• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    An Efficient and Reliable Multicasting for Smart Cities

    2022-08-24 12:57:58FaheemKhanMuhammadZahidseyinlerIlhanTarimerandTaegkeunWhangbo
    Computers Materials&Continua 2022年7期

    Faheem Khan, Muhammad Zahid, Hüseyin Gürüler, Ilhan Tarimerand Taegkeun Whangbo,*

    1Department of Computer Engineering?Artificial intelligence Lab, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Korea

    2Department of Computer Science, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, 24450, Pakistan

    3Department of Information Systems Engineering, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, 48000, Turkey

    Abstract: The Internet of thing (IoT) is a growing concept for smart cities, andit is compulsory to communicate data between different networks and devices.In the IoT, communication should be rapid with less delay and overhead.For this purpose, flooding is used for reliable data communication in a smart cities concept but at the cost of higher overhead, energy consumption and packet drop etc.This paper aims to increase the efficiency in term of overhead and reliability in term of delay by using multicasting and unicasting instead of flooding during packet forwarding in a smart city using the IoT concept.In this paper, multicasting and unicasting is used for IoT in smart cities within a receiver-initiated mesh-based topology to disseminate the data to the cluster head.Smart cities networks are divided into cluster head, and each cluster head or core node will be responsible for transferring data to the desired receiver.This protocol is a novel approach according to the best of our knowledge, and it proves to be very useful due to its efficiency and reliability in smart cities concept because IoT is a collection of devices and having a similar interest for transmission of data.The results are implemented in Network simulator 2 (NS-2).The result shows that the proposed protocol shows performance in overhead, throughput, packet drop, delay and energy consumption as compared to benchmark schemes.

    Keywords: Multicasting; unicasting; flooding; network simulator-2; internet of thing; smart cities

    1 Introduction

    Advanced countries are facing many social issues related to safety, security, healthcare, disaster,aged population etc.The idea of smart cities utilizes the technologies of IoT to improve social infrastructure and to design an innovative solution to the issues mentioned above.Significant improvement in the wireless network, mobile ad-hoc network, 5G, and telecommunication through fiber optic encourages the researcher to use pervasive intelligence.IoT is used in almost every field of life especially in e-health, smart learning, smart homes, and professional level, i.e., smart transportation, remote monitoring, automation, smart cities etc.[1-3].

    An increasing number of objects are now connecting to the internet through IoT.Some general examples that enable smart homes are monitoring system, security system, control system, thermostats, heating, air-conditioning, ventilation and much more.IoT [4] is also playing an important role to improve the quality of lives, including industrial automation, healthcare, emergency response to artificial and natural disasters, transportation etc.IoT devices connect and share their coordinates,information, and decisions through embedded devices, ubiquitous and pervasive computing, internet protocols, and applications.The objects/devices perform their task either in a domain-specific application or an independent domain application, whereas in each domain, actuators and sensors communicate with each other through some predefined protocols, as shown in Fig.1 [5].

    Figure 1: Domain specific and independent application in IoT

    Flooding [6] is the most appropriate method of transferring sensing data within the local network because these devices/objects work at a distance of 100-meter minimum and 400-meter maximum.A source node transmits data through every outgoing object/device in flooding because it uses all the available paths in the network.This mechanism is very favorable in applications like IoT, but it suffers duplicate packet transmission and collision in the wireless medium,which leads to network congestion.Therefore, this paper proposes effective multicasting and unicasting method to transfer local data in community-based IoT networks.

    Multicasting and unicasting are performed through tree and mesh-based routing protocols [5-9].In the IoT, mesh-based multicasting is used, where multiple paths exist between group members to enrich connectivity for better reliability and less delay.Furthermore, the receiver-initiated protocol is used for data dissemination, where the receiver will be responsible for data transfer within the group members [10].After going through the literature, the researcher pointed out the following problems.In receiver-initiated mesh-based approaches like Protocol for unified multicast through announcement (PUMA) [11], Efficient and reliable core assisted multicast routing in mobile ad-hoc network (ERASCA) [12] and On demand multicast routing protocol [13], the information is flooded inside the mesh, and such information is quickly received by all mesh members but at the cost of extra overhead.In flooding, as the destination node is moving away due to mobility, then the destined receiver receives the data with less at the cost of maximum overhead and energy consumption in a wireless network [14-16].All the protocols use the cluster-based approaches where a core node/leader node acts as a central point of an entity.The core node is considered a group leader of mesh.The mesh consists of receivers, intermediate nodes, mesh relay nodes, non-member nodes and terminals nodes,as shown in Fig.2.

