• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Visual field defects and retinal nerve fiber layer damage in buried optic disc drusen: a new insight

    2022-10-24 09:11:30BrendaNanaWandjiArtmiseDugauquierAdleEhongo
    International Journal of Ophthalmology 2022年10期

    Brenda Nana Wandji, Artmise Dugauquier, Adle Ehongo

    1Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium

    2Department of Ophthalmology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels 1070, Belgium

    Abstract

    ● KEYWORDS: buried optic disc drusen; visual field;spectral-domain optical coherence tomography; Garway-Heath mapping; retinal nerve fiber layer

    INTRODUCTION

    Optic disc drusen (ODD) are acellular deposits made of mucopolysaccharides, calcium and nucleic acids located at the prelaminar zone of the optic nerve head (ONH)[1]. Their pathophysiology is not well known but it is commonly admitted that an axonal calcium flow reduction leading to extracellular calcic collections could be the main mechanism[2-3]. ODD have a global prevalence of 0.9%-2.4% and are more common in Caucasians and females[4-5]. There may also be a genetic component, explaining increased intrafamilial occurrence[6].ODD is usually asymptomatic. However, up to 10% of patients may report transient visual obscuration[7]and 88.3% of patients may develop associated visual field defects (VFD)[8-10]. ODD are usually located in the nasal sectors of the papilla[11-12]; they are classified either as visible or buried depending on the fact that they are clearly detected or not by ophthalmoscopy[2].Visible ODD have a typical nodular presentation or appear as polycyclic and blurred distortions of the optic disc margins[10].Buried optic disc drusen (BODD), do not have that typical aspect. They can induce a papillary bulge, often confused with papilledema but the ophthalmoscopic examination can also be strictly normal[2,13]. BODD are therefore insidious because they can be underdiagnosed or confused with pathologies such as normal tension glaucoma (NTG) or papilledema,leading thus to unnecessary investigations[13-14]. BODD are easily detected using the latest optical coherence tomography(OCT) technologies such as swept source-OCT (SS-OCT) and enhanced depth imaging-OCT (EDI-OCT)[15-16]. BODD are more commonly found in children and a transition period is described in adolescence during which BODD exteriorize[2,5].

    The alterations caused by BODD on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the impact on the visual field (VF) are controversial unlike visible ODD where the association is well known[9,17]. The theory is that BODD are early-stage ODD that have not yet had time enough to exteriorize and cause damages[9].

    The relationship between VF patterns and their corresponding regions on the ONH is established[18]. Using this correspondence,we assessed the correlation between the localization of BODD and their impact on the VF in adults. We suggest that drusen may trigger VFD by compressing RNFLand this damage would be more pronounced in adult patients.

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS

    Ethical ApprovalWe obtained the approval of the Ethics Committee and that of the institutional board of Erasme Hospital. We have ensured that our study was conducted in accordance with the fundamental principles of medical research as set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. The hospital where our study was conducted is an academic institution that applies the opting-out policy; therefore, all patients admitted give their consent to the hospital for further use of their records for research purpose.

    Study DesignWe carried out a retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study in the Glaucoma Clinic of the Ophthalmology Department at Erasme Hospital in Brussels,Belgium. Patients aged at least 18 years old diagnosed with BODD, who had complete records and reliable VF were enrolled. We excluded patients with low vision, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa or any other lesion potentially responsible of VFD.

    SamplingThe sampling was done with consecutive subjects for whom BODD diagnosis was made over a 3-year period from November 2018 to December 2021.

    Study ProcedureData were collected from the files of patients who benefitted from a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including medical history, measurement of their refractive error, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) using Goldman applanation tonometer fundus examination and pictures with a non-mydriatic retinal camera Visucam 224?(Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena,Germany), automated 24-2 VF using the SITA standard mode of the Humphrey?Field Analyzer 3 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) and spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT)with Spectralis?OCT model S3300 (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany).

