萬橋飛架！看貴州的橋

文：《一帶一路報道》全媒體記者 向雯

北盤江第一橋 The first Beipan River Bridge（新華社 供圖）

江南千條水，云貴萬重山。在貴州，交通巨變從“橋”開始。

從“世界最高橋”——北盤江第一橋，到“最美天空之橋”——平羅高速平塘大橋，再到“世界上最大跨徑的鋼桁梁斜拉橋”——鴨池河特大橋……外交部發(fā)言人華春瑩也忍不住在其個人推特賬號上為貴州橋點贊：“貴州是中國唯一沒有平原支撐的省份，但它的橋梁卻創(chuàng)造了數(shù)十項‘世界第一’，是名副其實的‘橋梁博物館’?！?/p>

2.1 萬座遍布貴州的公路橋梁各具特色，幾乎囊括當今世界全部橋型。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，世界前100 座最高橋梁中，中國有80 多座，其中50 座在貴州。

山水之間的“飛天奇跡”

云貴之間，烏蒙山高聳入云，北盤江奔騰不息。2016 年，一座飛天大橋在這里拔地而起，這座被譽為“世界第一高橋”的橋梁將云南和貴州緊緊相連，它是山間的風(fēng)景，更是出行的“天路”，它就是杭瑞高速北盤江第一橋。

該橋全長1341.4 米，主跨度720 米，放眼望去，巨大的索塔直沖云霄，紅色的橋身橫跨千峰萬壑。然而最令人驚嘆的是，其橋面到谷底的垂直高度達565.4 米，相當于200層樓高。這一工程被外國媒體報導(dǎo)后，被驚呼為“飛天奇跡”，因為橋下方足以放置一整座帝國大廈。

與壯美的喀斯特地貌相對的，是在上面建橋的難度?？λ固氐孛矃^(qū)域充斥著無數(shù)溶洞與暗河，一個個溶洞就像一顆顆地雷，在地上鉆孔，稍不注意就會打進巨大的溶洞里，再加上沿江10 公里山體地貌石灰?guī)r密布，硬度極差，如何把橋樁穩(wěn)固在基巖上，是設(shè)計團隊面臨的第一道難關(guān)。

作為北盤江第一橋的總設(shè)計師，中國橋梁工程師彭運動在接到任務(wù)的第一時間，就帶領(lǐng)團隊對沿江山體地貌進行了細致的考察，腳下崎嶇的山路，他們走了不下百次，為躲避遍布山體的溶洞和裂隙，設(shè)計團隊不斷將橋的位置往高處移，最終將橋面高度鎖定在565.4米，無意間打破了世界紀錄。

深達600 米的高山峽谷，地勢險要，兩岸索塔要座落于懸崖邊，梁的架設(shè)成了項目的最大難點。經(jīng)過設(shè)計團隊的不斷摸索，創(chuàng)新性提出在邊跨增設(shè)一個輔助墩、邊跨采用頂堆的施工方案。這一方案首次在斜拉橋施工中應(yīng)用，大大降低了山區(qū)高支架施工風(fēng)險，工期比懸索橋方案縮短半年，更重要的是對橋下水域無污染，不會破壞岸坡穩(wěn)定，真正做到綠色環(huán)保施工。

地基筑牢，材料就緒，橋塔建好，如何在高空中將橋面吊裝到位，成為擺在工程師們面前的又一道難關(guān)。經(jīng)過反復(fù)討論與研究，一個劃時代的“縱移懸拼”建造方案應(yīng)運而生。施工方將長12 米、重160 噸的鋼桁梁的各分段，在地面進行整體拼裝完成，通過吊機在離地200 米處的高空中進行整體吊裝。其間，面對威力迅猛的峽谷風(fēng)，施工方又必須將直徑只有27毫米的螺栓精準對接……三年間，就是在這樣高難度的施工環(huán)境下，工程師們攻克了無數(shù)難關(guān)，排除萬難，終于建成了世界第一高橋，并先后申請各類專利達13 項。

2018 年，北盤江第一橋榮獲世界橋梁界“諾貝爾獎”——古斯塔夫斯金獎，國際工程咨詢界“諾貝爾獎”——菲迪克特別優(yōu)秀獎，以及中國公路學(xué)會科學(xué)技術(shù)特別獎等殊榮。

貴州省仁遵高速公路大發(fā)渠特大橋施工現(xiàn)場C o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e o f D a f a q u S u p e rlarge Bridge along the Renhuai-Zunyi Expressway in Guizhou（新華社 供圖）