    Figure 2: Mesh formation

    In this paper, flooding is avoided for packet forwarding to the destination node.In the proposed protocol, any mesh member receives the packet forwarded to the core node despite the flooding.Now it is the responsibility of the core node to send it to the desired destined node through unicasting or multicasting.This transferring of data depends on the distance from the core to the destination node.If the destined receiver is within the 3-hop distance from the core node, it will be transferred through unicasting, but if the distance is more than 3-hops, then multicasting will be preferred.Due to the limited resources in MANET, 3-hop distance is selected because by increasing the hop distancing,a resource consumption of the overall system will also increase in term of overhead, delay, energy consumption and packet drop.Hence, the objective is achieved with less overhead and delay.The evaluation results show that the proposed method improves the data delivery, reduces the delay, energy consumption and throughput in smarty cities using IoT.

    The remaining paper is organized in the following fashion.Section 2 explains the related work in detail with mesh and tree-based multicasting approaches.Then, mesh-based approaches are further refined into receiver-initiated and sender-initiated approaches.Finally, the existing problem of flooding is explained in the literature.Section 3 explains the multicasting and flooding in the term of the core election process.The core is elected on multiple factors to decrease the overhead.In this section, the methodology of the proposed protocol is explained with a packet forwarding approach and justifies the use of multicasting and unicasting instead of flooding.In section 4, the simulation is performed in NS-2 Simulator between Modified ERASCA, ERASCA and PUMA.Through simulation, it is concluded that the Modified ERASCA is superior to ERASCA and PUMA.The superiority is because of the use of multicasting and unicasting instead of flooding.Finally,Section 5 is the conclusion of the paper.

    2 Related Work

    A simple flooding mechanism is introduced in [6], where the node receives the data immediately within the group.This creates a flooding storm due to the increase of node density, increasing packet drop, packet collision, network trafficking etc.The Neighbor supporting multicast protocol (NSMP)[17,18] is a sender-initiated approach and is less vulnerable to link failure because of its path discovery through flooding of route discovery and local route discovery.The flood route discovery is used to establish the route, and the local route discovery is used for network partition in a small multicast group.In this approach, the path having already forwarding nodes is preferred compared to the path where the new forwarding nodes are first requested and then included in the path.This technique minimizes the trafficking, congestion, overhead, end to end delay and, as a result, increases the efficiency of the routes.However, refreshing is very necessary for NSMP for group neighbors and forwarding nodes to operate correctly.

    Dynamic core-based multicast routing protocol (DCMP) [19] uses a cluster-based routing protocol.It decreases the flooding from the source node by selecting three types of senders, i.e., passive sender, active sender and core active sender.The active sender and core active sender are flooding the Join Request.The packet begins from passive sender and is communicated to the core active sender transmitted tomesh.The number of hopes between passive sender and core active sender is limited and due to which the overhead is limited.The MaxPassSize and MaxHop are the two factors in DCMP,and it allows the mesh to have a maximum forwarding node to assure robustness.Due to passive nodes,high throughput with less overhead provides more scalability to the network.The main drawback of DCMP is its dependency on the core node, which is a very alarming situation because, in a core failure situation, the total number of passive nodes also fails.

    In receiver-initiated protocols, it is the responsibility of the receiver to maintain and update the mesh.However, when the core node is selected as a leader, the receiver starts forming the mesh, and the core node maintains and updates the mesh.In PUMA [19], sources are not required to join the multicast group before any communication to the group recipient, and less delay and overhead is utilized [20].In this approach, the core is selected within the group receivers.The initiator sends the data packet to the receivers through the shortest possible path.Flooding is used within the multicast group as soon as the data reaches any mesh member.A Multicast announcement (MA) is flooded within the mesh for maintenance and connectivity of the mesh.The MA consists of distance to the core, group ID, core ID, parent node, sequence number and M_flag.Because of such information,the initiator outside the receiver group can send the data to the desired receiver.With the help of such information, the group is informed about the entry and departure of a node.There are many drawbacks to PUMA, like data duplication and core failure.In PUMA, flooding is used for data forwarding inside the mesh instead of multicasting.

    ERASCA is a receiver-initiated protocol, which selects a stable core on certain parameters like location and battery capacity.The EERASCA overcomes the disadvantage of PUMA, where frequent core failure produces extra overhead and an extra election process.In this protocol, the concept of mirror core is also introduced to decrease the core failure and core re-election process.Hence, the ERASCA protocol is much more efficient than the approaches mentioned above in term of overhead because of the stable core election and more reliable than the above-mentioned approaches in term of delay because of the introduction of the mirror core.

