• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Prevalence of refractive errors in Hungary reveals threefold increase in myopia

    2022-07-30 10:03:34JnosNmethTennDaikiGergelyDankovicsIstvnBarnaHansLimburgZoltnZsoltNagy
    關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)脂空間布局雷公藤

    INTRODUCTION

    3)行、蓄、滯洪區(qū):1∶250 000比例尺上圖上面積大于1 cm2的一般應(yīng)表示。當(dāng)范圍線與等高線重合時(shí),可壓蓋等高線表示[2]。

    In Europe, data is available regarding the prevalence of refractive errors in different countries (

    , France,Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom)

    ; however, only a few studies show the novel increase of the prevalence of myopia in younger age groups

    . The estimated prevalence of myopia [-0.5 dioptres (D) or less] throughout Central Europe was 34.6% in 2020, and is expected to increase to 54.1% by 2050

    .

    In Hungary, very few studies were published on the prevalence of refractive errors. In 1934, based on the examination of 8860 schoolchildren (aged between 4 and 18y) in Budapest,emmetropia was found in 24.8% and 20.1%, hyperopia in 50.0% and 50.5%, and myopia in 7.0% and 6.5%, of boys and girls, respectively

    . The prevalence of myopia increased parallel with age: it was 2.0% among 6-10 years old and 2.5%among 10-14 years old. Above these ages, it increased to a larger extent: in 15 year-old it was 6.0%, in 16-year-old 7.9%,in 17-year-old 12.0%, and in 18-year-old 10.6%. The authors stated in the discussion that the prevalence of myopia in Budapest was far lower than the reported data from other large towns in Germany or Austria

    . In 1960, among 48 020 persons evaluated at a regional eye examination centre in Budapest,22.10% had hyperopia or presbyopia, and 4.73% had myopia.The data were skewed toward younger age groups, due to the age composition of the sample (0-20y: 37.53%, 21-40y:19.97%, 41-60y: 28.92%, and 61+ years: 13.58%)

    .In the present manuscript, we present data on the prevalence of refractive errors in different age groups among the population of Hungary, and on the increase of myopia in younger age groups. The data has been retrieved from the database of the nationwide general health screening campaign

    .

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS

    檢測活動(dòng)在技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人和質(zhì)量監(jiān)督員的監(jiān)督下,檢測人員能依據(jù)《NY/T 761-2008 蔬菜和水果中有機(jī)磷、有機(jī)氯、擬除蟲菊酯和氨基甲酸酯類農(nóng)藥多殘留的測定》標(biāo)準(zhǔn),按照農(nóng)藥組分出峰時(shí)間和峰面積分別檢測出在盲樣中添加的敵敵畏、氧化樂果、甲基對(duì)硫磷、乙烯菌核利、聯(lián)苯菊酯和氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯共7種農(nóng)藥,并能計(jì)算出各種農(nóng)藥組分的含量,較好地掌握了農(nóng)藥殘留檢測分析技術(shù)。

    Analysing the results of the refractive measurements obtained from the Comprehensive Health Screening Program of Hungary, 2010-2020, refractive errors were found in the right eye of 60.0% of all participants (62.1% in women and 57.5%in men). Data on the left eyes showed similar results. The distribution of refractive errors, calculated using the spherical equivalents of the right eye of all participants, is shown in Figure 2. The relative distribution of SE refractive errors was as follows: hyperopia, 16.50%; emmetropia, 40.05%; low myopia, 43.24%; and high myopia, 0.21%. The proportion of myopia was the same in women and men (low myopia, 43.1%and 43.4%, and high myopia, 0.2% and 0.2%, respectively).However, hyperopia was more frequent among women than men (18.8%

    14.0%, respectively), while emmetropia was less frequent among women than men (37.9%

    42.5%,respectively).

    The nationwide Comprehensive Health Screening Program of Hungary, 2010-2020, included eye examinations and provided autorefractometry data for 68 227 people aged 18 and older, who participated in the nationwide screening program between 2014 and 2019

    . The inclusion of participants was voluntary. Among the participants, there were 35 850 women(52.5%) and 32 377 men (47.5%). To analyse the distribution of refractive errors throughout the different age groups, the entire population was subdivided into 12 age groups (18-25,26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, 56-60, 61-65, 66-70, 71-75, and 76+ years). The distribution of the population in each age group is shown in Figure 1. The distribution of age and sex in the sample population was similar to the national demographic distributions of 18 to 99 years old, but the 26-45 years old age group in both sexes was somewhat overrepresented in the sample, while the 61 and older age group was underrepresented

    .

