識別副詞特殊功能 精準(zhǔn)掌握解題關(guān)鍵

江蘇 章 晨

副詞指的是在句子中表示行為或特征狀態(tài)的詞，用以修飾動詞、形容詞或全句，分為時間副詞、頻率副詞、地點副詞、方式副詞、程度副詞、疑問副詞、連接副詞、關(guān)系副詞等。在教學(xué)過程中，一線教師往往對于副詞的重視程度不夠，除了講解完形填空和短文填空題時，有可能并未系統(tǒng)地指導(dǎo)過學(xué)生注意這些詞。

誠然，副詞在句子中的確不是核心成分，但是一些副詞的特殊功能卻能夠幫助學(xué)生更快更精準(zhǔn)地把握文章核心思想，更能輔助學(xué)生精準(zhǔn)掌握閱讀理解和“七選五”的解題關(guān)鍵，在一線教學(xué)中有巨大的意義。

一、副詞的特殊功能

副詞除了有修飾動詞和句子的功能之外，它同時還對句子、篇章起到特殊的作用。常見的程度副詞（如mainly,basically,only,just,approximately,around,significantly,highly）除了表示動作完成的程度之外，還具有區(qū)分主次信息以及表達作者語氣的功能。轉(zhuǎn)折副詞（如however,nevertheless,yet,rather）除了表示語義的轉(zhuǎn)折外，往往還具有引出主要觀點的功能。一些成對出現(xiàn)的副詞或副詞短語，如“once，（but）now”，“traditionally，in fact”，“in paper，practically”等，往往呈現(xiàn)兩種對立的觀點；還有一些副詞（短語）承擔(dān)著展開文章、構(gòu)建篇章的作用，如first,then,more importantly,meanwhile,that is,or rather，它們有時可以決定文章的結(jié)構(gòu)組成。本文將結(jié)合最近幾年的高考真題和模擬題，指導(dǎo)一線教師如何利用副詞的特殊功能，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握閱讀理解和“七選五”解題關(guān)鍵。

二、副詞的特殊功能在解題中的運用

1.利用副詞甄別信息

在教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生解題的過程中，應(yīng)當(dāng)讓學(xué)生標(biāo)注出題干和選項中的程度副詞。指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)題干核心詞回歸原文，再細(xì)致對比原文與題干、選項中的程度副詞，甄別主次信息與細(xì)節(jié)差異，排除錯誤答案，鎖定正確答案。

【例1】In one sport,golf,major tournaments like The Open,are already predicted to be victims of our changing climate.In the UK,an organisation called The Climate Coalition says thatgolf courses such as St Andrews could be under waterby the end of the century if sea levels rise even slightly.It told the BBC that its research predicts“cancelled football matches,flooded cricket grounds and golf courses crumbling into the sea”.

Cricket alsofaces huge challengesglobally as temperatures rise in places like India,Australia and the West Indies.The report says that stadiums in Adelaide and Perth will see a 60%increase in days with temperatures over 40℃ over the next decade.（2021 年，湖北六校）

What influence will the extreme weather have on the sports?

A.Football fans cannot afford the entrance tee.

B.Overheat willlargelyaffect the cricket calendar.

C.The golf games willthoroughlydisappear due to rising sea level.

D.Sports leaders will face bigger challenges to lead their teams to win.

在解題過程中，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生額外關(guān)注程度副詞的程度深淺，如該例題中B 選項的largely 和C 選項的thoroughly 就屬于程度副詞中的部分副詞和絕對副詞，學(xué)生在碰到此類副詞時應(yīng)當(dāng)回歸原文，去比照文中這一概念是部分還是絕對，自然就能排除錯誤選項。

2.利用副詞尋找主旨大意

解答段落（文章）主旨大意題時，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)提醒學(xué)生特別關(guān)注首段或者段首句的轉(zhuǎn)折副詞。在轉(zhuǎn)折副詞后面出現(xiàn)的一般是作者的主要觀點，因此也很可能是文章的主旨大意。這一段落（或者文章）的結(jié)構(gòu)一般是“轉(zhuǎn)折副詞+核心思想+支撐論據(jù)”，學(xué)生可以利用這一結(jié)構(gòu)抓住做題關(guān)鍵。

【例2】One might think that our impressive water management would safeguard society from such catastrophic events.Yetwhen it comes to water,the past is no longer a good guide for the future and most of the water engineering is unprepared for consequences of increasingly occurring extreme weather.One of the most alarming wake-up calls came from the city of Cape Town,where the water taps of 4 million residents were nearly forced to be shut off after severe drought dried up its reservoir(水庫).（2022 年，湖北十一校）

Cape Town is mentioned to show__________.

