍋爐燃燒試驗(yàn)，探究葡萄枝顆粒燃料的燃燒特性，結(jié)果表明顆粒燃料具有較高的能量儲(chǔ)存，同時(shí)與露天直接燃燒進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，結(jié)果顯示鍋爐燃燒可顯著提升燃燒效率，減少TSP、CO、NOX的等污染物的排放[6,64-66]；同時(shí)，有研究針對(duì)葡萄枝顆粒燃料的物料特性進(jìn)行離散元關(guān)鍵參數(shù)標(biāo)定，構(gòu)建了DEM模型[67]，為模擬分析顆粒燃料的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存等處理過程提供模型參考；此外，對(duì)葡萄枝顆粒燃料的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益進(jìn)行了系列研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)采用生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)制備燃料顆粒效益顯著，是實(shí)現(xiàn)資源化利用的有效途徑[68-69]。近年來，為進(jìn)一步提升顆粒燃料的燃燒性能，開發(fā)了熱化學(xué)處理技術(shù)，引入自然干燥和強(qiáng)制干燥進(jìn)行顆粒還原技術(shù)，并進(jìn)行生物量分級(jí)和致密化處理，經(jīng)微熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)的廢熱發(fā)電效率可達(dá)97%，為獲取清潔能源提供了替代方案[70]。

此外，為了促進(jìn)葡萄枝條等農(nóng)林業(yè)廢棄物的燃料化利用，研究人員研制開發(fā)了配套的粉碎收集等機(jī)械設(shè)備，如可就地生產(chǎn)顆粒燃料的移動(dòng)式生物質(zhì)粉碎成型聯(lián)合機(jī)[71]、移動(dòng)式枝條粉碎機(jī)[72]、葡萄修剪殘枝收集與加工機(jī)械化系統(tǒng)[73]等，提升了葡萄枝等生物質(zhì)獲取及利用效率。

2.3 原料化利用

葡萄枝條原料化利用可獲取高性能、高附加值產(chǎn)品，是極具潛力和發(fā)展前景的生物資源[74]，已成為學(xué)界的研究熱點(diǎn)。目前，葡萄枝原料化利用方式主要包括高值化合物提取、造紙、板材加工、吸附劑制備等，其中高值化合物有多酚物質(zhì)、低聚糖、還原糖、蛋白質(zhì)等。

2.3.1 高值化合物提取

1）多酚類化合物

葡萄枝中含有較為豐富的多酚類物質(zhì)[13,75]，在多酚化合物利用方面的研究主要集中于酚類物質(zhì)提取、作為釀酒添加劑等。

① 酚類物質(zhì)提取

酚類物質(zhì)是植物生長代謝過程的次生產(chǎn)物，是一類具有生物活性的天然化合物，從化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)上來說，其囊括了從低分子質(zhì)量的簡單酚類到具有高聚合結(jié)構(gòu)的大分子聚合物[14]，種類形式較多?，F(xiàn)有關(guān)于葡萄枝提取酚類物質(zhì)的研究在食品、醫(yī)藥、化妝品等領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出了廣闊的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展?jié)摿?。提取是分離、純化和利用酚類物質(zhì)的主要環(huán)節(jié)，根據(jù)提取手段和方式的不同，葡萄枝酚類物質(zhì)提取形式有溶液提取、超聲波輔助提取、微波輔助提取、固液萃取、過熱液體提取、亞臨界水提取、高壓放電提取等。如表2所示為近年來國內(nèi)外研究學(xué)者在葡萄枝酚類物質(zhì)提取方面的相關(guān)研究成果，由表2可知，研究主要集中于葡萄枝酚類提取物功能特性、提取工藝參數(shù)優(yōu)化以及不同提取方式對(duì)比分析等方面。