    The results were presented as the relative prevalence of the various refractive errors, and the statistical difference in the prevalence of myopia by age group was calculated using the Chi-square test, while the increased prevalence of high myopia with increasing age was calculated using the Pearson correlation test.

    We found a higher prevalence of myopia in those 76y and older than in those in the 51-75y range. This difference may be due to the well-known effects of nuclear sclerosis of the lens,and also to the fact that many of those 76y or older in Hungary had already undergone cataract surgery, with a typical outcome target refraction between 0 to -1 D. We know from our previous Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB)study that 25.1% of the 75y and older Hungarian population have already undergone cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation

    . In this same age group in a French study by Montrachet

    , the crude prevalence of myopia increased with age, and was found to be higher in pseudophakic (40%-50%)than in phakic eyes (23%-32%), while hyperopia was far lower in pseudophakic than phakic eyes (9%-16%

    49%-59%,respectively)

    .

    The National Public Health and Medical Officer Service approved (operating license number: áNTSZ 2380-5/2010)the Comprehensive Health Screening Program of Hungary,2010-2020. The data collected did not include any personal identification information, and the participants volunteered to participate in the screening examinations with implied consent.

    RESULTS

    Refraction measurements were performed without pupillary dilatation, using a PRK-6000 Auto Ref-Keratometer (Potec,Daejeon, Korea), which was calibrated every 4mo. The refractometer performed 3 automated measurements on each eye, and calculated an unweighted arithmetic mean for each parameter. The instrument indexed the measurement accuracy,being set to indicate an error for a scatter greater than 0.25 D and to request a repeat measurement. The mean spherical and cylindrical refraction of both eyes were entered into an electronic data table, based on which spherical equivalents(SE) were calculated (SE=spherical refraction+0.5×cylindrical refraction). Refractive errors were classified into 3 types:hyperopia (SE≥+0.5 D), low myopia (SE≤-0.5 D but >-6.0 D),and high myopia (SE≤-6.0 D). Emmetropia was defined as SE<+0.5 D but >-0.5 D. Visual acuity was not measured during the collection of this data.

    Data regarding the distribution of the refractive errors of individuals in various age groups show that myopia is 3 times more frequent in younger age groups (between 18 and 35y of age, relative prevalence of 58.7%) than in the older ones(56-70y, 19.4%; Chi-square=4364.646,

    <0.001), and that hyperopia is more frequent in the older age groups (49.4%) than in the younger ones (3.3%; Chi-square =10 903.98,

    <0.001), as seen in Figure 3. The relative prevalence of myopia increased over the age of 71y, while hyperopia decreased. High myopia was least prevalent (0.1%) in the 18-25 year-old group, which increased to 0.3% in the age groups between 46 and 65y,and then again up to 1.0% in those 75y and older (Pearson correlation,

    =0.716;

    =0.009).

    DISCUSSION

    The results of our survey showed that a high number of individuals in Hungary have refractive errors (60%), of which myopia was the most frequent refractive error in both sexes,affecting 43% of the adult Hungarian population. Myopia was found to be 2.6 times more frequent than hyperopia.

    體育小鎮(zhèn)的空間布局受居民體育旅游需求以及體育旅游資源的吸引定向性等主客觀因素的影響[8]。因此,體育小鎮(zhèn)的空間布局需要考慮居民體育旅游的多樣性偏好、出游半徑以及出游成本等方面的因素,在空間布局過程中,應(yīng)避免某一區(qū)域同類型體育小鎮(zhèn)的重復(fù)建設(shè),從異質(zhì)性的角度出發(fā),差異化布局,實(shí)現(xiàn)體育小鎮(zhèn)優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)。以環(huán)太湖體育圈為例,作為體育小鎮(zhèn)空間布局的軸線,環(huán)太湖體育旅游資源有一定的相似性,在后續(xù)體育小鎮(zhèn)的建設(shè)中,應(yīng)發(fā)揮地域特色優(yōu)勢,如蘇州漁洋山飛行傘訓(xùn)練基地、宜興湖父鎮(zhèn)竹海風(fēng)景區(qū)等可依據(jù)特色體育項(xiàng)目開展體育小鎮(zhèn)建設(shè)。