A.the reservoir was of no use

B.new water management is in need

C.how awful it was without tap water

D.the existing water management is impressive

此例題問的是Cape Town 這個例子的作用，例子屬于支撐論據(jù)，因此教師應(yīng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生去尋找在例證之前的本段核心。例證之前的兩句話通過yet 聯(lián)系在一起，符合“轉(zhuǎn)折副詞+核心思想+支撐論據(jù)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此可以判斷出本段中yet 這個轉(zhuǎn)折副詞后面就是本段的觀點句“the past is no longer a good guide for the future”，從而鎖定答案為需要新的管理方式。

除了常見的轉(zhuǎn)折副詞可以引出段落（文章）核心思想外，教師還應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注一些成對出現(xiàn)的副詞。因為這些成對副詞一般先陳述舊觀點或者錯誤觀點，再陳述現(xiàn)下的真實情況或者是新的論點。因此這些副詞往往連接著兩種對立的觀點，整個段落（篇章）往往隱含著語義的轉(zhuǎn)折，這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往是：

教師的教學(xué)重點就是要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生識別成對出現(xiàn)的觀點，分清錯誤的（原來的）觀點、方法和正確的（現(xiàn)在的）觀點、方法，并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用文章結(jié)構(gòu)解答閱讀理解題。

一般這種成對的副詞為：

（1）Traditionally，previously，once，in the past...

（2）But now，actually，in practice，in fact...

【例3】For people who are interested in sound,the field of sound technology is definitely making noise.In the past,sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios,but many of today’ssound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.（2020 年7 月，天津卷，閱讀理解C 篇）

What does the passage focus on?

A.How professionals invented sound products.

B.Inventions in the field of sound technology.

C.The growing interest in the study of sound.

D.How sound engineers work in their studios.

題干問的是文章的中心思想，教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過觀察文章的第一段發(fā)現(xiàn)成對的事實副詞in the past 和today，通過這對副詞，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生判斷這篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是“展示舊觀點——提出新觀點——論證新觀點”，所以這篇文章的核心思想應(yīng)該是這個新的觀點，故選B。

3.利用副詞判定作者的語氣

程度副詞除了表示事件完成的程度之外，還潛在表達了作者的語氣，如just,merely,solely 等，它們表達的“僅僅”這個意思，不僅表示程度小，還暗含著單一、便捷等語義。教師應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注原文中的程度副詞，除了關(guān)注程度副詞所在句的語義外，還要通過程度副詞體會作者暗藏的語氣意義。通過對語義和語氣的雙重理解，可以更好地把握作者的思想，從而找到解題的突破口。

【例4】Shiwali Mohan,an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center,is skeptical of these digital beings.“They’re humanlike in their looks and the way they sound,but that in itself is not being human,”she says.“Human qualities also involve how you think,how you approach problems,and how you break them down;and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法) design.Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans.”She then continues,“If something looks like a human,we have high expectations of them,but they might behave differently in ways that humansjustinstinctively (直覺地) know how other humans react.（2021 年6 月天津卷，閱讀理解C 篇）

In Mohan’s opinion,what human quality is lacking in digital beings?

A.Calculating brain.

B.Language skills.

C.Instinctive judgements.

D.Problem-solving ability.

此題問的是相較于人類而言，數(shù)字生物缺乏什么品質(zhì)。學(xué)生利用Mohan 定位到相應(yīng)段落之后，感覺信息雜亂無從下手。教師可以通過指導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注段落末句中的just 這個詞，讓他們感知作者使用了程度副詞just（僅僅）所表達的語氣，它強調(diào)了人類了解他人的反應(yīng)需要靠直覺這一事實，從語氣上表達了這一品質(zhì)的優(yōu)越性，潛在表達數(shù)字生物無法做到這一點，因此這就是兩者最大的差異,從而解讀出此題答案為C。

【例6】Natural swimming pools require no harmful chemicals,arefairlylow-tech. 9 .Youwon’t have todrain the pool each autumn.Except for topping it off now and then,you’ll fill the pool only once.（2021 年，湖北9+N 聯(lián)盟）

C.You can make your pool as shallow or as deep as you want.

D.And once established,they call foronlya bit of management.

E.It is the most ecological and economic way to build a conventional pool.

F.They don’t rely on a mass of manufactured materials and chemical additives.