    OCT Data CollectionODD were considered visible if they had a typical nodular or polycyclic appearance on ophthalmoscopy[10](Figure 1A) and these eyes were thus non included. Otherwise, they were considered buried. The diagnosis of BODD was made using the glaucoma module of Spectralis?which provides 48 radial sections centred on the papilla. BODD were identified as round hypo reflective lesions with hyper reflective and irregular margins[2](Figure 1B-1D). We were careful not to confuse them with vessels which usually have regular margins and only appear on a single section[19-20].

    OCT AnalysisOne radial section out of four was analysed starting from the 12 o’clock position and read clockwise. In case of doubt, the interpretation was refined by reading the neighbouring section on both sides. Then, we made a transition from the hourly to the Garway-Heath distribution[18](Figure 1E).For both the RNFL and the minimal rim width (MRW), we used this all-set distribution provided by the Spectralis?after revision of the Bruch’s membrane position.

    To assess the predominantly nasal location of BODD[11-12],we also assessed on the hourly slices, the orientation of the border tissue of Elschnig which is a fibro-astrocytic tissue that separates neural tissue from choroid in the neural canal.It was classified into two categories according to whether it is externally oblique or not from its junction with the sclera to that with Bruch’s membrane: external oblique if its anterior end goes outwards in relation to the center of the optic nerve and non-external oblique otherwise[21](Figure 2A). We then classified the sections at the right eye into two sectors: “nasal”from 12:00 to 6:00 clockwise including the limits (6 and 12)and “temporal” from 6:00 to 12:00 clockwise. To obtain the corresponding mirror sections for the left eye, we made a symmetrical projection around the nasal axis (Figure 2B).“Temporal” data of right and left eyes for the border tissue obliquity were pooled together for each hourly location and the same for the “nasal” part (For example we combined the data from 3:00 of the right eye and 9:00 of the left eye which corresponded to the “nasal 3” sector while the data from 9:00 of the right eye and 3:00 of the left eye corresponding to the“temporal 3” sector).

    The topography of BODD using SD-OCT was correlated to that of abnormal sectors for both the MRW and the RNFL.Likewise, the topography of abnormal sectors for MRW was correlated to that of abnormal sectors for the RNFL. A dissociation between the MRW and the RNFL in a sector was defined as normal MRW with damaged RNFL in that same sector or vice-versa.

    Visual Field AssessmentVF were considered reliable if they had a rate of false positives, false negatives, and fixation losses <20%. Unreliable VFs were excluded. Reliable VFs were then analyzed according to Anderson’s criteria which can be summarized as follows: glaucoma hemifield test (GHT)outside normal limits; or pattern standard deviation (PSD) at aP<5%; or abnormal cluster. Abnormal cluster is a group of three or more non-edge points along the course of the nerve fiber within the same sector on the pattern deviation plot, all of which are depressed at aP<5% level with at least one of them depressed at aP<1% level[22]. Then clusters were listed in Garway-Heath’s zones (Figure 3).

    Figure 1 Fundus and OCT aspects of optic disc drusen (A-D) and translocation from hourly sectors to Garway-Heath zones (E) A:Visible optic disc drusen: multinodular aspect on fundoscopy; B: Normal fundoscopy hiding a buried optic disc drusen disclosed by SD-OCT as a round hypo reflective lesion with hyper reflective and irregular margins: the yellow arrow shows a vessel which is round, hypo reflective with hyper reflective regular margins; C: Buried optic disc drusen presenting with a pseudo papilledema aspect on fundoscopy; D: Buried optic disc drusen presenting with peripapillary atrophy on fundoscopy: based on exclusion criteria stated above, this eye was excluded as peripapillary atrophy is a confounding factor for visual field defects[20]; E: Summary of our approach of transposition from hourly sectors on SD-OCT to Garway-Heath areas on a right eye; to obtain a mapping for a left eye, this figure is mirrored by the vertical line crossing the nose. SD-OCT:Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

    Figure 2 Representation of border tissue and right-left equivalent hourly sectors A: Border tissue orientation; A1: external oblique: anterior end goes outwards in relation to the center of the optic nerve and non-external oblique otherwise; A2 and A3: non external oblique (respectively non-oblique and internal oblique); B: Hourly sectors on right and left eyes.