表2 葡萄枝酚類物質(zhì)提取研究現(xiàn)狀

在葡萄枝酚類提取物功能特性研究方面，涉及抗氧化活性、保鮮防腐、抑菌能力、抗炎作用等，均表現(xiàn)出較好的效果。如有研究選取不同品種葡萄枝，利用脫脂甲醇[76]、亞臨界水提取[86]、稀釋法[95-96]、歐姆加熱[97]等方式獲取酚類物質(zhì)，探究并發(fā)現(xiàn)提取的酚類物質(zhì)具有較強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性和一定的抗菌、抗癌及保鮮防腐作用；為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證葡萄枝提取物在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用潛力，研究人員采用動(dòng)物、飲食和試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)方法評(píng)估了葡萄枝提取物對(duì)飼喂高脂血癥飼料的倉鼠早期動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的影響，通過飼喂葡萄枝多酚提取物，與對(duì)照組相比，倉鼠的主動(dòng)脈脂肪含量和超氧陰離子（O2??）的產(chǎn)生分別降低了67%和40%，而在血漿中對(duì)氧磷酶濃度升高了29%，表明葡萄枝多酚提取物對(duì)心血管、代謝等疾病具有預(yù)防作用[98]；也有研究利用液萃取技術(shù)獲取葡萄枝水提液，將其施用于葡萄葉片，發(fā)現(xiàn)提取液葉面施用可提高葡萄產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)，降低葡萄酒酒精度，進(jìn)而改善葡萄酒品質(zhì)[99-100]。

在最佳提取工藝參數(shù)確定方面，研究人員基于特定提取手段，利用試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)或響應(yīng)面分析法進(jìn)行葡萄枝酚類物質(zhì)提取工藝參數(shù)優(yōu)化，優(yōu)化的工藝參數(shù)對(duì)于具體類別酚類物質(zhì)提取率的提升效果顯著。高園等[14]利用單因素試驗(yàn)和正交試驗(yàn)涉及方法，基于超聲波輔助技術(shù)確定了葡萄枝提取酚類物質(zhì)的最佳工藝條件，提取率最高可達(dá)97.38%；Jesus等[92]通過試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)常規(guī)處理加熱和微波輔助加熱提取下的總酚類化合物及其抗氧化活性進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化，并獲取了兩種處理方式優(yōu)化條件下多酚質(zhì)量占比分別為2.17和2.37 g/100 g，且微波輔助處理能減少提取時(shí)間和能耗；Rajha等[88, 93]采用響應(yīng)面方法明確了-環(huán)糊精提取葡萄枝多酚的最佳參數(shù)為：37.7 mg/mL-環(huán)糊精水溶液，66.6 ℃下提取48 h，結(jié)合酶水解前高壓放電預(yù)處理的方法，多酚、還原糖和可溶性木質(zhì)素的提取率分別提升了72%、43%和104%，廢渣中木質(zhì)素質(zhì)量占比減少了10%。

在不同提取方式對(duì)比分析方面，通過選取不同的提取方式開展葡萄枝酚類物質(zhì)提取試驗(yàn)對(duì)比研究，以明確較優(yōu)的提取手段或方法，為實(shí)際生產(chǎn)提供技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。如Rajha等[94]選用高壓脈沖電場提取、高壓放電提取、超聲波輔助提取等3種方法提取葡萄枝多酚和蛋白并進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)高壓放電輔助方式提取率最高，但增加了組織和細(xì)胞損傷；Delgado-Torre等[90]開展多元試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)，比較過熱液體提取、微波輔助提取、超聲波輔助提取等3種方法，明確了每種方法的最佳提取條件，其中過熱液體提取方式最佳條件為體積濃度80%的水乙醇溶液、pH值3、180 ℃，微波輔助提取方式的最佳條件為140 W、5 min，超聲波輔助提取方式則在280 W、50%占空比、7.5 min的超聲條件下萃取效率較高；Moreira等[91]基于兩種不同葡萄枝品種，探究了微波輔助提取、亞臨界水提取、常規(guī)（溶液）提取3種方法提取效果，結(jié)果表明微波輔助提取和亞臨界水提取2種方法提取物濃度最高。

由此可知，葡萄枝條多酚類化合物的提取極具實(shí)際生產(chǎn)價(jià)值，可開發(fā)高附加值產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)該類物質(zhì)功能性研究顯得尤為必要；同時(shí)，葡萄枝條酚類物質(zhì)提取受多種因素的影響，如葡萄枝條品種、類型，提取工藝或方式等，針對(duì)不同類型葡萄枝條，優(yōu)化相應(yīng)的提取工藝參數(shù)或技術(shù)方案并配套相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，是葡萄枝條酚類物質(zhì)高效提取的關(guān)鍵。

② 釀酒添加劑

葡萄枝經(jīng)處理可作為與橡木片類似功能的釀酒添加劑，有助于提升葡萄酒的感官質(zhì)量、穩(wěn)定性和抗氧化特性等。鑒于此，近年來部分專家學(xué)者對(duì)葡萄枝作為釀酒添加劑開展了研究。