    On the other hand, flooding is used in data forwarding to the desired receiver within the mesh.This compromises the efficiency in terms of overhead.ERASCA further increases the efficiency through a selection of the proper core node.However, flooding is used mainly in PUMA and ERASCA for communication, but this increases the overhead and decreases the group’s efficiency.

    All the approaches mentioned above use the core node/leader node/cluster head concept to maintain and update the group.However, in the proposed approach, the core node will be responsible for the maintenance and update and data forwarding to the desired destination, and this is the novelty of the proposed protocol.To increase the efficiency of a protocol, a proposed protocol avoids flooding and uses multicasting and unicasting for data forwarding inside the mesh, which is the main theme of this paper.Hence, in the above-mentioned approaches the proposed protocol shows improvement in overhead, packet delay, packet drop, throughput and energy.

    3 Proposed Methodology

    3.1 Overview

    In this paper, a modified version of ERASCA is proposed for IoT with a core selection method.The proposed method is explained in Tab.1 with their communication, forwarding scheme and mesh formation.In this section, an efficient and reliable protocol is proposed using multicasting and unicasting instead of flooding within the receiver group.This receiver group is a combination of objects and devices which forms the IoT network for smart cities.

    Table 1: Comparison of ERASCA and proposed protocol

    Modified ERASCA protocol implemented the Internet protocol (IP) service model, where a node makes a multicast group through status declaration (SD) message.The Status Declaration periodically flooded inside a group at a regular interval through the core node and formed the network’s connectivity list.The connectivity list forms the best possible route in a network as well as in the mesh.After reaching the data inside the mesh, it transfers the packet of the desired receiver to the core node.Now the core node decides through SD message whether to forward the packet through unicasting and multicasting.

    Like PUMA and ERASCA, a first receiver that starts communication in Modified ERASCA announces itself as a first receiver of the receiver group.A receiver group is a member of the receiver that having a similar interest in data.All the receivers are connected with the core node through intermediate nodes, and such nodes are also called a Mesh relay node (MR), and all the receivers containing MR collectively make a mesh.The core node is selected on some pre-defined parameters,and the core node must continuously update the group member.

    3.2 Core Selection in Modified ERASCA

    Flooding is an essential factor that declined the performance of data communication in the IoT network.Core election/selection further deteriorates the performance if it is not managed correctly.The core node is a central point of contact that maintains and updates all the group members and is also responsible for data transmission [11].The core node will change if the threshold value drops from specific parameters like battery capacity and many connected neighbors, which are necessary for selecting the core node.If the core node fails due to any reason, then another node will be elected as a core node, and the group will continuously receive the information of all the group members.In a wired network, when the core node fails, then the whole network collapses and stops all the communication, but here the situation is different because when the core node fails, another node will take the responsibility of core through some defined procedure.Therefore, a stable core election/selection is required for efficient performance.

    Previously, the core is selected through random selection [21,22] and the first come first serve method [22].The core is randomly selected through a randomly generated number in the former approach without concerning the position and battery capacity.As a result, the core in a bad position and have less battery capacity fails soon, and again the re-election procedure starts, which decreases the lifetime of the network.In the latter approach, when the core node fails, then the first most receiver in a group that starts the transmission is selected as a core node without knowing its position and battery capacity,and hence this core node also dries faster re-election procedure is started again.This frequent re-election consumes network resources quickly and decreases the network’s lifetime with the decrease of efficiency.In the above-mentioned approaches, the core is not selected within the proper position and having a resourceful battery capacity and hence may not be considered an efficient approach because of the frequent core failure and frequent re-election for the new core node.

    In Modified ERASCA, the core is elected based on battery energy and location in the group.The node in the center of the group with high battery capacity is chosen as a leader or core for the group.The stable core will have a high lifetime, and hence the lifetime of the group increases.Due to stable core, re-election and reconfiguration also decrease, which ultimately increases the throughput,decreases the delay and energy consumption, and increases the efficiency of smart cities in IoT.

    3.3 Status Declaration Message

    The core node uses a packet format of SD Message to maintain and update the mesh of a group.The core in the network periodically broadcasts these SD messages to form a connectivity list at each node.Connectivity lists enable the sources to send data towards the group.Each SD message specifies a core ID, group ID, parent node, battery capacity, sequence number, distance to the core and mesh member code.