    The topography of BODD using SD-OCT was correlated to VFD distribution according to Garway-Heath correspondence.All data including VF were analyzed by two independents researchers (Dugauquier A and Ehongo A) and a third one(Nana Wandji B) independently validated their findings. In case of agreement, data were saved in an Excel sheet and in case of disagreement, they were reviewed collegially. If a doubt persisted, the data were excluded.

    Statistical AnalysisStatistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel and STATA SE 17 (64 bit) software.The qualitative variables were expressed in terms of frequencies,while the quantitative variables were expressed as median,interquartile range (IQR) and range. The Fisher’s exact test was used to verify the associations between the different variables of interest because most expected counts were <5.We also used the Phi correlation coefficient for categorical variables to rate the strength of our correlation. We performed an exact logistic regression adjusting for elevated IOP(>21 mm Hg) which influences VFD[23-24]. The tests were considered significant for aP-value <0.05.

    RESULTS

    General CharacteristicsTwenty eyes of 15 patients, aged 19 to 76y (median±IQR: 63±43y), of which 9/15 (60%)females, were included. Patients’ distribution according to the age is shown in Figure 4A. The optic disc aspect was strictly normal in 19 out of 20 eyes (95%); We had one case of pseudo papilledema. One eye with peripapillary atrophy and BODD was excluded as the former may be related to VFD[20]. BODD were found in 12 left eyes (60%) and in 8 right eyes (40%);They were bilateral in 6 (40 %) patients. Circumstances of diagnosis were usually related to glaucoma (Figure 4B). The other general characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

    SD-OCT AnalysisBODD were mostly found in areas A, E and F, corresponding to the nasal region (Figure 5A). RNFL was predominantly damaged in the D, E, and F zones (Figure 5B). MRW was slightly impaired (Figure 5C).

    The border tissue obliquity was predominantly external in the temporal sectors while it was non external in the nasal sectors (Figure 6A). Figure 6B shows the association between BODD location and the orientation of the border tissue. There is less BODD in the temporal areas, where the border tissue is predominantly external oblique. This association was not statistically significant.

    RNFL damage was significantly associated with BODD location in C, D and E areas; There was no statistically significant association between BODD location and MRW impairment (Table 2).

    Table 1 General characteristics of the sample

    After adjusting for high IOP, the association between the presence of BODD and RNFL damage was still significant in D (P=0.03) and E (P=0.025; Table 3). Moreover, BODD located in E were significantly associated with damaged RNFL in neighboring sectors D (P=0.012) and F (P=0.02; Table 3).A statistically significant MRW/RNFL dissociation was noticed on the A, E and F Garway-Heath areas with a damaged RNFL meanwhile MRW was still normal (Table 4). Figure 7 shows the distribution of MRW-RNFL dissociation by Garway-Heath areas (Figure 7A-7B). A case of dissociation is also illustrated(Figure 7C1-7C4).

    Visual Field AnalysisWe excluded one VF because it did not meet the reliability criteria. The overall positive rate for Anderson criteria was 63% (12/19; Figure 8A). Clusters were mostly located in the B (31.6%), D (21%), and E (26.3%)Garway-Heath’s areas (Figure 8B).

    There was a statistically significant association between the location of BODD and the location of clusters only in zone D. This association remained significant after adjustment for high IOP (P=0.009; Table 5). Figure 9 illustrates one case of structure-function correspondence.

    The further away from the F-zone, the less BODD are present.The RNFL damage also follows this pattern but with a more spread-out distribution. When it comes to VFD, the areas with the most defects are those adjacent to the areas with the most BODD: areas B and E with the most VFDs are adjacent to areas A and F with the most BODD (Figure 10).

    DISCUSSION

    The median age at diagnosis in our study sample was 63y, which indicates a delay in diagnosis since BODD are asymptomatic.BODD are usually found in a younger population[5,25], but our study did not include any patients under 18 years old. There was a slight female predominance, which is consistent with the literature[9]. The mean visual acuity of our patients was nearly normal like the one in the study of Malmqvistet al[9]. This could also play a role in the delayed diagnosis.