Torre等[101]是較早開展此類研究的科研團(tuán)隊(duì)，主要進(jìn)行葡萄枝和橡木片提取物特征的比較分析，通過過熱液體提取方式對(duì)提取物進(jìn)行提取分離，結(jié)合氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜法對(duì)提取物成分進(jìn)行定性和定量分析，比較其異同，證明了葡萄枝和橡木提取物之間具有相似性，可見葡萄枝在釀酒學(xué)意義上可用作釀酒添加劑。為深入探究葡萄枝作為釀酒添加劑的開發(fā)潛力，Sánchez-Gómez等[102-103]開展了不同烘烤處理下酚類化合物及其揮發(fā)性成分變化特征研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)酚類物質(zhì)受烘烤時(shí)間和烘烤程度的影響較大，且烘烤程度越高，揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)增量越大，表明烘烤葡萄枝可產(chǎn)生具有高附加值的揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)；Cebrián-Tarancón等[104-105]研究了葡萄枝不同烘烤處理下的化學(xué)成分，結(jié)合熱重分析、HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS聯(lián)用技術(shù)，發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄枝揮發(fā)性成分與橡木片相似。

以上研究均未將葡萄枝作為添加劑應(yīng)用于葡萄酒釀造，無法明確其作為添加劑對(duì)釀造過程以及酒的品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生何種影響。為此，Cebrián-Tarancón等[4,106]開展了葡萄枝的釀酒分析，研究不同品種、粒徑、形態(tài)、烘烤、劑量、添加時(shí)機(jī)、浸泡時(shí)間等對(duì)模型酒的揮發(fā)性和酚類物質(zhì)的影響，發(fā)現(xiàn)上述因素綜合表征促使釀酒過程中重要化合物的變化（生成或轉(zhuǎn)移），進(jìn)而對(duì)葡萄酒品質(zhì)產(chǎn)生積極影響；此外，該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)葡萄枝作為釀酒添加劑在殺菌劑殘留和潛在毒性方面進(jìn)行了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估[107]，首先利用HPLC-MS/MS方法測定修剪枝經(jīng)儲(chǔ)藏、烘烤處理后殺菌劑含量，之后運(yùn)用代謝還原法進(jìn)行釀酒試驗(yàn)以探究細(xì)胞毒性，結(jié)果表明葡萄枝作為釀酒添加劑不會(huì)對(duì)消費(fèi)者構(gòu)成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

2）其他高值化合物

葡萄枝條除用于酚類物質(zhì)提取和應(yīng)用外，還可通過一定的處理方式和手段從中獲取其他類化合物，如低聚糖、低聚木糖、還原糖、乳酸、生物表面活性劑、纖維素納米晶體等，在醫(yī)藥、化工、食品等領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景，相關(guān)研究如表3所示。對(duì)于低聚糖提取而言，首先探究了葡萄枝提取低聚糖的可行性，利用自水解處理方式[12]，評(píng)估了自水解適于葡萄枝預(yù)處理，可作為生物質(zhì)精煉第一階段，且構(gòu)建了相關(guān)力學(xué)模型，闡釋水解機(jī)理，以獲取高濃度低聚糖[108-109]，并在水解過程中提取到具有抗氧化、抗菌活性的酚類化合物[110]及還原糖[111]，表明葡萄枝經(jīng)自水解具有生產(chǎn)糖類及其他高附加值化合物的潛力；為深入探究處理方式對(duì)低聚糖提取效果的影響，分別開展了水熱處理[74]、微波加熱[112]和微波輔助[113]提取方法的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)利用水熱處理獲取的提取液經(jīng)濃縮-滲析實(shí)現(xiàn)精制，微波加熱可實(shí)現(xiàn)不同相中葡萄枝主要成分的單級(jí)分餾，這里除低聚糖外，還可獲取葡萄糖、木糖等成分[114]，而微波輔助自水解處理相較于其他方式更省時(shí)環(huán)保且具備環(huán)境可持續(xù)性，可作為低聚糖等提取手段的未來發(fā)展方向。此外，葡萄枝經(jīng)水解、微生物發(fā)酵可獲取乳酸，以作為食品添加劑用于食品工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，其中微生物發(fā)酵主要利用戊糖乳桿菌，處理過程中還可獲取木糖醇、生物表面活性劑、苯乳酸和糠醛等[115]，相關(guān)研究則集中于評(píng)估葡萄枝作為有效碳源的可行性[115-116]、優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)工藝[117]等方面；其中，糠醛也可經(jīng)水、有機(jī)溶劑、H2SO4結(jié)合微波反應(yīng)器分餾獲取[118]，并有研究從環(huán)境角度評(píng)估了生產(chǎn)糠醛和乳酸的環(huán)境效益，將其與傳統(tǒng)工藝進(jìn)行比較，以得到較優(yōu)的開發(fā)利用方案[119]。木質(zhì)素、纖維素及半纖維素等一般通過水熱預(yù)處理與有機(jī)溶劑處理來獲取，且在該處理方式下還可得到葡萄糖和酚類物質(zhì)[120-121]；同時(shí)，索氏提取結(jié)合堿處理方法可獲取高純度纖維素[122-123]。葡萄枝經(jīng)酸水解可制備纖維素納米晶體，并將其應(yīng)用于納米復(fù)合材料中，可顯著提升復(fù)合材料的力學(xué)性能[2]，同時(shí)葡萄枝相關(guān)提取物結(jié)合制備的納米晶體可開發(fā)應(yīng)用于納米纖維素薄膜[122]，為生物基食品包裝材料探索出生物聚合物材料新的替代來源?？傊?，葡萄枝條提取化合物具有復(fù)雜多樣的特點(diǎn)，根據(jù)不同類型化合物的提取，優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)、選取合適的技術(shù)手段始終是首要考慮的問題，同時(shí)探明提取過程中深層次的反應(yīng)機(jī)理也是研究的重要課題。