世界橋梁博物館

世界橋梁看中國，中國橋梁看貴州。

俯瞰貴州大地，除了令人矚目的“世界第一高橋”，還有眾多的公路橋梁傲然矗立在蒼山綠水之間，不負貴州橋梁眾多 “第一”的美名。

4 月4 日，由貴州橋梁集團承建的貴州首座“提籃”式公路橋梁——G320線花魚洞大橋被國際橋梁大會（IBC）授予古斯塔夫斯金獎，這是貴州省繼北盤江第一橋、鴨池河特大橋、平塘大橋之后，第4 座榮獲該項國際大獎的工程項目，亦是全國第9 座獲此殊榮的橋梁。

位于貴陽至黃果樹高等級公路清鎮(zhèn)市內(nèi)的花魚洞大橋全長270 米，于2019 年2 月20 日 開 工，2021 年6 月29 日建成通車。該橋先后獲得11 項國家專利技術(shù)、1 項省級工法，尤其是全國首創(chuàng)的“邊建邊拆”的改建方式，成為山區(qū)橋梁改建的典范。

“以往授獎的橋梁都是跨度大、高度高的地標性大規(guī)模橋梁?！辟F州省交通規(guī)劃勘察設(shè)計研究院股份有限公司總工程師楊健認為，本次授獎給跨度和高度均不突出、造價僅1.1 億元的花魚洞大橋，凸顯了該橋的技術(shù)含量、環(huán)保價值和美學(xué)價值，標志著貴州在山區(qū)峽谷橋梁“小而精”建設(shè)方面達到了一個世界認可的全新高度，更加夯實了貴州“世界橋梁博物館”的地位。

世界上最大跨徑的鋼桁梁斜拉橋——鴨池河特大橋，主跨800 米、全長1450 米，東塔高243.2 米，西塔高258.2 米，該橋創(chuàng)世界山區(qū)斜拉橋之最，已成為貴黔高速公路上一道亮眼的風(fēng)景。

世界第一高混凝土橋塔——平羅高速平塘大橋，被業(yè)內(nèi)稱為“最美天空之橋”，328 米的塔高成就了它的地位。大橋采用的“疊合梁斜拉橋整節(jié)段上行式安裝工法”屬國內(nèi)首創(chuàng)，提高施工效率20%，為國內(nèi)裝配化施工開拓了新方向。

世界首創(chuàng)的空腹式連續(xù)剛構(gòu)橋——水盤高速北盤江特大橋，主跨采用 290 米的預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土空腹式連續(xù)剛構(gòu)，全長 1261 米，最大墩高 170 米，先后榮獲“魯班獎”“中國土木工程詹天佑獎”“李春獎（公路交通優(yōu)質(zhì)工程獎）”和“貴州省科技進步一等獎”。

……

每建一座大橋都是一種挑戰(zhàn)，也是一個機遇。

北盤江第一橋通車后，貴州六盤水至云南宣威市區(qū)的車程從以前的5 個小時左右，縮短為1 個多小時，不僅促進了地方社會經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，更是為國家“一帶一路”建設(shè)添上了濃墨重彩的一筆。

鐫刻著“世界橋梁看中國，中國橋梁看貴州”的時代烙印，橋梁為貴州鋪就了一條條出山跨海，助力產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的“夢想大道”。

精湛技術(shù)打開廣闊市場

如今，貴州高速公路里程突破8000 公里，總里程排全國第5 位，綜合密度西部第1 位。截至2021 年底，貴州已建成出省通道24 個，其中一半以上通道采用橋梁通過。貴州公路橋梁伴隨著貴州交通巨變，令人刮目相看。

成就背后，離不開，不斷尋求突破的匠人精神。

多年來，貴州省交通運輸廳組織開展了一批省部級重大科研項目攻關(guān)，重點突破一批關(guān)鍵技術(shù)難題，在山區(qū)復(fù)雜條件下大型橋梁建設(shè)技術(shù)方面，形成了千米級懸索橋、高墩大跨徑連續(xù)剛構(gòu)橋、大跨徑斜拉橋等設(shè)計施工成套技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)了貴州省橋梁建設(shè)技術(shù)的大跨越，有力支撐了一批世界級橋梁工程的建設(shè)。

隨著貴州交通建設(shè)的突飛猛進，一批高水平的貴州交通建設(shè)企業(yè)也紛紛崛起。以貴州公路集團、貴州橋梁集團、貴州路橋集團為代表的施工企業(yè)正依托精湛技藝，走出大山，走向世界，投身 “一帶一路”建設(shè)。