    The SD message starts the code from 0 for a non-member node.On the other hand, the mesh membership code starts from 1 to 3.1 show that the node is a receiver node but cannot represent a mesh member.2 shows that a node is a mesh member but cannot be represented as a receiver and 3 shows that a node is a mesh member as well as a receiver.With such information in the SD message,the sender outside the mesh group can communicate the data within the group.It is the SD message which updates and maintains the mesh by notifying other members in the group.The parent node in the packet format shows the nearest neighbor from which it establishes the best SD message.The core node allots a unique number to SD message known as the sequence number.A fresher/higher sequence number is preferred over the lower/older sequence number.A node that receives the SD message with a fresher sequence number waits for a specified duration and then produces its SD message to form a connectivity list.Connectivity lists are formed through the periodic broadcast of the SD messages.With the help of connectivity lists, sources outside the group and receivers inside the group can estimate the best possible route to a group through the parent node and capable the mesh to send their data to the desired destination.

    3.4 Formation of the Mesh

    The formation of mesh is necessary after the formation of the receiver group.In IoT, nodes can move from one location to another location due to frequent topology changes.However, all the receiver nodes receive the data packet, although they are not within the radio range of each other.This transferring of data between the receiver group is possible due to the presence of mesh.The nodes in the mesh are characterized as Non-group member (NM) and group members.The former is not part of the mesh and represented in a black dot, as shown in Fig.2.The latter is divided Mesh relay (MR),Intermediate receiver (IR) and Terminal receiver (TR).The MR is the intermediate node between the core and a receiver and represented as a blue color.The TR is known as a terminal receiver, and the mesh finish on it, TR does not contribute in the packet forwarding and is represented in white color.Likewise, the IR acts as an intermediate node and a receiver and are represented as a red dot.The intermediate node between R48 and the core node is the R42 node.At the start of the communication,only receivers are mesh members, but later on, the MR will also be a part of the mesh member because they occur between the TR and core node and communicate the data.

    3.5 Data Forwarding in Mesh

    The parent node performs an essential role in the Modified ERASCA and forwards data to its surrounding nodes within the mesh.The communication process in Modified ERASCA is form connectivity with a parent-child relationship.The connectivity list formation informs all the sources about the presence of the mesh group, and allow the sources to transmit the data to the desired receiver by the parent node, as shown in Fig.3.Fig.3 shows that the core node is the parent node of R38, and R38 is the parent node of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R39 and D.Hence the connectivity list continues in a Parent-child fashion.

    Figure 3: Modified ERASCA

    For example, in previous protocols, the data transfer is from sender to node D, and now it is the responsibility of node D to transfer the data from sender/source to any mesh member.As discussed previously,the flooding produces many duplicate packet transmissions and leads towards packet drop,congestion and wastage of resources, and it is shown in Fig.2.Let’s suppose that a destined receiver is R43.The sender transmits a data packet and its sequence numbersi.e.,Dsto node D.Node D BroadcastsDs, to nodes R35, R36, core node, and R38.R35 broadcastDsto neighbor R46; R36 broadcastDsto core node; R38 broadcastDsto R1, R2, R3, R4, R39 and core node and the core node broadcastDsto R36, R38, R39, R40, R41, R42, R43, R44, R46 and R50, and finally the data is received to R43.This amount of needless transmission consumes the resources of wireless medium very quickly.

    Now in Modified ERASCA, two heuristics are proposed: (1) as soon as the node D transmits the data packet to any mesh member, it is the mesh member responsibility to transmit the packet to the node with a higher priority.As the core node still hasn’t received the packet, it has the maximum connected neighboring nodes within the group center and should prioritize multicast/Unicast theDs.(2) Also, other nodes will cancel their broadcasting as the other node already receives theDs.

    Now it is the responsibility of the core node to send the packet to the destined receiver either through multicasting or unicasting.Now, if the destined receiver is at a 3-hops distance to the core node, it sends the packet through unicasting, as in this case, R43 is at a one hop distance from the core node.However, if the destined receiver is more than 3-hop away, then multicasting will be used.Multicasting increases the reliability in the termlink failure or packet drop of the desired packet during transmission.For example, that D broadcastDs; asa result, its neighbor also receives theDsat the same time.However, it is clear that the neighbors of R35, R36, core node and R38 still didn’t receive theDs.In that situation, the core node will transmitDs, and R43 will receive it because the core node has a higher priority forDswith the maximum number of neighbors.Also, the core node transmits theDsearlier than R35, R36 and R38 and theDsare overheard by R35, R36 and R38.After overhearing,R35, R36 and R38 do not broadcast theirDsagain since R35, R36, and R38 have already received them.