    The European Eye Epidemiology Consortium found in their meta-analysis that the most frequent refractive error between 1990 and 2003 in the European population, aged 25-90y, was low myopia (30.6%), closely followed by hyperopia (25.2%),and then high myopia (2.7%)

    . Our results showed a higher prevalence of low myopia, but a lower prevalence of high myopia and hyperopia. The disparity concerning low myopia might be due to the different definitions of refractive errors(non-cycloplegic SE defined as ≤-0.75 D

    ≤-0.5 D); however,it might be also due to the increase of myopia and associated decrease of hyperopia in the younger age groups, taking into account the approximately 15-year difference in the data sampling between their analysis and ours. The UK Biobank Study

    exhibited a lower prevalence of myopia (26.6%)based on their resource database of people aged 40-69y, which is, however, similar to the prevalence of myopia found in our study in similar age groups.

    Refractive errors are a significant cause of vision impairments worldwide, due to its associated ocular diseases and incorrect or absent corrections

    . Myopia is one of the leading refractive errors worldwide, particularly in Chinese populations, but also among white populations as well

    . In a review of 145 studies, Holden

    estimated that globally, there are 1406 million people with myopia(22.9% of the worldwide population) and 163 million people with high myopia (2.7% of the world population), and predicted a 3.4-fold increase in myopia and a 5.8-fold increase in high myopia by 2050. These estimates show the importance of developing and introducing preventive measures and the precise clinical management of myopia

    .

    Significant geographical differences, however, have also been reported from Europe

    . A study of Norwegian adolescents found a completely different distribution than we found in the present study, which in fact seem to defy worldwide trends. That study found that in 16-19 year-old Norwegian individuals, the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia was 12.7%and 56.7%, respectively

    . In another study in Norway, the general population exhibited a higher prevalence of myopia (SE≤-0.25 D,33%)

    . These lower prevalences of myopia might be due to a potentially delayed onset of myopia compared to other parts of Europe and East-Asia

    . Among university students,however, an even higher prevalence of myopia (46.9%)and lower prevalence of hyperopia were found (29.5%)

    .Fledelius

    found a similarly high (50.0%) prevalence of myopia (SE≤-0.5 D) among medical students (median age,26y) in Denmark, with no obvious trend of an increasing prevalence of academic myopia, despite an increasing prevalence in the overall population. A study in the UK, which focused on younger white adults, 18-20y of age, found a lower prevalence both of myopia (18.6%) and hyperopia (17.7%),but did note a significant increasing tendency of myopia

    .A study in Israel found a relatively low prevalence of myopia among 16-19-year-old, but noted a 1.3-fold increase in those over 24y of age, from 20.4 to 26.2%, respectively

    .

    In France, the highest prevalence of myopia was also found in the age groups between 10-39y of age, with a similarly high peak for the prevalence of myopia in those aged 20-29y, which was 52.4%

    . The European Eye Epidemiology Consortium also found higher rates of myopia (SE≤-0.75 D) in younger age groups around 40%), and higher rates of hyperopia(SE≥1.0 D, around 55%) in those older than 50y of age

    .When comparing our results with previous data

    , we found a similar prevalence of hyperopia in older age groups; however,we found a higher prevalence of myopia in younger age groups, which may be due to the increasing myopia epidemics in younger individuals.

    Another important finding from the present review was that the prevalence of myopia was 3 times higher (57%-61%) in younger age groups (18-35y of age) than in older ones (18%-20%, 56-70y of age). There may be at least two reasons for this drastic difference: 1) the increasing prevalence of myopia in younger age groups, and 2) the hyperopic shift associated with aging. Our cross-sectional study was not able to estimate the contribution rate of these two factors, although both may be significant. The trend of the higher prevalence of myopia in the younger age groups is supported by the fact that in 1934 the prevalence of myopia among 18-year-old schoolchildren in Hungary was found to be 10.6%, which is almost 6 times lower than the current value

    . The rise in myopia in younger age groups nowadays could be attributed to children’s intensive education training, which both extends near work and reduces outdoor time

    .