表3 葡萄枝其他高值化合物提取研究現(xiàn)狀

2.3.2 生物活性炭制備

生物質(zhì)活性炭可利用農(nóng)業(yè)副產(chǎn)物作為原料制備，在污染處理、化學(xué)、制藥、食品等領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用前景廣闊。目前，將葡萄修剪殘枝進(jìn)行生物活性炭開發(fā)已成為學(xué)界研究熱點(diǎn)之一。

較早研究著眼于評(píng)估葡萄枝制備活性炭的可行性方面，通常采用磷酸化學(xué)活化[126]、二氧化碳活化[127]等方法，結(jié)合理化分析和結(jié)構(gòu)表征，探明葡萄枝是制備活性炭的適宜原料。接著，人們將研究重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向工藝手段對(duì)活性炭性能的影響上，對(duì)比分析了物理活化法、化學(xué)活化法所制活性炭的結(jié)構(gòu)特征，發(fā)現(xiàn)化學(xué)活化較物理活化更能有效地制備多孔性較好的活性炭[128-129]。同時(shí)，對(duì)所制活性炭的吸附性能進(jìn)行了探究，如氯化鋅活化所制活性炭對(duì)利福平的最大吸附量可達(dá)476.2 mg/g[130]，且開展了模擬體液中的鎳（II）污染物吸附研究，結(jié)果表明其可用于緊急干預(yù)鎳中毒及含鎳廢水的處理[131]；利用氮?dú)夥諊聼峤庵苽涞幕钚蕴烤哂腥鯄A性和高礦物質(zhì)含量，可有效吸附水中的鉛和鎘[132]；還對(duì)CO2物理活化和KOH化學(xué)活化所制活性炭的CO2吸附能力進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)CO2物理活化在800 ℃、浸泡時(shí)間1 h所制備的活性炭具有較高的CO2吸附率，在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景[133]。

近年來，活性炭因具有良好孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)及較高碳含量，在燃料電池領(lǐng)域開發(fā)方面引起了人們的注意。首先，對(duì)物理活化、化學(xué)活化所得的活性炭進(jìn)行了直流電導(dǎo)率與溫度間的影響研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)活性炭的體積電導(dǎo)率受多種因素的影響，其中質(zhì)地和表面化學(xué)最為顯著；同時(shí)，電導(dǎo)率測量結(jié)果表明，活性炭表現(xiàn)出典型的半導(dǎo)體材料特性，其導(dǎo)電過程與能隙有關(guān)[134]。有研究對(duì)葡萄枝所制活性炭進(jìn)行了氧還原反應(yīng)和硼氫化物氧化反應(yīng)，并與商用活性炭Vulcan XC72對(duì)比，可知經(jīng)化學(xué)活化制備的生物基碳負(fù)載Pd NPs電催化劑具有更好的催化活性，為推動(dòng)燃料電池商業(yè)化應(yīng)用提供技術(shù)支持[135]；進(jìn)一步地，有研究利用葡萄枝生產(chǎn)的活性基碳用作鈀納米顆粒（Pd NP）的載體，并評(píng)估其用于析氫反應(yīng)的潛在陰極堿性介質(zhì)，該新型Pd電催化劑在低過電位下的高電流密度方面表現(xiàn)出良好的析氫反應(yīng)活性[136]。此外，以葡萄枝為模型生物質(zhì)，研究并生產(chǎn)用于能源儲(chǔ)存和轉(zhuǎn)換裝置的生物基碳材料，發(fā)現(xiàn)熱解與水熱碳化相結(jié)合可顯著提升芳香族碳結(jié)構(gòu)、碳含量、電導(dǎo)率和孔隙率等，以獲取適于電化學(xué)雙層電容器制備的材料[137]。