    3.6 Algorithm of Modified ERASCA

    Depending on the two heuristics as discussed, a mechanism to avoid flooding is used in this paper.The proposed algorithm is consisting of 5 steps which are as follow:

    Algorithm: The Proposed Algorithm of Modified ERASCA/******the initialization phase******/1 Broadcast“SD message”about core location 2 Receiving of“SD message”about core node from neighbors/****** The running phase******/3 while (receive a packet Ds)4 Calculate the coverage area of Ds 5 Update the neighbors that still not receive Ds and assume that neighbors are represented by G 6 if (G==0) then 7 Cancel the broadcast of Ds;8 else 9 update the timer to broadcast Ds;10 if (the timer of Ds expires);11 Broadcast Ds;12 Multicast/Unicast Ds;13 Break from while loop;

    (1) Initially, every node generates its SD message about the status of its position within its nneighbors.These phases frequently change in the mobile ad-hoc network and wireless network,but in IoT, the topology slowly changes.

    (2) When node D broadcastDswithin its neighbors, i.e., R35, R36 core node and R38, then the neighboring nodes estimate the coverage area of transmission range R on the position of D.

    (3) By joining the positions of all connected neighbors as shown in step 1 and the transmission range ofDsis calculated in step 2.R35, R36, core node andR38 count the number of neighbors that still have not received theDs.R35 has one neighbor of R46.Similarly, R36 has one neighbor of the core node, and R38 has neighbors of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R39 and the core node.It should be noted that a node with the maximum number of neighbors will set a short timer to receiveDsquickly and then broadcast it immediately before the timing of the other nodes is completed.In this situation, the core node has the maximum number of nodes, i.e.,R36, R38, R39, R40, R41, R42, R43, R44, R46 and R50.

    (4) R35, R36, core node and R38 set a timer, which is inversely proportional to the number of connected neighbors that didn’t receiveDs,i.e., core node set a shorter timer than R35, R36 and R38.When the number of neighbors drops to zero, it cancels the broadcastDs, i.e., R35,R36 and R38 cancel the broadcast to avoid duplicate transmission.

    (5) Before the timer goes to zero, all the nodes overhear the broadcastDsmessage from its neighbors, before the timer expires.After that, it completes steps 3 and 4 recursively to update the broadcastingDstimer, i.e., when R35, R36 and R38 overhearsDsbroadcasted by the core node, it cancels the broadcast ofDs, as every neighbor has receivedDsnow.

    4 Results Comparison

    4.1 Network Simulation

    The Modified ERASCA is implemented and compared with the benchmark schemes like ERASCA and PUMA in a Network Simulator 2.The NS-2.35 Ubuntu platform uses C++ and Tcl/Otcl as a back-end language and front-end language for implementing Modified ERASCA.With the help of BASH script, 30 random scenarios are executed through multiple AWK scripts for the collection of data from trace files.The simulations parameters are shown in Tab.2.

    Table 2: Simulation parameters

    However, to do it practically, a social infrastructure should be equipped with short-range wireless communication units, which should be installed in a local area network.The communication is bidirectional, and the IoT-enabled social infrastructures (ISIs) transmission range is defined as R.In smart cities, one ISI should be in the range R of the other transmitter to successfully receive the data packet.Due to the presence of heterogeneous sensors, the status of the resident and community can be monitored and communicated, i.e., children crowd, movement of elderly and disable people, road traffic etc.At least 50 sensors are used to communicate such data to the nearest ISI, and then the data is broadcasted in the IoT network to execute their functions successfully.Here, we assume a vending machine as a reference point in the IoT network.About 100 vending machines can be used within a transmission range of 250 meters in a simulation area 1000 m×1000 m from each other.Also, 10000 packets should be generated by the sensors with the transmission time of 10 ms of a data packet and the routing queue capacity of 50 packets.Smart cities without public and private transport are not possible, and the speed of the node is taken as 40 m/s.

    4.2 Matrices

    The following matrices like throughput, overhead, delay, energy and packet drop are used to calculate the performance of protocols using the following parameters as shown in Tab.2.

    Two scenarios are simulated for Modified ERASCA, ERASCA and PUMA protocol in different environment to calculate overhead, throughput, delay, packet drop and energy consumption through Packet transmission interval and mobility.