    雷公藤內(nèi)脂醇的濃度為5時(shí),培養(yǎng)24 h和48 h的抑制作用差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);雷公藤內(nèi)脂醇濃度為10、20、40 nmol/L時(shí),培養(yǎng)24 h和48 h的抑制作用,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);雷公藤內(nèi)脂醇的濃度為80、160 nmol/L時(shí),培養(yǎng)24 h和48 h的抑制作用差異,明顯有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。

    Altogether, we found that a bimodal pattern represented the prevalence of myopia across various age-groups in Hungary,with a peak seen in younger age groups, those between 18 and 35y of age, and another peek seen in those older than 75y of age. A similar bimodal pattern was found in France, Germany,and a few other countries, as well

    .

    High myopia was found to have a low prevalence in our Hungarian sample, but the 10-fold increase found with ageing and the expected increase in the future spur the need for preventive actions, especially as there is no safe threshold for myopia in regards to its complications, related eye diseases,and associated visual impairment

    . Pathologic myopic diseases,

    , macular degeneration, retinal detachment, optic neuropathy, and other severe complications, may be due to the elongation of the eyeball seen in myopia. In this respect, it is important to note that elongation is not necessarily proportional to refraction but only in eyeballs with medium and high myopia

    . In particular, 20.9% of cases of low myopia are due to a purely corneal origin, with no eyeball elongation;moreover, emmetropic, and even hypermetropic eyes, can be found to have elongated eyeballs, with possibility of myopic complications

    .

    How to Decrease the Onset of Myopia and Its Associated Visual Impairments An increase in the frequency of myopia,and the associated rise in blindness and visual impairments due to myopia, are well documented worldwide

    . The growing number of younger individuals worldwide with low and high myopia spurs the need to develop and implement guidelines and programs to reduce the incidence and progression of myopia, which many countries and organisations have already done worldwide in the last decade

    . The National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness in China and the International Myopia Institute have recently published their white papers on myopia and the prevention of blindness

    .In New Zealand, the multidisciplinary Myopia Action Group(NZMAG) was created

    , and currently, the European Society of Ophthalmology has developed a European update and guidance on myopia management

    . Currently, the need for the prevention of myopia and its progression are more real, as home confinement during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)outbreak might worsen the global burden of myopia

    .

    Limitations The present study does have some limitations.First, the Comprehensive Health Screening Program of Hungary, 2010-2020, covers a large number of cases and individuals, ranging in age from 18 to 99 years old.Participants, however, were not chosen at statistical random,but rather their inclusion was voluntary, which may have influenced the results, as individuals with complaints may be motivated to participate, while people with good vision may not

    . However, we believe that the risk of sampling bias may be relatively low from an ophthalmic viewpoint for two reasons: first, about half of the program provided screening for large companies and organisations where participation rates are typically above 90%, ensuring that there is no selection bias; second, the other half of the screening program, is based on the participation of individuals from all across the country in their respective villages or towns, which are visited by screening teams. Due to the availability of 40 different types of examinations of body functions in the same place on the same day, which involves a free and immediate evaluation, the primary drive for participation in these public screenings is a person’s interest in their general health, and curiosity about what their body and its functions are like. Because ophthalmic examinations are a minor component and have no priority over other examinations, participation may be regarded as random and free of selection bias form an ophthalmic viewpoint.

    Another limitation of the present study is that the refractive measurements were performed using non-cycloplegic automated refractometry which may overestimate myopia while underestimating hyperopia and emmetropia

    . As the possibility of measurement error varies with age, the use of cycloplegia is generally accepted for research of children and adolescents, but it is controversial for studies of young adults,and a targeted investigation found that cycloplegia is not required in population estimates of refractive errors after the age of 20

    . Many large epidemiological studies, however,have used non-cycloplegic refraction

    , making our findings comparable to similar studies.

    膨脹力大固然提高了防滲能力,但也會(huì)對(duì)圍巖和金屬存儲(chǔ)罐產(chǎn)生損傷(如圖1)。對(duì)于處置庫安全功能參數(shù),TKB報(bào)告中提出緩沖材料的膨脹力應(yīng)高于2MPa,以使孔隙自行封閉,阻止微生物活動(dòng)對(duì)金屬存儲(chǔ)罐產(chǎn)生腐蝕;同時(shí),要求緩沖材料要有足夠的剛性,具有一定的承載能力,使金屬存儲(chǔ)罐處于一個(gè)合適的位置,換句話說,緩沖材料的膨脹力不能過大,否則,裝有高放核廢料的金屬存儲(chǔ)罐因承受太大應(yīng)力而發(fā)生變形等,而且會(huì)對(duì)圍巖產(chǎn)生侵?jǐn)_[9]。

    In summary, 60% of the overall population has refractive errors in Hungary. Myopia (43%) is the most common refractive error, and its prevalence is increasing significantly among younger age groups (up to 61%). A national myopia program for children must be implemented, including more time spent outdoors and less time spent doing near work, to prevent the onset of myopia. Additionally, a national screening of pre-myopes and the introduction of myopia-controlling interventions (

    , low dose atropine and orthokeratology)would be beneficial to slow the progression of myopia

    .