    Figure 3 Transition of visual field data from the results sheet to the Garway-Heath mapping A: VF results sheet; B: Pattern deviation; C:Garway-Heath areas; the defects correspond to D, E, and F areas.

    Figure 4 General characteristics A: Age distribution (n=15); B: Circumstances of diagnosis (n=21).

    Figure 5 Distribution by Garway-Heath area A: BODD location; B: RNFL damage; C: MRW damage. The results presented here are those for right and left eyes combined by Garway-Heath sector. The mapping for a right eye is just used for simplification. BODD: Buried optic disc drusen location; RNFL: Retinal nerve fiber layer; MRW: Minimal rim width.

    Table 2 Correspondence between BODD location, RNFL, and MRW damage

    Figure 6 Border tissue orientation analysis A: Distribution of border tissue orientation; B: Association between external obliquity of border tissue and BODD location. EO: External oblique; NEO: Non external oblique; BODD: Buried optic disc drusen location.

    Figure 7 MRW/RNFL dissociation A: Summary of overall MRW/RNFL dissociation according to Garway-Heath areas. The dissociation is more prevalent in sectors D, E, and F. B: Distribution of the part of MRW/RNFL dissociation related to damaged RNFL. The cases of nasal dissociation are mainly due to damage of RNFL. C: Illustration of a case of dissociation in a right eye. This 76-year-old patient has bilateral BODD discovered in the context of shallow anterior chamber work up, maximum IOP 10 mm Hg. C1: Hourly sectors with the cursor at 2 o’clock;C2: BODD seen on SD-OCT; C3: Normal MRW; C4: Damaged RNFL in D, E and F Garway-Heath areas. BODD: Buried optic disc drusen location; RNFL: Retinal nerve fiber layer; MRW: Minimal rim width; IOP: Intraocular pressure.

    Figure 8 Visual field deficits A: Rate of Anderson criteria fulfilled (n=19). Clusters were found in 58% (11/19) of eyes, the PSD was <5% in 53% (10/19) of eyes and 63% of the eyes (12/19) had an abnormal GHT. B: Clusters proportion by Garway-Heath zone. PSD: Pattern standard deviation; GHT: Glaucoma hemifield test.

    Figure 9 Right eye correspondence between BODD located in the D, E, and F Garway-Heath areas with clusters in D, E, and F on visual field In each line, the infrared image with OCT radial sections in the left shows the location and orientation of the slice disclosing the drusen.A-C: SD-OCT with BODD respectively at 11, 1, and 2 o’clock; D: Transposition from corresponding hourly sections to D, E, F Garway-Heath areas; E: Visual field of the same patient with defects on the D, E and F areas. The same patient illustrated in Figure 7. BODD: Buried optic disc drusen location.

    Figure 10 Overview of BODD, RNFL damage, and clusters distribution A: BODD, RNFL damage, and VFD distribution; B: Garway-Heath mapping. BODD: Buried optic disc drusen location; RNFL: Retinal nerve fiber layer; VFD: Visual field defects.

    We found a bilateral BODD rate of 40%. We found no studies describing only the rate of bilaterality of BODD only. The papilla appeared normal in 95% of our sample, with the typical presentation of pseudo papilledema[19]being found only in one case. This suggests that BODD are underdiagnosed, thus their true prevalence is underestimated. Nearly 60% of BODD included in our study were discovered during investigative assessment for pathologies related to glaucoma (narrow angle glaucoma work-up, 2ndopinion for glaucoma)[26]. Therefore,BODD are a diagnosis to keep in mind when dealing with glaucoma[14,27].

    BODD were predominantly located in Garway-Heath sectors A, E and F, corresponding to the lower, upper, and middle nasal regions which is in accordance with those found by Satoet al[11]and Teixeiraet al[12]. The orientation of the border tissue was mostly external oblique in the temporal region, where very few BODD were found. Although this association was not statistically significant, we suggest that this may explain why BODD are more often found in the nasal area. This phenomenon has already been described in myopic eyes with external obliquity of the border tissue on the temporal side; The prelaminar optic nerve then tends to slide nasally, freeing the temporal part[21]. Since the pathogenesis of BODD results from an alteration of axonal metabolism[2], a more frequent number of BODD in the nasal area would then be related to the greater number of nerve fibers in this area due to the orientation of the border tissue. So far, no study has provided a hypothesis on the predominantly nasal localization of BODD.