“不論是生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理還是項目技術(shù)研發(fā)創(chuàng)新，集團公司都積累了一批經(jīng)驗豐富、膽大心細、觀念超前的復(fù)合型人才，具備投資建設(shè)新模式、山區(qū)特大橋隧施工技術(shù)、機械設(shè)備等核心競爭力，為集團公司‘走出去’打下了堅實的基礎(chǔ)?！辟F州公路集團黨委副書記、副董事長、總經(jīng)理計中彥表示。

在貴州交通建設(shè)企業(yè)中，貴州公路集團率先“破冰”。

2017 年3 月，貴州公路集團正式成立海外事業(yè)部（后改名為“戰(zhàn)略投資部”），主要負責(zé)海外市場開發(fā)。但在“走出去”初期，公路集團作為一名海外市場的“新兵”，面對其他國家不同的法律、經(jīng)濟、市場和文化環(huán)境，同時和央企相比，在某些方面又有差距，走出國門舉步維艱。

“通過對海外市場近兩年的考察、項目研究以及跟已經(jīng)‘走出去’的中資企業(yè)接觸，公司慢慢探索出一條適合自己的出國之路。”計中彥說，集團公司與有實力、有經(jīng)驗的企業(yè)組成聯(lián)合體，實現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢互補，同時通過項目鍛煉隊伍，培育一支具備國際業(yè)務(wù)能力的團隊，是公司現(xiàn)階段“走出去”的方向。

通過不懈努力，2019 年，貴州公路集團成功中標蒙古國烏蘭巴托到達爾汗道路升級改造項目第一階段CW1-3 標段，這是公司第一個正式落地的海外項目，實現(xiàn)了海外市場“零的突破”；隨后，又成功中標格魯吉亞E60 高速公路F4 標段，合同額14.2億元人民幣；2021 年再次中標哈薩克斯坦公路建設(shè)項目，首次挺進中亞交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)市場。

站上新起點，貴州交建企業(yè)正以技術(shù)創(chuàng)新敲開海外市場的大門，“讓交通無縫連接”的愿景逐步實現(xiàn)。

South of the Yangtze River is a rivery land, as Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau boasts a mountainous landscape. The latter one has witnessed great changes in traffic brought by bridges.

In Guizhou, various bridges are built, including the first Beipan River Bridge (the world’s highest bridge), Pingtang Bridge of the Pingtang-Luodian Expressway (the “Sky Bridge”), and Yachi River Super Major Bridge (the world’s longest steel-truss, cable-stayed bridge). Even Hua Chunying,Foreign Ministry Spokesperson, lauded bridges in Guizhou with the following text released on her Twitter account:“Guizhou is the only province in China without plain support,but its bridges have set dozens of world records. Therefore，Guizhou could be called a ‘Bridge Museum’.”

There are 21,000 featured road bridges scattered across Guizhou Province, involving almost all the bridge structures worldwide. Statistics show that among the one hundred world’s highest bridges, over 80 are built in China; furthermore, 50 of these 80 are located in Guizhou Province.

A sky-high miracle amongst mountains and rivers

At the boundary between Yunnan and Guizhou provinces,there stands the lofty Wumeng Mountains and the rolling Beipan River. In 2016, the first Beipan River Bridge of the Hangzhou-Ruili Expressway rose from the level ground into the sky. Dubbed “the world’s highest bridge”, it constitutes magnificent scenery in the mountains, also known as the “sky road” connecting the two provinces.

With a total length of 1,341.4m and a span of 720m, the bridge is constructed with an elevated tower, as if it’s touching the sky. The red bridge railing stretches across peaks and ridges, with a vertical height from the ground of an astonishing 565.4m, equivalent to that of a 200-floor building. In foreign media reports, the bridge was described as a startling “skyhigh miracle” because it is high enough for an Empire State Building to be placed under it.

However, the surrounding marvelous karst landscape had been a barrier to the construction of bridges. Countless karst caves and underground rivers are distributed in such a landscape, making the drilling a knotty task because any drill might crack the top of caves. In addition, the limestone structure of the 10km mountain area results in bad rigidity,which led to the very first difficulty for the designers to stabilize the bridge pier on bedrocks.

Peng Yundong, the chief designer of the first Beipan River Bridge and a Chinese bridge engineer, led his team to inspect the local landscape of rivers and mountains immediately after receiving the task. Having trudged over hill and dale countless times, they spotted scattering karst caves and fractures and continuously elevated the height of the bridge to avoid them. Eventually, the bridge was designed to be built at a height of 565.4m, breaking the world record unexpectedly.