在這樣一個“七選五”中，教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生體會設(shè)空前一句使用的fairly 這個程度副詞，以及設(shè)空后一句的won’t have to 所暗藏的語氣，進而了解作者想表達的“自然泳池非常便利”這一想法。再進一步觀察選項，D 選項，利用only 這個程度副詞形成了語氣連貫，fairly，only，won’t have to 都在表達自然泳池打理起來很便捷，再結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容和D 選項語義，答案就顯而易見了。

4.利用副詞輔助分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)

有些副詞或者充當(dāng)副詞功能的短語會對文章結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。比如meanwhile，at the same time 等，這些具有副詞功能的短語引導(dǎo)的段落一般是并列展開的；而more importantly，or rather，for example 等則引導(dǎo)段落遞進展開。教師在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注此類副詞或短語時，應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生了解這些副詞或短語所引導(dǎo)的段落的結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

遞進展開

通過指導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注這些副詞，可以幫助學(xué)生窺見文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，并且根據(jù)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和題目設(shè)問，幫助學(xué)生從整體上宏觀把握文章，從高屋建瓴的角度去破題。

【例7】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.（2020 年，全國卷Ⅰ，閱讀理解D 篇）

What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A.A new study of different plants.

B.A big fall in crime rates.

C.Employees from various workplaces.

D.Benefits from green plants.

本題問的是第一段的中心思想。段落中的介詞短語for example 用例子遞進展開說明；而另外一個介詞短語in another 后面是并列展開的另一項研究。這兩個短語在此充當(dāng)副詞功能，通過這兩個短語，學(xué)生能夠分析出本段的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“Topic+supporting example 1+supporting example 2”。因此學(xué)生可以鎖定本段的中心思想應(yīng)該在段首，即positive effects，故選D。

【例8】When Failure Is a Good Thing

Failure isan important processyou can learn from.36

Most people view failure as something that should be avoided at all costs....It may have been an“F”we received on a paper or the high expectations our parents placed upon our shoulders that stopped us from trying.

...

When interviewed by CNN’s Anderson Cooper,Sara said,“Instead of failure being the outcome,failure became not trying.It forced me at a young age to want to push myself so much further out.(2022 年，南京模擬題）

A.And,most importantly,it means you tried.

F.It is important toreflect on what can be learnt from failure.

運用副詞的特殊功能去解這道例題，能讓思路更清晰。A 和F 是本題中學(xué)生比較糾結(jié)的兩個備選項。在解題過程中，教師通過指導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察設(shè)空位置，本空在首段，因此可確定該設(shè)空為本段主題句。再指導(dǎo)學(xué)生觀察A 和F 選項，F(xiàn) 選項與原文第一句話中都含有important，不分主次，因此判定，如果選F，那整篇文章有兩個并列的論點。而A 選項中的副詞短語most importantly，則表明論點遞進，后一個才是主要論點——it (failure) means you tried。再指導(dǎo)學(xué)生縱觀整篇文章，文章的確是討論failure 和try，答案顯而易見是A。

另外，前文提到的成對出現(xiàn)的某些副詞，也可以幫助學(xué)生判斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)，如

【例9】Drones can be used for search and rescue operations.Drones these days are equipped with certain sensors so they are able to locate the position of lost persons and work in a challenging area.The search and rescue operationsonce suffereda lot due to the lack of technology. 17 They can be used for searching andare capable enoughto drop supplies at unreachable locations.（2021 年，山東棗莊模擬題）

D.Drones can be used to study the health of farmers.

E.This could significantly increase the delivery time.

F.But now drones can make everything possible within a few minutes.

G.For instance,sending drones into the hurricanes or tornadoes could bring back essential data.

設(shè)空前面一句提到了once suffered，后句又提到are capable enough，句意明顯轉(zhuǎn)折，而且存在時間差，再根據(jù)once 這個副詞的成對性，可判定本段的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該為“舊現(xiàn)象——新現(xiàn)象——論述新現(xiàn)象”。因此設(shè)空應(yīng)該為新現(xiàn)象，故答案F（but now）為正確選項。

三、教學(xué)啟示與總結(jié)

一線教師在教學(xué)實際中，應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生適當(dāng)多關(guān)注副詞的特殊功能。利用程度副詞，除了可以幫助學(xué)生甄別信息，還可以幫助學(xué)生找準(zhǔn)作者的語氣，更加明確作者想表達的思想。利用轉(zhuǎn)折副詞和成對出現(xiàn)的副詞，可以幫助學(xué)生找到小句或者段落邏輯，找準(zhǔn)文章的真正主旨。同時利用副詞對于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊作用，可以幫助學(xué)生找到作者的行文邏輯，理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，從整體把握文章，進而找到解題關(guān)鍵。將副詞的特殊功能與解答閱讀理解和“七選五”的其他技巧結(jié)合起來做題，能夠使學(xué)生事半功倍。