    We found an association in the location of BODD and RNFL damage (upper nasal and upper temporal) in Garway-Heath zones D and E, suggesting that BODD are not that harmless.This finding is quite innovative since in the literature, BODD seem not to cause RNFL alterations compared to ODD[9,17]. It has been hypothesized that BODD are early-staged drusen, not present long enough to damage nerve fibers[9]and also, that the outer walls of BODD are less calcified than those of ODD,making the former less harmful[28].Interesting, we found that the lesions caused by BODD on the RNFL are not only restricted in the area where the drusen is located but also afar. This could be explained by a possible mass effect away on the nerve fibers rather than at the epicenter of the drusen. A similar process occurs in case of intracranial expansive pathology that causes deficits in the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral hemisphere also[29].

    Table 3 Correspondence between BODD location and RNFL damage adjusted for high IOP (exact logistic regression)

    Table 4 RNFL damage in MRW/RNFL dissociation

    Table 5 Correspondence between clusters’ location and drusen’s location

    The MRW was hardly damaged in most of our patients. This was also highlighted by Poliet al[30]. Moreover, we had a significant RNFL/MRW dissociation with damaged RNFL. As suggested by Poliet al[30], we suggest that the contribution of the MRW as indicator of fiber nerve damage is quite limited in case of morphological papillary abnormality such as BODD.The measurement between the internal limiting membrane and Bruch’s membrane is overestimated by the space taken by BODD[27,30].

    This is a major difference with early glaucomatous lesions where alterations are first flagged by MRW[31]. The 63% of our patients had an abnormal VF. This is slightly higher than the rate found by Malmqvistet al[9]in patients with BODD which was 54.6% but this was remarkably high compared to the result found by Katzet al[17], who had a rate of 5% of VFD in patients with BODD. This can be explained by the higher average age of our population which was 63y. Katzet al[17]and Malmvisqtet al[9]in their studies had a mean age of patients with BODD of 35 and 35.4y respectively. In our subjects, this would have given BODD more time to damage nerve fibers.

    The defects were predominantly found in areas B, D and E;contrary to what was found by Malmqvistet al[9]and Novalet al[25]which had a predominance of nasal defects. However,Katzet al[17]found that BODD caused inferior arciform scotomas. This corresponds to Garway-Heath areas D and E which was also predominant in our study. The presence of defects in B could be explained by the possibility of a mass effect as for RNFL damages. BODD being less calcified[9]would be more damaging by mass effect and therefore remotely whereas visible ODD would alter the fibres locally because of their calcifications.

    Moreover, we observed a correspondence between the location of BODD and the presence of clusters in sector D (superior temporal). This correspondence was known in visible ODD but not in BODD[5,9].

    The sample size was small. Our study was monocentric, and retrospective and we did not have a control group. Since our participants were recruited at the Glaucoma Clinic, this is a potential selection bias. However, we focused on BODD, which are neglected in most studies and considered benign. We showed that VFD are also present in BODD. We did the study with a more specific distribution according to the Garway-Heath areas.We can conclude that BODD do not affect only young patients and can be more harmful than usually expected, as VFD are present in 63% of cases. There is a correspondence between BODD location, RNFL damage, and VFD. When dealing with BODD, RNFL status is a better indicator of ganglion fiber damage compared to MRW unlike glaucoma. We suggest there is a possible remote nerve fiber damage, and the border tissue orientation would be a hypothesis explaining the preferential nasal location of the BODDs. Those assumptions could be the subject of further studies.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    The authors would like to thank Mr. Bouziotis Jason,Biomedical Research Department, Erasme Hospital, for his advice in biostatistics.

    Conflicts of Interest: Nana Wandji B,None;Dugauquier A,None;Ehongo A,None.