Located in the deep mountains and valleys of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,the bridge is almost 600m above the deepest point of the gorge. The trickiest part of the construction lay in the set of girders because the bridge towers were to be installed at two cliffs due to hostile terrain. After a long period of exploration and research, the design team came up with an innovative idea to set an auxiliary pier on the side span and adopt incremental launch to construct it. This was the first time applying such measures in building a cable-stayed bridge, greatly reducing the construction risk of setting an overhang bracket at a high altitude in mountains with the construction period half-year shorter than building a suspension bridge. It should be noted that this construction plan would not pollute the water under the bridge and destroy the ecosystem on two sides, ensuring an environmentfriendly construction.

After the foundation, material and tower were all set, another barrier struck:how should engineers hoist the bridge deck system in the air? Discussions and research then contributed to an epochmaking construction plan — moving the sectional parts vertically and assembling them in the air. The engineers sectioned a steel truss girder stretching 12m and weighing 160t and assembled the part on the ground; after that, they hoisted them from a height of 200m. Despite such a tough construction environment,the engineers broke through untold bottlenecks and went through many difficulties in the three years, finally finishing the construction of the world’s highest bridge. During the project, up to 13 patents of different categories were successfully applied one by one.

遵余告訴湘江大橋Xiangjiang River Grand Bridge along the Zunyi-Yuqing Expressway

In 2018, the bridge won the gold Gustav Lindenthal Medal and the FIDIC Award of Special Merit, which are respectively regarded as the Nobel Prize in bridge construction and international engineering consulting fields. Moreover,it also won other honors, such as the special prize of Science and Technology Award of the China Highway and Transportation Society.

The museum of world bridges

China is a land of world-famous bridges while Guizhou is a province of nationally renowned bridges

In addition to the first Beipan River Bridge (the world’s highest bridge),many other road bridges are standing in the beautiful scenery of Guizhou Province, which contributes to its title of“province of bridges”.

貴州思南至劍河高速公路劍河縣岑松鎮(zhèn)段橋梁Spring scenery of a bridge along the Sinan-Jianhe Expressway in Censong Town, Jianhe County, Guizhou（本版圖片/新華社 供圖）

On April 4, the arched basket road bridge — G320 Huayudong Bridge constructed by Guizhou Bridge Construction Group Co., Ltd. — was granted a gold Gustav Lindenthal Medal by the International Bridge Conference(IBC). This made it the fourth construction project to win this award after the first Beipan River Bridge, the Yachi River Super Major Bridge and Pingtang Bridge.

Located in Qingzhen City along the high-grade highway from Guiyang City to Huangguoshu Town, Huayudong Bridge was commenced on February 20, 2019, and completed and opened on June 29, 2021, with a total length of 270m.Successively, the construction project of the bridge obtained 11 national patents and a provincial construction method, and the concurrent construction and demolition of it have become a reconstruction pattern for bridges in mountainous areas.

“Traditionally speaking, the awarded bridges boast long spans, high altitudes, large size and landmark features,” said Yang Jian, chief engineer of Guizhou Transportation Planning Survey ＆ Design Academe Co., Ltd. He further noted that the Huayudong Bridge did not stand out in span and altitude with a construction cost of merely 110 million yuan; however, this award highlighted the technical power,environment-friendly construction and aesthetic features of the bridge, marking that it was recognized worldwide for its“small yet delicate” bridge construction process in mountainous areas. Also,Guizhou’s title of “museum of world bridges” was tested.

貴州甕開高速開州湖特大橋建設(shè)現(xiàn)場The Kaizhou Lake Super-large Bridge in Guizhou along the We n g’a n-K a i y a n g Expressway begins to erect cables（新華社 供圖）

Yachi River Super Major Bridge is the world’s longest steel-truss, cablestayed bridge with a span length of 800m and a total length of 1,450m. The two towers on the east and west measure 243.2m and 258.2m respectively. As a record-breaking bridge in the world, it serves as an exceptionally beautiful part of the Guiyang-Qianxi Expressway.

The Pingtang Bridge of the Pingtang-Luodian Expressway is the world’s highest concrete bridge with the name“Sky Bridge” in the industry, because of the 328m high towers. The installation method of sectioning and hoisting for cable-stayed bridge composite girder construction was a pioneer in China,raising the construction efficiency by 20% and expanding new space for assembling construction nationwide.