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    Authors’ contributions: Németh J was responsible for analyzing data, interpreting results, updating reference list and writing the report. Daiki T was responsible for extracting and analyzing data. Dankovics G and Barna I was responsible for designing the survey and conducting the data collection.Limburg H and Nagy ZZS provided feedback on the report and contributed to writing the report.

    Conflicts of Interest: Németh J, None; Daiki T, None;Dankovics G, None; Barna I, None; Limburg H, None;Nagy ZZS, None.

    1 Fricke TR, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath TJ, Ho SM, Wong TY, Resnikoff S. Global prevalence of visual impairment associated with myopic macular degeneration and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050: systematic review, Meta-analysis and modelling.

    2018;102(7):855-862.

    2 Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, Wong TY, Naduvilath TJ, Resnikoff S. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050.

    2016;123(5):1036-1042.

    3 Szabó D, Sándor GL, Tóth G, Pék A, Lukács R, Szalai I, Tóth GZ, Papp A, Nagy ZZ, Limburg H, Németh J. Visual impairment and blindness in Hungary.

    2018;96(2):168-173.

    4 World Health Organisation. World Report on Vision. 2019. Accessed on 04 Feb. 2021 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/world-report-onvision.

    5 Resnikoff S, Jonas JB, Friedman D, He M, Jong M, Nichols JJ, Ohno-Matsui K, Wildsoet CF, Taylor HR, Wolffsohn JS, Wong TY.Myopia - A 21st century public health issue.

    2019;60(3):Mi-Mii.

    6 Hagen LA, Gjelle JVB, Arnegard S, Pedersen HR, Gilson SJ, Baraas RC. Prevalence and possible factors of myopia in Norwegian adolescents.

    2018;8(1):13479.

    7 Lundberg K, Suhr Thykjaer A, S?gaard Hansen R, Vestergaard AH,Jacobsen N, Goldschmidt E, Lima RA, Peto T, Wedderkopp N,Grauslund J. Physical activity and myopia in Danish children-The CHAMPS Eye Study.

    2018;96(2):134-141.

    8 Matamoros E, Ingrand P, Pelen F, Bentaleb Y, Weber M, Korobelnik JF, Souied E, Leveziel N. Prevalence of myopia in France: a crosssectional analysis.

    (

    ) 2015;94(45):e1976.

    9 O’Donoghue L, Kapetanankis VV, McClelland JF, Logan NS,Owen CG, Saunders KJ, Rudnicka AR. Risk factors for childhood myopia: findings from the NICER study.

    2015;56(3):1524-1530.

    10 Rudnicka AR, Owen CG, Nightingale CM, Cook DG, Whincup PH.Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia and ocular biometry in 10- and 11-year-old children: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE).

    2010;51(12):6270-6276.

    11 Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Vingerling JR, Jaddoe VWV, Williams C, Guggenheim JA, Klaver CCW. Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children.

    2018;96(3):301-309.

    12 Williams KM, Verhoeven VJM, Cumberland P,

    . Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European eye epidemiology (E^3)consortium.

    2015;30(4):305-315.

    13 McCullough SJ, O’Donoghue L, Saunders KJ. Six year refractive change among white children and young adults: evidence for significant increase in myopia among white UK children.

    2016;11(1):e0146332.

    14 P?rssinen O, Soh ZD, Tan CS, Lanca C, Kauppinen M, Saw SM.Comparison of myopic progression in Finnish and Singaporean children.

    2021;99(2):171-180.

    15 Cs Mócsy M, Sz Ajtay M. Refraction of ten thousand students.

    1934;2:62-68.

    16 Gy?rffy I, Mezey P. On the frequency of refractive errors and eyediseases.

    1963;100:95-99.

    17 Barna I, Kékes E, Halmy E, Balogh Z, Kubányi J, Sz?ts G, Németh J,Pécsvárady Zs, Majoros A, Daiki T, Erdei O, Dankovics G. Summary data of Hungary’s Comprehensive Health Screening Program(MAESZ) 2010-2019.