    Case 1: Changing the Packet transmission interval across X-axis

    Case 2: Changing the mobility across X-axis

    4.2.1 Changing the Packet Generation Interval Across X-Axis

    As shown in Fig.4a,the packet drops decrease in Modified ERASCA compared to ERASCA and PUMA with different packet generation intervals.Within a short interval of packet generation, many data packets were broadcasted in IoT networks and caused to increase the trafficking.This trafficking causes congestion in the network and, as a result, increases the packet drop significantly.Likewise, the flooding in ERASCA and PUMA further increases the congestion and increases the packet drop up to 52% as compared to modified ERASCA, where the packet drop is 26%.Hence the packet drop is almost decreased to half.Nevertheless, the proposed protocol packet drop significantly decreases by avoiding flooding, and hence the packet drops decrease.

    In Fig.4b, the delay decreases in Modified ERASCA compared to ERASCA and PUMA with different packet generation intervals.In short, the interval of packet generation, broadcasting increases in IoT networks and increases congestion significantly.This causes the packet to set in a large queue and wait for the packet delivery.The increase in the queue then increases the delay, and hence the performance of the ERASCA and PUMA decreases.On the other hand, the congestion is negligible,and hence the queue in Modified ERASCA is small.As a result, as shown in Fig.4b, the delay drops to 1, almost 33% smaller than ERASCA and PUMA.As a result, the delay decreases, and the ISI will receive the packet earlier than the other approaches.

    In Fig.4c,the throughput is increasing in Modified ERASCA compared to ERASCA and PUMA with different packet generation intervals.Figs.4a and 4b show that the Modified ERASCA shows more improvement in packet drop and delay than ERASCA and PUMA due to the decrease in congestion.As a result, a decrease in packet drops and delay in Modified ERASCA increases the throughput by 70%.The values are almost double that of ERASCA and PUMA, where throughput drops to 35% and 30%.It should be noted that the improvement of packet drops and delay in 4a and 4b is directly proportional to the increase in the throughput, as shown in Fig.4c.Figs.4d and 4e,with different packet generation intervals, increase overhead and energy consumption very slowly in Modified ERASCA compared to ERASCA and PUMA,where the overhead and energy consumption increase at a fast rate.This increase in the rate of overhead and energy is due to the use of flooding.Due to flooding, the congestion increases and increases the packet drop.This causes the source to send the packet to the desired ISI again.This retransmission of data packets in a congested network increases the overhead.As overhead and energy consumption are directly related to each other, the energy consumption increases as shown in ERASCA and PUMA.However, in Modified ERASCA, both overhead and energy consumption are increasing but at a very slow rate due to improved methodology.It is shown in the results that the improvement of Modified ERASCA in overhead and energy is twice greater than ERASCA and PUMA.Also, duplicate packet transmission in flooding affects the performance in terms of overhead and energy.

    Figure4:Comparison of packet generation interval with packet drop, delay, throughput, overhead and energy

    4.2.2 Changing the Mobility Across X-Axis

    In Fig.5a, mobility is on the X-axis and packet drop is on the Y-axis to compare Modified ERASCA with ERASCA and PUMA.Due to the use of flooding in ERASCA and PUMA,congestion and packet duplication increases.This causes a long queue, and the packet drop increases.The packet drops further increases when the mobility increases.This packet drop is increasing quickly in ERASCA and PUMA due to the use of flooding and decreasing at a considerable low rate in Modified ERASCA due to the use of multicasting and unicasting.Fig.5b shows that mobility is shown on the X-axis against the delay to compare Modified ERASCA with ERASCA and PUMA.As shown in Fig.5a, packet drop increases due to the increase in mobility.As a result, the packet will be retransmitted again; this frequent retransmission creates a flooding storm in the network.This creates congestion and hence delay increases.Also, in high mobility packet drop increases further increases the reconfiguration and hence further increases the delay.Therefore, the delay is more in ERASCA and PUMA due to frequent retransmission, but the delay is less in Modified ERASCA due to its improved technique of avoiding excessive flooding.

    Figure 5: Comparison of mobility with packet drop, delay, throughput, overhead and energy

    Fig.5c shows that mobility is shown on the X-axis against the throughput to compare Modified ERASCA with ERASCA and PUMA.Throughput is affected directly by packet drop, delay, and mobility, as shown in Figs.5a and 5b.The increase in packet drop and long delay cause frequent link failure, and the mobile vehicle does not receive the data within a predefined time and decreases the throughput.The throughput is an important factor for mobile nodes in smart cities.Hence, increasing the throughput will improve the activities of the IoT smart cities concept.Fig.5c shows that the throughput of Modified ERASCA is better than the previous two approaches, but its performance goes down during high mobility.Hence, in high mobility, flooding is the appropriate option, but it creates high overhead, delay and energy consumption.The packet drop is considered from ISI to ISI,and throughput is considered from source to destination.

