• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    lnvestigation of children’s habits of smartphone usage and parental awareness of myopia control in underdeveloped areas of China

    2022-10-24 09:22:10AnQiHeSiAnLiuShengYuHeHuanYaoPeiChenYanLiJinQiuKeMingYuJingZhuang
    International Journal of Ophthalmology 2022年10期

    An-Qi He, Si-An Liu, Sheng-Yu He, Huan Yao, Pei Chen, Yan Li, Jin Qiu, Ke-Ming Yu,Jing Zhuang

    State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China

    Abstract

    ● KEYWORDS: myopia; prevalence; rural China;smartphone use; left-behind children

    INTRODUCTION

    Myopia is the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. With 90% prevalence rates among young adults in parts of East and Southeast Asia, myopia poses as a major public health concern and burden for health agencies in these countries[1]. Public health stakeholders particularly face a multitude of challenges in curbing myopia development in children as the contributing factors are multifaceted. Previous studies concerning myopic prevalence and risk factors have revealed that limited outdoor activity, long durations of near vision work, intensive education[1], use of digital devices[2-3],parental myopia, and parental attitudes toward visual health[4], can possibly influence the development of myopia in children[5]. Previous studies have reported early myopic onset in younger children[6-7], with the exacerbating changes in these environmental and demographic factors being the causative factors.

    Digital devices, especially smartphones, have significantly become more prevalent among children[8]. Previous research showed that smartphone usage in all digital devices was the highest among adolescents[8], reporting a usage of 162min/d in the US[9]and 264min/d in Singapore[8]. Moreover, multimedia teaching via mobile devices, including online classes and digital homework, have become more common among students, further contributing to the increase of screen time and exposure to greater risk of visual impairment[10]. Developing countries, such as China, are not exceptional to these changes.For example, a recent study showed that smartphone screen time among young children (8-10y) averaged 180min/d on the weekends in an urban area in China[11]. This trend of growing screen time in children has drawn significant concern from relevant authorities in China over the detrimental effect on vision, such as triggering myopia onset.

    Although myopia in children is more common in the urban areas of China[6], a recent report showed that prevalence rates of myopia have been increasing at a faster rate in rural areas[10]. The rural population comprises a very significant part of China, with more than 929 million people or nearly 70%of the total population living in rural villages or townships[12].Furthermore, conditions in rural areas are notably different from that in urban areas, making myopia prevention comparatively difficult. Healthcare resources, for one, are much scarcer and outdated in rural areas[13], and the increase in smartphone usage among children in rural areas may exacerbate these current circumstances. In fact, studies have reported that smartphone usage in some rural areas have even exceeded smartphone usage in urban areas[14-15]. Thus, myopia prevention is becoming urgently necessary in the rural areas of China. In that regard, parents play one of the key roles in earlystage myopic prevention and control, since their vision health knowledge and attitudes may exert subtle influence on the environmental factors around children[16-17]. However, many parents in the rural areas possess a lack of proper education or disadvantaged economics status, despite their concern for the visual health of their children.

    Previous studies have shown that parents in urban areas exhibited better knowledge regarding vision health and were more concerned regarding myopia in their children, as compared to that among parents in rural areas[2]. Moreover, a portion of rural children, aptly named “l(fā)eft-behind children,”have parents who are migrant workers in urban cities, and they are thus brought up by grandparents or other close relatives instead[18]. According to a study, there are almost 69.7 million“l(fā)eft-behind children” in China[18], further impeding the myopia preventative efforts in the rural areas. In addition, it may be difficult to engage the guardians of these “l(fā)eft-behind children”in preventative programs, either due to old age or lack of interest, commitment, or ability; thus, they are an important group to understand and consider.

    As rural areas in China face greater challenges in myopia prevention, and are less represented in the current literature,further studies need to be conducted on children’s smartphone usage and parental vision health knowledge in the rural areas of China, which will potentially guide the future preventative initiatives. To address this, we investigated the smartphone usage and parental vision health literacy among primary students of Xingguo, Jiangxi Province as this province is a typical rural county located in the southern part of the Chinese mainland and characterized by a large rural population (80%),and a low level of per capita income and clinical resources[19].The results of the survey can provide important information for devising effective myopia prevention strategies in the rural areas of China.

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS

    Ethical ApprovalThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, and adhered to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The nature and purpose of this research were clearly explained to the participants initially, and informed consents were obtained from all participants online.