    2020;30:89-102.

    18 Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Population of Hungary by sex and age, 1 January 2018. https://www.ksh.hu/interaktiv/korfak/orszag.html.

    19 Cumberland PM, Bao YC, Hysi PG, Foster PJ, Hammond CJ, Rahi JS,UK Biobank Eyes & Vision Consortium. Frequency and distribution of refractive error in adult life: methodology and findings of the UK biobank study.

    2015;10(10):e0139780.

    20 Foster PJ, Jiang Y. Epidemiology of myopia.

    (

    )2014;28(2):202-208.

    21 Németh J, Tapasztó B, Aclimandos WA,

    . Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute.

    2021;31(3):853-883.

    22 Kinge B, Midelfart A, Jacobsen G. Refractive errors among young adults and university students in Norway.

    1998;76(6):692-695.

    23 Fledelius HC. Myopia profile in Copenhagen medical students 1996-98. Refractive stability over a century is suggested.

    2000;78(5):501-505.

    24 Shapira Y, Mimouni M, Machluf Y, Chaiter Y, Saab H, Mezer E.The increasing burden of myopia in Israel among young adults over a generation: analysis of predisposing factors.

    2019;126(12):1617-1626.

    25 Sándor GL, Tóth G, Szabó D, Szalai I, Lukács R, Pék A, Tóth GZ,Papp A, Nagy ZZ, Limburg H, Németh J. Cataract blindness in Hungary.

    2020;13(3):438-444.

    26 Creuzot-Garcher C, Binquet C, Daniel S, Bretillon L, Acar N,de Lazzer A, Arnould L, Tzourio C, Bron AM, Delcourt C. The Montrachet Study: study design, methodology and analysis of visual acuity and refractive errors in an elderly population.

    2016;94(2):e90-e97.

    27 Zocher MT, Rozema JJ, Oertel N, Dawczynski J, Wiedemann P,Rauscher FG, EVICR net. Biometry and visual function of a healthy cohort in Leipzig, Germany.

    2016;16:79.

    28 Weale RA. Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia.

    2003;48(5):515-543.

    29 Barcsay G, Nagy ZZ, Németh J. Distribution of axial, corneal, and combined ametropia in a refractive surgery unit.

    2003;13(9-10):739-744.

    30 Németh J, Tóth G, Resnikoff S, de Faber JT. Preventing blindness and visual impairment in Europe: what do we have to do?

    2019;29(2):129-132.

    31 Petty AD, Wilson G. Reducing the impact of the impending myopia epidemic in New Zealand.

    2018;131(1487):80-85.

    32 Pellegrini M, Bernabei F, Scorcia V, Giannaccare G. May home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak worsen the global burden of myopia?

    2020;258(9):2069-2070.

    33 Sun YY, Wei SF, Li SM, Hu JP, Yang XH, Cao K, Lin CX, Du JL, Guo JY, Li H, Liu LR, Morgan IG, Wang NL. Cycloplegic refraction by 1%cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES).

    2018.

    34 Sanfilippo PG, Chu BS, Bigault O, Kearns LS, Boon MY, Young TL,Hammond CJ, Hewitt AW, MacKey DA. What is the appropriate age cut-off for cycloplegia in refraction?

    2014;92(6):e458-e462.