The Beipan River Super Major Bridge of Liupanshui-Panxian Expressway is an initiatively designed hollow continuous rigid frame bridge, which is applied with 290m of hollow continuous rigid frames made with pre-stressed concrete. It is 1,261m in length and has the tallest 170m-high pier, winning honors such as the Luban Prize, Tien-yow Jeme Civil Engineering Prize, Li Chun Award(national highway construction highest achievement award),as well as the first prize of Guizhou Science and Technology Progress Award.

Both challenges and opportunities lie in the construction of every bridge.

After the opening of the first Beipan River Bridge, the drive from Liupanshui City (Guizhou) to Xuanwei City’s urban area (Yunnan) was shortened from five hours to 1-2 hours.The bridge not only promotes the local social and economic development but also facilitates the Belt and Road Initiative with exceptional significance.

China is a land of world-famous bridges while Guizhou is a province of nationally renowned bridges. This saying is exactly reflected in Guizhou’s bridges, which contribute to the transportation improvement and industrial development in Guizhou Province, realizing various dreams.

A vast marketplace unlocked by technologies

Today, Guizhou Province enjoys an expressway mileage of more than 8,000 km, ranking 5th in the country’s whole mileage and 1st in the west for the comprehensive density of expressways. By the end of 2021,the province has built 24 outbound expressways and highways, more than half of which include road bridges.Along with the great changes in Guizhou Province’s traffic condition, the bridges there are truly impressive today.

These achievements owe to the hard work and constant exploration of engineering teams.

For years, the Department of Transportation of Guizhou Province has organized a number of major scientific research projects at the provincial and ministerial levels, focusing on breaking through a number of key technical problems, in the construction of largesize bridges in hostile mountainous conditions. Many technologies for construction and design, such as the thousand-meter suspension bridge, highpier large-span continuous rigid bridge,and large-span cable-stayed bridge, have been achieved to realize a big upgrade for the bridge construction technology in Guizhou Province. Also, technology has served as strong support for some worldclass bridge construction projects.

With the accelerated improvement of Guizhou’s traffic conditions, a number of high-level enterprises in the transportation construction sector have seen a rise in the province. Guizhou Highway Engineering Group Co., Ltd.,Guizhou Bridge Construction Group Co., Ltd., Guizhou Road ＆Bridge Group Co., Ltd., and other representative construction enterprises are stepping toward the world from Guizhou Province and joining the development of the Belt and Road Initiative with technological advantages.

Ji Zhongyan, deputy secretary of the Party Committee, vice chairman,and general manager of Guizhou Highway Engineering Group Co., Ltd.,stated: “We have a group of versatile professionals with rich experience, cautious working style and advanced thinking pattern, specializing in production,operation, management, and technological innovation for R＆D of projects. Thanks to that, we enjoy core competitiveness in terms of the new mode of investment and construction,construction technology for super major bridges and tunnels in mountainous areas, as well as machinery and equipment,laying a solid foundation for our ‘go global’ plan.”

Among all enterprises in the transportation construction sector in Guizhou, the Group has made the first move to sign contracts for construction projects in two countries, namely Mongolia and Georgia.

In March 2017, the Group has set up an Overseas Business Department (later renamed as Strategic Investment Department), which operates the overseas market development.However, the first few steps of the Group in going global were staggering: as a newcomer to the overseas market, it had to face different business conditions regarding laws, economy,market and culture, plus a huge gap between its competency and that of China’s centrally-administered state-owned enterprises (central SOEs).

“After almost two years of visiting trips and project research for overseas market, and exchanges with other Chinese-funded enterprises that have gone global, we finally explored a globalization path that perfectly matches our condition,” said Ji. The group has also formed a consortium with other enterprises that are experienced and competent in going global, so as to make use of its advantages and learn from other players. Moreover, it will also cultivate its employees with projects and build a team with the capability to operate international businesses, which is the current plan for the Group’s going global prospects.

With these efforts made, the Group has won the bid for the CW1-3 section, phase I of the road renovation project from Ulaanbaatar to Darkhan in 2019, which is its first official project to be implemented overseas and marks a “0 to 1”breakthrough. After that, it became a bid winner for the F4 section of E60 Expressway in Georgia, with a contract value of 1.42 billion yuan. In 2021, the Group again won the bid for the road construction project in Kazakhstan, which is its first step into the transportation infrastructure construction market of Central Asia.

Embarking on a new journey from a new start, enterprises in Guizhou’s transportation construction sector are entering the overseas market with technological innovation, aiming to achieve seamless transport links.