    ParticipantsThis survey investigation was conducted among the parents or guardians of primary school students aged 6 to 12y in Xingguo County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province from July 2020 to August 2020. According to the 2020 data from the Education Bureau of Xingguo County, a total of 55 200 students were enrolled in 30 primary schools (20 in the countryside and 10 in the county town). County town was considered as the region that the county government located in and the countryside was considered to be the rest area of the whole county. The parents were invited to answer a digital questionnaire with the guidance of the teachers who were incharge of the class units. For parents without smartphones, a printed questionnaire was provided, while for the guardians of left-behind children, an online questionnaire was provided.In a family with more than one child, participants needed to report the familial demographic data and myopia-related knowledge questions once, and then answers regarding each child’s demographic data and vision-threatening behavior were given in the same questionnaire. A consecutive number was generated automatically as an identification after finishing the questionnaire. The teachers in charge of the classes were trained to collect identical numbers and were responsible for clarifying survey related concerns.

    QuestionnaireThis school-based census was conducted through an electronic questionnaire survey. We designed the questionnaire according to the purpose of this survey and the guidance of relevant literature, and it included the ethics approval statement and investigation sections. Demographic factors of the children and their families, the smartphone usage of children, and parental understanding and attitude towards myopia were evaluated in this survey.

    The demographic information included characteristics such as age, sex, grade, school location, and refractive status (based on optometric or vision examination), as well as the parental education level, familial income, and family members that the children live with. The children who lived with neither of their parents were considered to be left-behind children[18]. The highest educational attainment of two parents were considered to be the parental educational level. Data on children’s smartphone usage and daily life style were obtained from their parents on the basis of the following questions: whether they gave permission for smartphone usage to their children,whether and when children had their own phone, and how much mobile screen time did the children have during the weekdays and weekend[20]. The time for outdoor activities and environmental light intensity when doing homework were also included[21]. The parental general understanding of myopia was tested with questions on the following topics: consequence of myopia, the effect of outdoor activities on myopic prevention,drugs administered for myopic prevention, the outcome of wearing glasses, proper eye-book and eye-screen distance,and break time. A standard answer was set to each question to quantitively evaluate the level of parental knowledge on myopia. Furthermore, frequency of vision examination,concern regarding the influence of myopia on children’s academic performance, limitation on occupation, and anxiety regarding smartphone usage and myopia progression, were all used to analyze the parental attitude towards myopia and children’s smartphone related behaviors. The reliability of this scale has been assessed by internal consistency with the Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.69.

    Statistical AnalysisStatistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) program in Windows and the statistical analysis language R (V3.6.3), including the general descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, correlation analysis,and Cox proportional hazards model. The myopic onset was designated as the survival outcome, and the age that the child was clinically diagnosed with myopia was set as the survival time. Statistical significance was set atP<0.05. Hazard ratio(HR), and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated for risk factors that were independently associated with myopia.

    RESULTS

    SampleA total of 52 606 parents of students from 30 primary schools provided responses to the questionnaire of the study that was conducted from July 2020 to August 2020, thus resulting in a response rate of 95.3%. The time spent on filling the questionnaire by each respondent was recorded, wherein those who completed the questionnaire within 90 seconds were considered to be inattentive and their answers were excluded from the result analysis. Among them, 121 answered questionnaires were excluded from the analysis and 52 485 valid answers were received, resulting in an effective response rate of 95.1%.

    The average age of the primary students was 10.1±0.98y; the survey involved a slightly more number of boys than girls(51.2%vs48.8%). In this survey, 64.3% of the families were from the countryside, while 35.7% were from the county town.Left-behind children accounted for 23.1% of the total sample,with 29.2% in the countryside and 3.2% in the county town.The general prevalence of myopia in the primary students of the Xingguo county was 40.3%, including 36.4% in the countryside and 41.2% in the county town.

    Influence of Demographic Factors on the Occurrence of Myopia in ChildrenSeven factors concerning the Cox regression analysis of the age of myopia onset were included in the questionnaire. As shown in Table 1, the age of myopia occurrence is significantly correlated with several factors,such as, parents’ educational level (P=0.013), children’s sex(P<0.001), school location (county town or countryside)(P<0.001), children’s smartphone ownership (P<0.001), and average time spent on the smartphone per day (P<0.001).

    Our data suggests that girls, students in county schools, and children who owned personal phones and spent more time on them every day were more likely to develop myopia at a younger age. In addition, a higher parental educational level was correlated with a younger age of myopia onset (HR=0.89,P=0.013). However, family income (P=0.305) and the child being left-behind or not (P=0.566) were not significantly associated with myopia onset.