    猜你喜歡
    內(nèi)脂空間布局雷公藤
    Effectiveness and safety of tripterygium glycosides tablet (雷公藤多苷片) for lupus nephritis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
    前置化空間布局,龍湖驅(qū)動(dòng)TOD的未來模式
    雷公藤多苷片聯(lián)合甲氨蝶呤治療類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的療效
    內(nèi)臟脂肪素在消化道惡性腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展
    淺析美術(shù)館建筑的選址與空間布局
    中國博物館(2019年3期)2019-12-07 05:43:58
    姑臧城空間布局與五涼河西政治
    空間布局圖
    中國西部(2017年1期)2017-02-22 08:44:14
    關(guān)于召開“第六屆全國雷公藤學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議”的征文通知
    內(nèi)脂素與肥胖、2型糖尿病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
    雷公藤紅素通過ROS/JNK途徑誘導(dǎo)Saos-2細(xì)胞發(fā)生caspase依賴的凋亡
    人体艺术视频欧美日本| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 高清毛片免费看| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 婷婷色综合www| 久久午夜福利片| 男人和女人高潮做爰伦理| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 国产视频内射| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 久久久久久久国产电影| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 看黄色毛片网站| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| av播播在线观看一区| 国产三级在线视频| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 欧美3d第一页| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区| 午夜福利在线在线| 一级毛片电影观看| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 午夜免费观看性视频| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 美女黄网站色视频| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 黄色一级大片看看| av免费在线看不卡| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 内地一区二区视频在线| 熟女电影av网| 国产成人精品婷婷| 亚洲国产色片| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 国产乱人视频| 国产综合精华液| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 欧美日本视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 国产视频内射| 内射极品少妇av片p| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 国产视频内射| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 亚洲av.av天堂| 能在线免费看毛片的网站| 直男gayav资源| h日本视频在线播放| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 国产精品蜜桃在线观看| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 亚洲国产成人一精品久久久| 欧美区成人在线视频| av免费在线看不卡| 国内精品宾馆在线| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 日日啪夜夜撸| 欧美性感艳星| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 美女主播在线视频| 丰满少妇做爰视频| av专区在线播放| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 综合色丁香网| 国产在视频线在精品| 亚洲成色77777| 2022亚洲国产成人精品| 久久久久久伊人网av| 免费观看性生交大片5| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 亚洲成人av在线免费| av免费在线看不卡| 久久人人爽人人片av| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| av播播在线观看一区| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 如何舔出高潮| 免费观看在线日韩| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| .国产精品久久| 久久久久久久久大av| 高清欧美精品videossex| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 69av精品久久久久久| 色视频www国产| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 亚洲内射少妇av| 禁无遮挡网站| 99热这里只有精品一区| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 永久免费av网站大全| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 22中文网久久字幕| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片 精品乱码久久久久久99久播 | 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| 日韩伦理黄色片| 综合色丁香网| 久热久热在线精品观看| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 国产爱豆传媒在线观看| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 搞女人的毛片| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 亚洲精品国产成人久久av| 国产中年淑女户外野战色| av专区在线播放| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产单亲对白刺激| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 午夜视频国产福利| 麻豆久久精品国产亚洲av| 99热网站在线观看| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 日本三级黄在线观看| 大香蕉久久网| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| or卡值多少钱| 成年人午夜在线观看视频 | 欧美精品国产亚洲| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的 | 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 一级黄片播放器| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 欧美另类一区| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 免费观看性生交大片5| av在线老鸭窝| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 看免费成人av毛片| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 男人舔奶头视频| av卡一久久| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 男女边摸边吃奶| 高清不卡的av网站| 久热久热在线精品观看| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 成人国语在线视频| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 欧美精品高潮呻吟av久久| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| av女优亚洲男人天堂| 91精品三级在线观看| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久 | 秋霞在线观看毛片| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到 | 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 亚洲内射少妇av| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 波多野结衣av一区二区av| 国产精品成人在线| 9热在线视频观看99| 黄色配什么色好看| www.精华液| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 久热这里只有精品99| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 秋霞伦理黄片| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 精品国产乱码久久久久久男人| 久久热在线av| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 熟女电影av网| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 久久狼人影院| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| av视频免费观看在线观看| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久| 超碰成人久久| 黄色一级大片看看| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 久久久欧美国产精品| 美女国产视频在线观看| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 777米奇影视久久| 晚上一个人看的免费电影| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| 国产毛片在线视频| 777米奇影视久久| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 欧美日韩成人在线一区二区| 丝袜脚勾引网站| www.av在线官网国产| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 五月天丁香电影| 久久久久国产网址| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 久久久欧美国产精品| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| av在线观看视频网站免费| www日本在线高清视频| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 考比视频在线观看| 亚洲欧洲日产国产| 老女人水多毛片| 一区在线观看完整版| 免费黄色在线免费观看| 精品福利永久在线观看| 午夜91福利影院| 捣出白浆h1v1| 欧美精品av麻豆av| 精品人妻在线不人妻| av免费在线看不卡| videos熟女内射| 久久99精品国语久久久| 少妇 在线观看| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 在线看a的网站| 99久久综合免费| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 一级片'在线观看视频| 日日啪夜夜爽| 日本wwww免费看| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 