3 存在的問題及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

葡萄枝條是一種可再生能源，如何“變廢為寶”走資源化綜合利用發(fā)展之路，是實(shí)現(xiàn)資源、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑，利于“雙碳”目標(biāo)的有效推進(jìn)。葡萄枝資源化綜合利用的實(shí)施需緊跟實(shí)際發(fā)展訴求，走有效化、精簡化和高值化的發(fā)展路徑。因此，在實(shí)施過程中要考慮以下因素：一是低成本、規(guī)?；占咸阎l；二是合理高效穩(wěn)定的轉(zhuǎn)化和提質(zhì)技術(shù)；三是終端產(chǎn)品能夠較好地符合社會(huì)發(fā)展需求。然而，鑒于以上發(fā)展訴求，目前葡萄枝的資源化綜合利用仍任重道遠(yuǎn)。其中，低成本規(guī)?；占敲媾R的首要問題，主要原因在于葡萄種植管理方面的機(jī)械化水平低，且栽培模式不統(tǒng)一，導(dǎo)致葡萄枝從修剪、收集至處理等各環(huán)節(jié)的勞動(dòng)力輸出大、生產(chǎn)成本高、效率低，制約著原料節(jié)本高效規(guī)模化收集和處理。第二點(diǎn)高效穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)化提質(zhì)技術(shù)一直是研究的熱點(diǎn)核心問題，根據(jù)不同的利用方式提出了系列技術(shù)方案，但無論是傳統(tǒng)的或是新近提出的應(yīng)用技術(shù)尚不成熟，均需在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn)。第三點(diǎn)則是所制備的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)具有實(shí)際應(yīng)有價(jià)值和需求，緊跟社會(huì)發(fā)展，且結(jié)合各地實(shí)際發(fā)展特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行合理地開發(fā)利用。鑒于此，應(yīng)在以下方面做深入研究：

1）規(guī)范栽培模式，提升葡萄種植管理機(jī)械化水平。葡萄修剪殘枝高效、規(guī)模化收集和處理是系統(tǒng)工程，農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝需結(jié)合，即規(guī)范葡萄園栽培模式，構(gòu)建適于機(jī)械化作業(yè)的行距、架形和株高等，同時(shí)應(yīng)結(jié)合葡萄修剪殘枝的物料特征和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，研制開發(fā)集撿拾、輸送、粉碎、收集等多功能為一體的機(jī)械設(shè)備，節(jié)本增效。

2）高值高效綜合開發(fā)利用，探索綠色發(fā)展之路。以高值化、綜合化利用的綠色發(fā)展理念為指引，開發(fā)高效穩(wěn)定的轉(zhuǎn)化提質(zhì)技術(shù)和裝備。

①肥料化利用方面。開發(fā)機(jī)械化粉碎還田設(shè)備是葡萄枝直接粉碎還田的關(guān)鍵，葡萄枝富含纖維素、木質(zhì)素，還田后腐爛降解難度較大，應(yīng)著力研發(fā)粉碎粒度小、效率高、功耗低的粉碎設(shè)備；關(guān)于堆肥化，則需加強(qiáng)堆肥機(jī)理研究，探究堆肥過程腐殖質(zhì)形成規(guī)律及其關(guān)鍵影響因素，并利用外源添加劑進(jìn)行堆肥調(diào)控，建立穩(wěn)定高效的酶促生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)，提升堆肥效率和質(zhì)量；生物炭是堆肥化最具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ睦梅绞剑瑧?yīng)深入開展生物炭制備技術(shù)和修飾改性方面的研究，優(yōu)化完善葡萄枝制備生物炭的技術(shù)手段，同時(shí)加強(qiáng)生物炭農(nóng)田應(yīng)用的固碳減排機(jī)制研究，實(shí)現(xiàn)葡萄枝在生物炭方面的高效開發(fā)利用。