    Awareness Rates of Parents to the Adverse Consequences of MyopiaAdverse consequences of myopia can be profound for children’s daily life and development. In this survey, three common myopia-induced issues were investigated such as:“Influence of studying”, “Limitations for job selections”, and“Fundus lesions, even blindness”.

    On analyzing the responses, we found that the parental awareness regarding the adverse consequences of myopia needed improvement. The awareness rates of “Myopia can cause influence on studying”, “Myopia can limit career selections”, and “Myopia can cause fundus lesions, even blindness” were 90.7%, 80.0% and 73.1%, respectively(Table 2). For the first issue, the parents’ educational level and school location (countrysidevscounty town) were associated with the awareness rates (countryside, 89.7%; county town,92.7%,P<0.01). Moreover, high-income families possessed greater knowledge on this matter, as compared to that of lowincome families (low, 89.6%; high, 93.1%.P<0.01). For the second and third issues, school location, family income, and parents’ educational level were significantly associated with the parental awareness of the adverse consequences (P<0.01;Figure 1). Furthermore, parents living in the county town,those with high income, and parents with high educational levels were more aware of the adverse consequences of myopia. The exact percentages are listed in Table 2.

    Figure 1 Parental awareness rates of adverse consequences of myopia A: Difficulties of studying; B: Limitations for job selections; C:Fundus lesions, even blindness. aP<0.01.

    Table 1 COX regression analysis of the factors influencing the age of myopia onset in children

    Awareness Rates of Myopic Preventative MeasurementsPreventative measurements play a key role in myopic development. In this survey, the previously reported four measurements were investigated. Overall, the awareness rate of myopic preventative measurements among parents was relatively low and not optimistic. The awareness rate of “Keeping a proper eye-book or eye-screen distance when reading or using smartphones helps prevent myopia(measurement 1)” was the highest, however, the rate was only at 72.5%. Next was “Outdoor activities can prevent myopic incidence and progression (measurement 2)” and “Regular optometric examination and wearing glasses can slow down myopic progression (measurement 3)”, with awareness rates of 67.7% and 34.5%, respectively. “Low-concentration atropine eyedrops can slow down myopic progression (measurement 4)”was the least known by the subjects, with an awareness rate of only 6.9% (Table 2).

    In contrast, parents living in the county town, those with high income, and high educational levels were more cognizant of measurements 1 and 2, as compared to the parents living in the countryside, with low income, and low educational levels(P<0.01; Table 2). However, for measurement 3, only the location (county townvscountryside) and family income were significantly associated with parents’ awareness rate (P<0.01),whereas educational level did not significantly affect the rate(P=0.82). For measurement 4, living in a county and higher parents’ educational level were associated with higher parental awareness (P<0.01), although no difference was observed with respect to family income (P=0.43).

    Incidences of Vision-threatening Behaviors Among Primary StudentsChildren’s visual habits play a key role in myopic development. As shown in Table 3, the proportion of children with improper habits, including reading in lowlight environment and participating in outdoor activities within 1h per day[21], were noted to be high in the Xingguo County,with incidences of 79.1% and 77.1%, respectively. Although common, “Spending more than 1h on mobile devices on weekdays” and “Spending more than 1h on mobile phones[20]on weekends and holidays” had relatively lower incidences(15.3% and 24.8%, respectively).

    Moreover, demographic factors imposed a strong influence on the incidences of vision-threatening behaviors. First, children from the rural areas and low-income families had increased incidences of the four vision-threatening habits, as compared with those from the country and high-income families(P<0.01). Conversely, the incidence of “Spending more than 1h on mobile phones on holidays” was similar among students and was not associated with parents’ educational level(P=0.33).

    Table 2 The parental awareness rates of the consequences of myopia, myopic prevention measurements and their influential factors

    Table 3 The incidences of vision threatening behaviors of children

    Furthermore, two additional factors were included in this investigation: “Students who owned smartphones, or not,”and “Left-behind children, or not”. Children who had their own smartphones had more incidences of vision-threatening behaviors, including “Reading in a low-light environment”,“Spending more than 1h on mobile devices on weekdays”, and“Spending more than 1h on mobile devices on weekends and holidays” (P<0.01). Specifically, twice as many children who had their own smartphones significantly spent more than one hour of smartphone usage on weekdays (31.7%vs13.5%) or weekends and holidays (48.2%vs22.3%,P<0.01). However,children having their own smartphones did not affect the time spent on outdoor activities, with most students participating for less than one hour in outdoor activities (77.1%,P=0.98).