    In Fig.5d, mobility is shown on the X-axis against overhead to compare Modified ERASCA with ERASCA and PUMA.The overhead of ERASCA and PUMA is already higher due to flooding,but it further increases due to mobility.The mobility further increases the packet drop, packet retransmission, and duplicate packet transmission due to frequent entry and exit of mobile nodes,increasing the overhead.This increase in overhead also increases the energy consumption of the mobile nodes and the IoT network, as shown in Fig.5e.The performance of Modified ERASCA is stable in terms of overhead and energy as compared to ERASCA and PUMA.

    5 Conclusion

    This paper introduced a data dissemination mechanism in a IoT network for smart cities through multicasting and unicasting.The proposed technique discourages flooding and using multicasting andunicasting for data transmission broadcasting in the group.The results have validated the improvement in performance in term of packet drop, delay, throughput, overhead and energy utilization by avoiding flooding in Modified ERASCA.On the other hand, PUMA and ERASCA use flooding for data dissemination at the cost of extra overhead and energy and further decrease the performance in terms of throughput, packet drop and delay by introducing mobility.Hence, the Modified ERASCA outperform the PUMA and ERASCA in term of overhead, energy, delay and throughput and packet drop.

    Regarding future work, the results showed that the throughput of the proposed mechanism is not giving promising results in high mobility and should be improved.In future, the computational complexity of the proposed scheme can also be performed for better results.

    Acknowledgement:The authors thank their families and colleagues for their continued support.

    Funding Statement:No funding was received to support any stage of this research study.

    Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

    亚州av有码| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 如何舔出高潮| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 亚洲在久久综合| 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂 | 我的老师免费观看完整版| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 欧美3d第一页| 秋霞伦理黄片| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 国产一区二区三区av在线| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 久久久国产成人免费| 国产精品伦人一区二区| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 日韩大片免费观看网站 | 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 日韩成人伦理影院| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 日本五十路高清| 最近最新中文字幕免费大全7| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 高清毛片免费看| 中文资源天堂在线| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 亚洲综合色惰| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 美女高潮的动态| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 日韩强制内射视频| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂 | 色吧在线观看| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| 简卡轻食公司| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 熟女电影av网| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 久久久久久大精品| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 麻豆成人av视频| 1000部很黄的大片| 久久99热这里只有精品18| 我要搜黄色片| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 中文字幕人妻熟人妻熟丝袜美| 国产成人一区二区在线| 国产精品无大码| 国产成人福利小说| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 成年免费大片在线观看| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 少妇丰满av| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 淫秽高清视频在线观看| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 99热这里只有是精品50| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 亚洲av男天堂| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 日日啪夜夜撸| 亚州av有码| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 久热久热在线精品观看| 搞女人的毛片| av免费观看日本| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 成人综合一区亚洲| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看 | 69av精品久久久久久| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 成人综合一区亚洲| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版 | 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 黑人高潮一二区| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 日本免费a在线| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 高清视频免费观看一区二区 | 九九在线视频观看精品| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 禁无遮挡网站| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 国产精品久久视频播放| av在线老鸭窝| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 精品午夜福利在线看| 久久久久九九精品影院| 99热精品在线国产| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久 | 女人被狂操c到高潮| 日韩视频在线欧美| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 久久久国产成人免费| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版 | www.色视频.com| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 亚洲不卡免费看| 九草在线视频观看| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 高清毛片免费看| 黄色日韩在线| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 久久久精品94久久精品| 一级黄片播放器| 国产精品野战在线观看| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 亚洲最大成人av| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 大香蕉久久网| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 中文字幕久久专区| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 色哟哟·www| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 在线观看一区二区三区| 成人无遮挡网站| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 亚州av有码| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 国产在线男女| 国产 一区精品| 中国国产av一级| 国产一级毛片在线| 老司机影院毛片| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 亚洲五月天丁香| 秋霞伦理黄片| 日韩大片免费观看网站 | 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看| 床上黄色一级片| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 99热精品在线国产| 七月丁香在线播放| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 中文天堂在线官网| 久久久久九九精品影院| 大香蕉久久网| 色综合站精品国产| 观看免费一级毛片| 美女大奶头视频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 国产一级毛片在线| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 欧美人与善性xxx| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 如何舔出高潮| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 久久久欧美国产精品| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合 | 1000部很黄的大片| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 久热久热在线精品观看| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说 | 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 在线播放无遮挡| 黑人高潮一二区| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 神马国产精品三级电影在线观看| 一本一本综合久久| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 国产av不卡久久| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 日韩成人伦理影院| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久 | 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| av天堂中文字幕网| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 伦精品一区二区三区| 亚洲内射少妇av| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| av在线观看视频网站免费| 国内精品宾馆在线| 中文资源天堂在线| 国产视频首页在线观看| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| www日本黄色视频网| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 特级一级黄色大片| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 国产在线男女| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 岛国毛片在线播放| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 久久久欧美国产精品| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看 | 美女大奶头视频| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看 | a级毛色黄片| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 舔av片在线| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 黄片wwwwww| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 亚洲精品色激情综合| av线在线观看网站| 草草在线视频免费看| 91精品国产九色| 亚洲精品亚洲一区二区| 国产真实乱freesex| 在线a可以看的网站| 日本免费a在线| 少妇的逼水好多| 国产成人精品婷婷| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 国产私拍福利视频在线观看| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 女人久久www免费人成看片 | 永久网站在线| 成人无遮挡网站| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 色综合站精品国产| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| av播播在线观看一区| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 欧美区成人在线视频| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 亚洲18禁久久av| 高清在线视频一区二区三区 | 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 久久久久九九精品影院| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线 | 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 国产精品日韩av在线免费观看| 国产成人精品一,二区| 免费av毛片视频| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 精品酒店卫生间| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 色网站视频免费| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 六月丁香七月| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆 | 一本一本综合久久| 一区二区三区高清视频在线| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 久久久久性生活片| 国产 一区精品| 超碰97精品在线观看| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 三级国产精品片| 午夜日本视频在线| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o | 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 丰满人妻一区二区三区视频av| 观看免费一级毛片| 久久精品影院6| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 欧美日本视频| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 欧美人与善性xxx| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 国产成人freesex在线| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 国产毛片a区久久久久| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 九草在线视频观看| 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 日本黄大片高清| 成人av在线播放网站| 国产高潮美女av| 禁无遮挡网站| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 美女大奶头视频| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 中国三级夫妇交换| 久久狼人影院| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 国产在线视频一区二区| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| av.在线天堂| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 国产精品一国产av| 如何舔出高潮| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 国产又爽黄色视频| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 国产成人一区二区在线| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| av.在线天堂| 久久久久精品性色| 18在线观看网站| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 一区在线观看完整版| 成年av动漫网址| 七月丁香在线播放| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| av天堂久久9| 人妻一区二区av| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| www日本在线高清视频| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 男女边摸边吃奶| 久久精品国产综合久久久 | 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 国产 一区精品| 高清毛片免费看| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 欧美日韩视频高清一区二区三区二| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 午夜视频国产福利| 久久97久久精品| 老司机影院毛片| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| kizo精华| 九色成人免费人妻av| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 免费观看在线日韩| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 中文字幕亚洲精品专区| 黑人高潮一二区| 久久久精品免费免费高清| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 咕卡用的链子| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 国产麻豆69| 天天影视国产精品| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 精品酒店卫生间| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 亚洲国产av新网站| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 午夜免费鲁丝| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在 | 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 久久久精品94久久精品| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 久久久久久久久久人人人人人人| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 少妇高潮的动态图| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 日本午夜av视频| 欧美精品高潮呻吟av久久| 成人影院久久| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| www.熟女人妻精品国产 | 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 国产成人精品在线电影| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 大香蕉久久网| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 免费看不卡的av| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂| 在线观看国产h片| 伦精品一区二区三区| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 捣出白浆h1v1| 久久久久精品性色| 人人妻人人澡人人看| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 美女福利国产在线| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 亚洲少妇的诱惑av| 两个人看的免费小视频| 成年美女黄网站色视频大全免费| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 男女午夜视频在线观看 | 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| h视频一区二区三区| 两个人看的免费小视频| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 韩国av在线不卡| 成人国产av品久久久| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 国产精品无大码| 亚洲国产看品久久| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 国产高清国产精品国产三级| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 国产精品.久久久| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 成人国产av品久久久| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 国产综合精华液| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 欧美+日韩+精品| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 欧美日韩成人在线一区二区| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 18+在线观看网站| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 少妇的逼水好多| 夜夜骑夜夜射夜夜干| 美女主播在线视频| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 日本午夜av视频| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 国产综合精华液| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看 | 宅男免费午夜| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 少妇的逼水好多| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 又大又黄又爽视频免费| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| www日本在线高清视频| 国产麻豆69| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 国产成人aa在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 少妇高潮的动态图| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 午夜久久久在线观看|