②燃料化利用方面。氣體燃料制備應(yīng)深入研究厭氧消化過程生物強(qiáng)化機(jī)制，提升厭氧發(fā)酵效率，并探究沼氣的高效脫硫脫碳技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)沼氣向生物天然氣的轉(zhuǎn)化，同時(shí)應(yīng)開展發(fā)酵后沼渣沼液有機(jī)肥施用關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究，實(shí)現(xiàn)沼渣沼液養(yǎng)分的再利用；液體燃料制備則可借鑒石油化工行業(yè)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)，引入化學(xué)催化法，篩選適于葡萄枝高效轉(zhuǎn)化乙醇的催化劑，且要建立低成本的預(yù)處理工藝，縮短工藝流程，提升生產(chǎn)效率，此外開發(fā)過程廢棄物的合理轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)，達(dá)到節(jié)本增效的目的；固體燃料制備研究重點(diǎn)則應(yīng)放在烘焙成型過程的傳熱與粘結(jié)機(jī)理上，同時(shí)開發(fā)新型高效配套爐具與成型設(shè)備，實(shí)現(xiàn)成型燃料制備的高品質(zhì)和低能耗。

③原料化利用方面。親脂性提取物、可降解塑料、纖維素納米晶體、燃料電池電極材料、生物活性炭等高值化生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)是葡萄枝條利用的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，相關(guān)原料的提取是開發(fā)高值生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的基礎(chǔ)。首先要優(yōu)化提取過程相關(guān)參數(shù)及工藝流程，分析提取、轉(zhuǎn)化、制備目標(biāo)化合物的過程機(jī)理，構(gòu)建高效轉(zhuǎn)換體系，耦合多步反應(yīng)工序，實(shí)現(xiàn)提質(zhì)增效；同時(shí)，開發(fā)新型高效的配套設(shè)備，制定和規(guī)范綜合開發(fā)利用技術(shù)方案和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，推進(jìn)高值化合物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性。

4 結(jié) 論

葡萄枝條資源化利用可改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，推進(jìn)美麗鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)，符合“雙碳”發(fā)展目標(biāo)，是實(shí)現(xiàn)資源、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑。本文從肥料化、燃料化、原料化3個(gè)方面對(duì)葡萄枝條資源化綜合利用現(xiàn)狀和研究進(jìn)展做了系統(tǒng)總結(jié)和梳理。在肥料化利用方面，粉碎后直接還田是短期內(nèi)高效處理大量修剪殘枝的有效方式，機(jī)械化處理設(shè)備是關(guān)鍵；堆肥化處理受多種因素的影響，如溫度、水分、粒徑、養(yǎng)分、微生物情況等，引入蚯蚓堆肥技術(shù)，可提升堆肥效果，同時(shí)堆肥可作為土壤調(diào)節(jié)劑，改善土壤條件，促進(jìn)作物生長；生物炭制備過程中，粒徑是其穩(wěn)定性的關(guān)鍵因素，且CO2可代替N2作為熱解環(huán)境，生物炭農(nóng)田應(yīng)用，可用于土壤改良和碳封存。在燃料化利用方面，對(duì)葡萄枝的生物質(zhì)能源潛力評(píng)估表明，葡萄枝燃料特性良好，是理想的替代燃料；直燃技術(shù)操作簡單，燃燒設(shè)備和催化劑是提升燃燒效果的關(guān)鍵；氣體與液體燃料的制備，工藝手段對(duì)燃料的獲取至關(guān)重要，還要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的預(yù)處理；固體燃料的制備，其成型過程和燃燒特性是研究的重點(diǎn)，并開展效益分析，取得了較好的結(jié)果。在原料化利用方面，酚類物質(zhì)提取得到了廣泛的研究，并對(duì)多種提取方式進(jìn)行了分析，但目前針對(duì)不同類型葡萄枝條并未形成系統(tǒng)有效的提取方案，仍需開展深入研究；對(duì)于其他類高值化合物而言，多種類型化合物的提取為開發(fā)高值化生物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品提供了原料支撐；生物活性炭則是葡萄枝原料化開發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)之一，在燃料電池等領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用前景廣闊。