    一级黄色大片毛片| av在线天堂中文字幕 | 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 一级黄色大片毛片| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 中国美女看黄片| 国产成人影院久久av| 69av精品久久久久久| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 午夜免费观看网址| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 午夜a级毛片| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 国产精品九九99| 嫩草影院精品99| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 亚洲黑人精品在线| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 久久精品亚洲av国产电影网| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 后天国语完整版免费观看| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 亚洲人成电影免费在线| aaaaa片日本免费| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 老司机福利观看| 久久久国产成人免费| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 国产精品永久免费网站| 丁香六月欧美| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 日韩欧美三级三区| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 久99久视频精品免费| 操美女的视频在线观看| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 9色porny在线观看| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 久久精品亚洲熟妇少妇任你| 国产精品免费视频内射| 在线观看66精品国产| 老司机靠b影院| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影 | 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 在线天堂中文资源库| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| av网站免费在线观看视频| 一区在线观看完整版| 国产区一区二久久| 成人三级做爰电影| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 怎么达到女性高潮| 国产精品野战在线观看 | 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 咕卡用的链子| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 国产不卡一卡二| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 日韩欧美免费精品| 大香蕉久久成人网| 午夜精品在线福利| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 伦理电影免费视频| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 999精品在线视频| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 免费观看人在逋| 日韩有码中文字幕| 日本三级黄在线观看| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点 | 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 高清欧美精品videossex| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 日韩欧美免费精品| 男人的好看免费观看在线视频 | 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 不卡一级毛片| 免费少妇av软件| 免费高清视频大片| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 99久久国产精品久久久| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 9色porny在线观看| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 黄片小视频在线播放| 国产成人精品在线电影| 久久亚洲真实| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 在线av久久热| 成人18禁在线播放| av片东京热男人的天堂| 脱女人内裤的视频| 高清av免费在线| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线| 五月开心婷婷网| 久久久久九九精品影院| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 9热在线视频观看99| 超碰97精品在线观看| 99re在线观看精品视频| 国产精品九九99| 1024视频免费在线观看| 很黄的视频免费| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 亚洲 国产 在线| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 青草久久国产| 亚洲avbb在线观看| 在线国产一区二区在线| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸 | 久久久久久久午夜电影 | 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 老司机福利观看| 亚洲国产欧美网| 悠悠久久av| 宅男免费午夜| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 一进一出抽搐动态| 成人影院久久| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| 1024香蕉在线观看| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 精品久久久精品久久久| 老司机靠b影院| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 免费看十八禁软件| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 亚洲国产欧美网| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 亚洲视频免费观看视频| 久久99一区二区三区| 热99re8久久精品国产| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 午夜激情av网站| av天堂在线播放| 黄色视频不卡| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 美国免费a级毛片| 精品电影一区二区在线| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 在线天堂中文资源库| a级毛片在线看网站| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 9色porny在线观看| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 热99re8久久精品国产| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| av视频免费观看在线观看| cao死你这个sao货| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 国产成人av教育| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出 | 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 美女大奶头视频| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 免费在线观看日本一区| 国产99白浆流出| 午夜福利,免费看| 又大又爽又粗| 欧美大码av| 欧美成人午夜精品| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 一级片免费观看大全| 国产激情久久老熟女| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 午夜免费成人在线视频| av在线天堂中文字幕 | 亚洲午夜理论影院| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 黄色视频不卡| 精品国产一区二区久久| 亚洲国产欧美网| 91成人精品电影| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| 五月开心婷婷网| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 亚洲第一av免费看| 精品福利永久在线观看| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 国产精品免费视频内射| 1024香蕉在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 韩国精品一区二区三区| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 性欧美人与动物交配| 一本综合久久免费| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 一级片'在线观看视频| 黄色成人免费大全| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 国产成人av教育| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 大码成人一级视频| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 欧美在线黄色| a级毛片在线看网站| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 精品福利观看| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 久久香蕉精品热| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 久久精品亚洲av国产电影网| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 超碰97精品在线观看| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影 | 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 琪琪午夜伦伦电影理论片6080| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 一本综合久久免费| 欧美在线黄色| 日韩高清综合在线| 两个人看的免费小视频| 国产成人欧美| 91成年电影在线观看| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 我的亚洲天堂| 亚洲成人免费av在线播放| 电影成人av| 精品久久久久久久久久免费视频 | 久久久久久久午夜电影 | av中文乱码字幕在线| 日本a在线网址| 日韩欧美在线二视频| 欧美日韩黄片免| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女 | 亚洲美女黄片视频| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 级片在线观看| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 一区二区三区激情视频| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | 岛国在线观看网站| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 大香蕉久久成人网| 精品高清国产在线一区| 丁香欧美五月| 香蕉国产在线看| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 亚洲国产看品久久| 欧美色视频一区免费| 咕卡用的链子| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 精品久久久久久电影网| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 在线免费观看的www视频| 很黄的视频免费| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 极品人妻少妇av视频| av免费在线观看网站| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 亚洲专区国产一区二区| 亚洲中文av在线| 精品日产1卡2卡| 不卡一级毛片| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 国产精品永久免费网站| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 欧美精品啪啪一区二区三区| 88av欧美| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 午夜激情av网站| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 久久久久久人人人人人| 男女下面插进去视频免费观看| 免费在线观看日本一区| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 嫩草影视91久久| 色精品久久人妻99蜜桃| 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 久久久国产成人精品二区 | 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 亚洲av美国av| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 看黄色毛片网站| 日韩欧美三级三区| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 黄色 视频免费看| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 久久香蕉精品热| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| cao死你这个sao货| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 亚洲国产看品久久| 午夜老司机福利片| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| av天堂久久9| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费 | 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 性少妇av在线| 悠悠久久av| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 一本综合久久免费| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 午夜两性在线视频| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 在线天堂中文资源库| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 亚洲全国av大片| 丁香欧美五月| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 一级黄色大片毛片| 久久精品成人免费网站| 欧美亚洲日本最大视频资源| 91国产中文字幕| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 午夜老司机福利片| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 成人18禁在线播放| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 在线播放国产精品三级| www.999成人在线观看| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 五月开心婷婷网| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 日本a在线网址| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| 久久久久九九精品影院| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 99久久国产精品久久久| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 一a级毛片在线观看| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 啦啦啦 在线观看视频| 91在线观看av| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 亚洲成人国产一区在线观看| 看片在线看免费视频| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 国产精品免费视频内射| 一区二区三区精品91| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费 | 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜 | 老司机靠b影院| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 欧美黑人精品巨大| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 热99re8久久精品国产| 99re在线观看精品视频| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 欧美日韩精品网址| 午夜精品久久久久久毛片777| 国产野战对白在线观看| 日本三级黄在线观看| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | 脱女人内裤的视频| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 91国产中文字幕| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久| 女生性感内裤真人,穿戴方法视频| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 黄片大片在线免费观看| av中文乱码字幕在线| 成人18禁在线播放| 午夜福利在线免费观看网站| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 美女午夜性视频免费| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 一级片免费观看大全| 亚洲精品在线美女| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| 国产91精品成人一区二区三区| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 国产精品久久视频播放| www.自偷自拍.com| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 精品福利永久在线观看| 亚洲 国产 在线| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 国产一区二区激情短视频| av免费在线观看网站| 99久久国产精品久久久| 亚洲激情在线av| netflix在线观看网站| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 欧美成人午夜精品| e午夜精品久久久久久久| av超薄肉色丝袜交足视频| 老司机靠b影院| www.精华液| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 少妇 在线观看| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 国产成人啪精品午夜网站| 嫩草影院精品99| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 亚洲国产精品999在线| 免费观看精品视频网站| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 亚洲伊人色综图| 久久国产精品人妻蜜桃| 亚洲av熟女| www.自偷自拍.com| 9色porny在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| svipshipincom国产片| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 成年版毛片免费区| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 亚洲激情在线av| 老司机亚洲免费影院| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 亚洲第一青青草原| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 视频区图区小说| 宅男免费午夜| 久久精品亚洲熟妇少妇任你| 久99久视频精品免费| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区|