    As mentioned earlier, left-behind children comprise a special group in the countryside of China[22]. Three of the four visionthreatening behaviors significantly occurred more among left-behind children, except for “Outdoor activities <1h/d”(P<0.01). Although most left-behind children spent less than 1h on outdoor activities, the proportion of such children was relatively lower than that of common children (75.1%vs78.0%,P<0.01).

    DISCUSSION

    In our study, we investigated the relationship between the demographic factors, parental knowledge regarding the adverse consequences of myopia and myopic prevention measures, and children’s vision-threatening behaviors in the rural county in China. As China is a developing country, most rural areas still face poverty. Xingguo is a typical county located in the middle of China and a total population of 856 700, in which the rural population is 683 100 and accounts for 80% of the total population[19]. The county’s per capita disposable income in 2018 was 18 041 Yuan (about 2793 USD)[19], which is relatively low compared with the national average per capita disposable income of 28 228 Yuan(about 4370 USD) in 2018[23]. Furthermore, a total of 52 606 parents from 30 primary schools provided responses to the indepth questionnaire in our study. Therefore, we believe that this study might be a good representation of the rural areas in China.

    Our results revealed that parents were not well aware of the adverse consequences of myopia, and myopic preventative measures (Table 2). Although the awareness rates of some facts, including “Myopia causes influence in studying” and“Myopia causes limitations for job selection” were acceptable,the most serious adverse consequence of myopia, “Fundus lesions and even blindness” were only known by 73% of the respondents. Previous surveys reported that more than 50% of children developed high myopia if they were diagnosed before the age of 7[24]. A 10-year longitudinal study also reported that 35.5% of high myopic patients showed progression to myopic maculopathy[25]. Thus, “Fundus lesions and even blindness” which are adverse consequences of myopia are quite common. In addition, the awareness rates of parents with respect to myopic prevention and control measures were even lower than in previous studies. Only 67.7% parents were aware of the common measure “Outdoor activities prevent myopic incidence and progression” (Table 3), and 34.5% of the parents knew about the effective myopic preventative approach of “Regular optometric examination and wearing glasses”. However, parents in urban areas obviously had this knowledge[26]. Moreover, low-concentration atropine eyedrops (0.01%) have been approved in 2017 by the Chinese Consensus Guidelines of Refractive Correction for Children,and only 6.9% of parents in the rural areas were aware of this novel and breakthrough preventive method. Given that a low awareness rate makes it very difficult for children and parents to voluntarily prevent myopia in their daily life, more attention should be given in the improvement of general knowledge concerning myopia among both children and parents.

    What causes the lack of parents’ awareness about myopiarelated knowledge? According to results in Table 2, although residence (county townvscountryside), family income, and parents’ educational level were significantly associated with the awareness rate of most adverse consequences of myopia and myopic preventative measures, the numerical values were close to that of the overall awareness rate. Therefore, our findings suggest that demographic factors do not play a key role in parental awareness about myopia-related knowledge.The results from the Cox regression analysis also partially support this conclusion, since family income and left-behind child status did not affect the age of myopia onset in children(Table 1). In addition, we suggested that the lack of medical resources and propaganda of basic ophthalmic knowledge in the rural area may partly explain this phenomenon. In comparison to parents in developed areas, those living in rural areas are more inconvenienced to search for professional ophthalmic care due to the unbalanced distribution of medical resources. Although information sharing through word of mouth (e.g., relatives and friends) is one of the most common ways to disseminate medical knowledge[27], the low awareness rate of novel information limited the dissemination of myopiarelated knowledge in our study. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the local public health departments and schools to propagate myopia-related knowledge in rural areas.

    Our results showed that demographic factors had a strong influence on the incidences of vision-threatening behaviors,especially “Students who owned smartphones, or not” and“Left-behind children, or not”. Specifically, more than twice as many children who had their own smartphones spend more than one hour on their smartphone every day, as compared to children who do not own smartphones (Table 3). Numerous studies have demonstrated that spending time on a smartphone was significantly associated with myopia onset[3,8,11]. While the Cox regression analysis revealed that children who had their own smartphones were positively associated with earlier onset of myopia, family income did not affect the age of myopia onset. We speculated the reason to be the regular ophthalmic treatment and stricter supervision on using smartphones by parents of high-income families. Moreover, a previous study supported this hypothesis, wherein a large survey in Taipei city indicated that the household income was positively correlated with the parental mediation of children’s vision-caring behaviors[28].