總之，葡萄枝條的開發(fā)利用形式多樣，應(yīng)基于中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展特點(diǎn)及實(shí)際需求，優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，規(guī)范栽培模式，提升葡萄種植管理機(jī)械化水平，加大葡萄枝條粉碎還田、堆肥、生物炭制備、生物發(fā)電、燃料以及生物基材料/化學(xué)品等的開發(fā)，形成快速高效處理和高值化開發(fā)相結(jié)合的多元化利用模式。

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Status and prospect of resource utilization for grape vine stalks

Liu Wenzheng, Ping Fengjiao, Bai Xuebing, Fang Yulin, Dong Shumeng, Yang Jihong※, Yuan Chunlong,Lai Jiangwen

(1.,,712100,;2.,750104,)

Grape () is one of the most widely spread and the largest productive fruit crops in the world. It can be eaten fresh as the table grapes, or used for making wine, jam, and juice. A high productive of grapes is also found in China. For instance, 14.8 million tons of grapes were produced, and the area under the grape cultivation was 7.68×104hm2in China in 2020. The yield and planting area of grape have been ranked at first and second around the world, respectively. There are many pruned grape vine stalks every year, particularly with the development of the grape industry. Grape vine stalks are rich in the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, in order to serve as the renewable biomass resource with the high content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic nutrients. However, the utilization rate of grape vine stalks is very low, leading to the waste of biomass resources and environmental pollution. Large-scale utilization and development of grape vine stalks can greatly contribute to the low-carbon economic development, ecological civilization construction, and energy revolution. In addition, it is of great significance to ensure the national strategies implementation in China, such as the beautiful villages’ construction, the goal of “carbon neutrality”, and global climate change. Therefore, this study aims to focus mainly on the general goal of comprehensive utilization of pruned grape vine stalks. Currently, the grape vine stalks are mainly used as the fertilizer, fuel and raw material. Among them, the fertilizer can be mainly divided into returning to the field directly after crushing, and composting. Besides, the aqueous extract and biochar from the grape vine stalks can be applied as the foliar fertilizer and soil amendment, respectively. In fuel, the grape vine stalks have the high energy storage suitable for the production of biomass fuels. The energy potential of biomass resources was also evaluated to identify the fuel convention mode. Moreover, the fuel convention mode of grape vine stalks was divided into the direct combustion, gasification, liquefaction, and carbonization. In raw material, the high value and performance of products were made from the grape vine stalk, due to the richness in biomass contents. Nowadays, the grape vine stalks are used as raw material for the research hotspot. The main utilization modes include the high-value compound extract, study making, particle board manufacturing, and active carbon preparation. A series of investigations were conducted to extract the high-value compounds, such as phenolic, oligosaccharides, reducing sugar, and protein. The extraction included the conventional way, ultrasonic adjunct, microwave-assisted, solid-liquid, superheated liquid, and high-voltage electrical discharges. Overall, the integrated utilization of grape vine stalks is the reasonable way as the renewable energy sources for the sustainable development of resources, environment and economy. Finally, the existing approaches were summarize to evaluate the development prospects for the comprehensive utilization of grape vine stalks. This review can provide a strong reference for the high value and efficiency integrated utilization of grape vine stalks, in order to promote the green and sustainable development of agriculture.

environmental engineering; biomass; resourcization; comprehensive utilization of grape vine stalks; sustainable development

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.16.030

S216；TK6

A

1002-6819(2022)-16-0270-14

劉文政，平鳳姣，白雪冰，等. 葡萄枝條資源化利用研究現(xiàn)狀及進(jìn)展[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)，2022，38(16)：270-283.doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.16.030 http://www.tcsae.org

Liu Wenzheng, Ping Fengjiao, Bai Xuebing, et al. Status and prospect of resource utilization for grape vine stalks[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2022, 38(16): 270-283. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.16.030 http://www.tcsae.org

2022-04-01

2022-07-08

國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目（2019YFD1002500）；寧夏回族自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目（2021BEF02016）；中央高校基礎(chǔ)科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目（2452020201）

劉文政，博士，講師，研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)副產(chǎn)物資源化利用技術(shù)與裝備。Email：lwzheng@nwafu.edu.cn

楊繼紅，博士，副教授，研究方向?yàn)槠咸厌劸聘碑a(chǎn)物加工利用技術(shù)。Email：yangjihong@nwsuaf.edu.cn