中文天堂在线官网| 高清欧美精品videossex| 国产探花极品一区二区| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 人妻一区二区av| 有码 亚洲区| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| av免费观看日本| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 国产成人aa在线观看| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 色94色欧美一区二区| av在线播放精品| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 18禁观看日本| 国产 一区精品| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 精品人妻偷拍中文字幕| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 麻豆av在线久日| 久久久久精品性色| av网站免费在线观看视频| 不卡av一区二区三区| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 午夜福利在线免费观看网站| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 亚洲综合色网址| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 精品久久久久久电影网| 丁香六月天网| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站 | 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 国产野战对白在线观看| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 丁香六月天网| 亚洲av福利一区| 午夜影院在线不卡| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| h视频一区二区三区| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 免费av中文字幕在线| 秋霞伦理黄片| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 亚洲国产精品999| 国产视频首页在线观看| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 精品第一国产精品| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 精品第一国产精品| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 国产男女超爽视频在线观看| 9191精品国产免费久久| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 亚洲四区av| 满18在线观看网站| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 麻豆av在线久日| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 日本av免费视频播放| 婷婷成人精品国产| 日韩伦理黄色片| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| tube8黄色片| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 亚洲内射少妇av| av视频免费观看在线观看| 国产片内射在线| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 国产av精品麻豆| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 久久99一区二区三区| 丝袜脚勾引网站| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 久久久精品区二区三区| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 精品亚洲成国产av| 亚洲综合色网址| 久热这里只有精品99| 搡老乐熟女国产| 亚洲久久久国产精品| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 性色avwww在线观看| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 亚洲人成电影观看| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 午夜福利视频在线观看免费| www.精华液| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 自线自在国产av| 日韩大片免费观看网站| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 久久久久久久精品精品| 亚洲成色77777| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 久久久久国产一级毛片高清牌| 国产又爽黄色视频| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 亚洲中文av在线| 一本久久精品| 一级片免费观看大全| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| www.精华液| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 久久久久久久久久人人人人人人| 9热在线视频观看99| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 超碰97精品在线观看| 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 精品一区二区免费观看| h视频一区二区三区| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 五月天丁香电影| 只有这里有精品99| 中文字幕亚洲精品专区| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 亚洲第一青青草原| 国产免费一区二区三区四区乱码| av网站免费在线观看视频| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 精品国产一区二区久久| 日韩视频在线欧美| 国产一区二区 视频在线| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 亚洲一区二区三区欧美精品| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 亚洲男人天堂网一区| 色播在线永久视频| 国产精品 国内视频| 香蕉精品网在线| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 少妇的逼水好多| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频 | 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 欧美精品av麻豆av| 久久女婷五月综合色啪小说| 国产成人aa在线观看| 香蕉国产在线看| 91成人精品电影| 国产视频首页在线观看| 国产精品一区二区在线观看99| 亚洲国产色片| 99香蕉大伊视频| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 人人澡人人妻人| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 三级国产精品片| 精品久久久久久电影网| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 亚洲在久久综合| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 欧美日韩成人在线一区二区| 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花| 久久精品夜色国产| 亚洲国产av新网站| 欧美变态另类bdsm刘玥| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 亚洲精品国产av蜜桃| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 国产一区二区激情短视频 | 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 国产淫语在线视频| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 色哟哟·www| 国产成人精品福利久久| 久久久久精品性色| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 一区福利在线观看| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 麻豆av在线久日| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 国产片内射在线| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 三级国产精品片| 成人国产av品久久久| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 亚洲综合精品二区| 国产精品无大码| 久久精品国产鲁丝片午夜精品| 国产视频首页在线观看| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 下体分泌物呈黄色| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲 | 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区久久| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区 | tube8黄色片| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 中文字幕制服av| 一级毛片电影观看| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 亚洲av综合色区一区| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 久久久国产精品麻豆| 一级黄片播放器| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 91精品三级在线观看| 久久久久精品性色| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 尾随美女入室| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 午夜免费男女啪啪视频观看| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 一区在线观看完整版| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 午夜91福利影院| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 天天影视国产精品| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 一个人免费看片子| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 久久青草综合色| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 在线观看人妻少妇| 久久97久久精品| 麻豆av在线久日| 少妇精品久久久久久久| 久久 成人 亚洲| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看 | 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 免费看不卡的av| 不卡av一区二区三区| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 一区二区av电影网| 欧美人与善性xxx| 国产精品99久久99久久久不卡 | 99久国产av精品国产电影| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 亚洲精品一二三| 在线 av 中文字幕| 精品久久久久久电影网| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 亚洲精品第二区|