    Notably, left-behind children might develop serious social problems in the future in both the psychological and physiological aspects as they are often left unattended[29].Our data revealed that these children had more visionthreatening behaviors (behaviors 1, 3 and 4), as compared to common children; however, left-behind children indulged in more outdoor activities (behavior 2; Table 3). These findings may partly explain why no significant differences in the age of myopia onset were found between left-behind and common children (Table 1). Left-behind children are prone to establishing wrong visual habits, spending more time on smartphones, and being absent to routine ophthalmic checkups as per our study. Since they are left unattended and without supervision from their parents, these harmful behaviors are difficult to be addressed by themselves. Furthermore, they face an increasing difficulty in their academics as they grow older, which consequently requires higher visual performance and may break the balance between myopic protective and risk factors. Therefore, we advocate the need for providing more guidance on eye protection in left-behind children from schools and the government.

    In conclusion, according to the results of this questionnaire,increased knowledge propagation is needed for the prevention and control of myopia in rural areas. Schools in these areas should teach students and parents about the harms of myopia and its preventive measures. Moreover, local public health departments and schools need to increase visual health literacy of people, especially among left-behind children. We hope that this study will serve as a reference for the creation of myopic prevention policies in the undeveloped areas of China.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    Conflicts of Interest: He AQ,None;Liu SA,None;He SY,None;Yao H,None;Chen P,None;Li Y,None;Qiu J,None;Yu KM,None;Zhuang J,None.

    av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看 | 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 男女那种视频在线观看| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线 | 国产高清激情床上av| av在线天堂中文字幕| 乱系列少妇在线播放| 国产在视频线在精品| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄 | 人妻系列 视频| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 两个人的视频大全免费| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 久久人人爽人人片av| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 久99久视频精品免费| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 日韩欧美三级三区| 一本久久中文字幕| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| www.av在线官网国产| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 亚洲av第一区精品v没综合| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| eeuss影院久久| 精品国产三级普通话版| 亚洲最大成人av| 欧美zozozo另类| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 成人美女网站在线观看视频| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 亚洲内射少妇av| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 欧美3d第一页| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 97超视频在线观看视频| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱 | 国产精品久久视频播放| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 亚洲不卡免费看| 99久久精品一区二区三区| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 日本一二三区视频观看| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| av天堂在线播放| www.色视频.com| 日韩强制内射视频| 久99久视频精品免费| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看 | 国产真实乱freesex| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| 亚洲第一电影网av| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 精品久久久噜噜| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 亚洲av男天堂| av卡一久久| 韩国av在线不卡| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 神马国产精品三级电影在线观看| 99久久精品热视频| 久久久久网色| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久 | 午夜a级毛片| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 国产成人影院久久av| 国产成人精品一,二区 | 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 国产成人aa在线观看| 精品日产1卡2卡| 亚洲色图av天堂| 久久精品人妻少妇| 有码 亚洲区| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 日日撸夜夜添| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| 国产美女午夜福利| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 内地一区二区视频在线| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放 | 国产老妇女一区| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 欧美3d第一页| 一级黄色大片毛片| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 成人二区视频| 国产成人freesex在线| 1000部很黄的大片| 色综合站精品国产| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 精品午夜福利在线看| 国产精品一及| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 久久人妻av系列| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 免费av毛片视频| 嫩草影院新地址| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 男人舔奶头视频| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 嘟嘟电影网在线观看| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 午夜福利高清视频| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 尾随美女入室| 久久精品人妻少妇| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说 | 亚洲四区av| 精品久久久久久成人av| 伦精品一区二区三区| 免费av不卡在线播放| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 1024手机看黄色片| 亚洲最大成人中文| 黄片wwwwww| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 精品日产1卡2卡| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 一本精品99久久精品77| 亚洲色图av天堂| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 悠悠久久av| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 久久精品夜色国产| 在线播放无遮挡| 久久精品人妻少妇| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 国产成人aa在线观看| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 在线天堂最新版资源| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 黄色配什么色好看| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 嘟嘟电影网在线观看| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 日本免费a在线| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 人妻系列 视频| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 99热全是精品| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 熟女电影av网| 亚州av有码| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 亚洲第一电影网av| 九草在线视频观看| 舔av片在线| a级毛色黄片| 欧美日本视频| 日本五十路高清| 国产视频首页在线观看| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在 | 亚洲精品自拍成人| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 久久久久九九精品影院| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| av黄色大香蕉| 永久网站在线| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 国产三级在线视频| 亚洲av熟女| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 丰满的人妻完整版| 日本一二三区视频观看| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 日本熟妇午夜| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 看免费成人av毛片| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 国产成人freesex在线| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 国产精品久久视频播放| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 少妇的逼好多水| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 亚洲18禁久久av| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 嫩草影院新地址| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 久久久久性生活片| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 国产精品一及| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 色哟哟·www| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说 | 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 日本熟妇午夜| 久久中文看片网| 一本久久精品| 中文资源天堂在线| 亚州av有码| 一本久久中文字幕| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 波多野结衣巨乳人妻| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜| or卡值多少钱| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 在线a可以看的网站| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 麻豆av噜噜一区二区三区| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 久久久久九九精品影院| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| av在线蜜桃| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 99久久成人亚洲精品观看| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 免费看a级黄色片| 女人十人毛片免费观看3o分钟| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 在线观看一区二区三区| 日韩高清综合在线| 国产成人a区在线观看| 亚洲成人久久性| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 久久精品影院6| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 国产午夜精品论理片| 草草在线视频免费看| av免费在线看不卡| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 免费观看在线日韩| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器| 少妇高潮的动态图| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 综合色av麻豆| 在线播放国产精品三级| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 欧美zozozo另类| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 日本五十路高清| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 国产精品野战在线观看| 精品人妻视频免费看| 成人无遮挡网站| 欧美潮喷喷水| 午夜a级毛片| 国产精品永久免费网站| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 欧美日韩国产亚洲二区| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| av在线观看视频网站免费| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 亚洲人成网站在线播放欧美日韩| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 舔av片在线| 国内精品久久久久精免费| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 久久久精品大字幕| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 搞女人的毛片| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 久久这里有精品视频免费| av免费在线看不卡| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 热99在线观看视频| 国内精品宾馆在线| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区 | 全区人妻精品视频| 嫩草影院新地址| 国产伦精品一区二区三区四那| 国产精品,欧美在线| 91精品国产九色| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 1000部很黄的大片| 精品久久久久久久末码| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 成年av动漫网址| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 一本一本综合久久| 久久久久久久久中文| 美女大奶头视频| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 国产精品.久久久| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 级片在线观看| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 热99re8久久精品国产| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区 | 欧美潮喷喷水| 美女国产视频在线观看| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| www.色视频.com| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99 | 内射极品少妇av片p| 国产av不卡久久| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 黄片wwwwww| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 欧美又色又爽又黄视频| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 一级黄片播放器| 天堂中文最新版在线下载 | 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 亚洲综合色惰| 99热这里只有精品一区| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 中文资源天堂在线| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 国产综合懂色| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 国产三级在线视频| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 永久网站在线| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 欧美潮喷喷水| 长腿黑丝高跟| 级片在线观看| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| av专区在线播放| 亚洲18禁久久av| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 在线播放国产精品三级| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 高清毛片免费看| 深夜a级毛片| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 国产精品,欧美在线| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 在线播放国产精品三级| 久久久精品94久久精品| 国产精品野战在线观看| 久久6这里有精品| 国产黄片美女视频| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 日本熟妇午夜| 一区二区三区四区激情视频 | 悠悠久久av| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 成人二区视频| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 色播亚洲综合网| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 久久精品夜色国产| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 此物有八面人人有两片| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区 | 久久精品国产自在天天线| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 天堂中文最新版在线下载 | 国产精品三级大全| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 黄片wwwwww| 欧美潮喷喷水| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 色综合站精品国产| 日本在线视频免费播放| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 日日撸夜夜添| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频 | 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 高清日韩中文字幕在线| 欧美日本视频| 观看美女的网站| 在线国产一区二区在线| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 久久久久久久久中文| 久久中文看片网| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久 | 亚洲成人av在线免费| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 国产成人影院久久av| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 在线免费十八禁| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 一夜夜www| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 国产91av在线免费观看| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 国产老妇女一区| 国产一级毛片在线| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 久久精品影院6| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 欧美3d第一页| 国产精品三级大全| 插逼视频在线观看| 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 国产一级毛片在线| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆| 日韩成人伦理影院| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 黄色配什么色好看| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 精品人妻视频免费看| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 草草在线视频免费看|