謝國英
請讓我們一起來看看2022年新高考全國Ⅰ卷的語法填空題:
閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP).? ? 56? (cover)an area about three times? ? ?57? ? size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that? ? ?58? ? (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority? ? ?59? ?(increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP? ? ?60? ? ?(design)to reflect the guiding principle of“protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones,? ? 61? ? ?leaving behind precious natural assets(資產(chǎn))for future generations”. The GPNPs main goal is to improve connectivity between separate? ? ? 62? ? (population)and homes of giant pandas, and? ? ?63? ? ?(eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve? ? 64? ? ?an umbrella species(物種), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species? ? 65? ? ?live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
本文主要報道了中國設(shè)立大熊貓國家公園(GPNP)的相關(guān)情況。
56. Covering 因句中已有謂語動詞will be,所以cover為非謂語;又因主語the GPNP與cover是主動關(guān)系,且位于句首,首字母要大寫,故填Covering。
57. the 受of短語修飾,特指美國黃石國家公園的大小,故填the;也可看作表示倍數(shù)的“A +be+倍數(shù)+the size/length/width/height of B”句型中的the。
58. 見后文。
59. to increase 作目的狀語用動詞不定式,故填to increase。
60. is designed 作謂語,且主語The GPNP與design是被動關(guān)系,指現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài),故填is designed。
61. and 因protecting..., preserving..., protecting...和leaving...是并列關(guān)系,故填and。
62. populations 由與之并列的and homes可知,population也用復(fù)數(shù),故填populations。
63. eventually 修飾動詞achieve,用副詞。
64. as 因serve as(充當)為固定搭配。
65. that 引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作主語,先行詞是species,有all 修飾,故填that。
本文重點探討其中的第58題。第58題考查的是時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意為:該計劃將把保護范圍擴大到大量以前未受保護的地區(qū),將許多現(xiàn)有的大熊貓保護區(qū)納入一個管理機構(gòu),以提高效率,減少管理上的不一致性。that引導(dǎo)一個限制性定語從句,先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞areas,該空中的be在從句中作謂語動詞,問題是be該用哪種時態(tài)呢?
筆者所教的學(xué)生中,不少人誤填are, is, 或will be,即他們認為是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時。經(jīng)過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),這是因?qū)W生的慣性思維和不懂previously (之前地)這個詞的意思造成的。至于用is的,是因為沒有考慮到主謂一致的問題。
一般情況下,我們的考生在作答時,確定時態(tài)主要根據(jù)兩個顯性線索:
一是明確的時間狀語,如有today, always, usually, often, sometimes等時用一般現(xiàn)在時;有yesterday, a moment ago, last week, just now, then等時用一般過去時;有in the future, in 2055, tomorrow,next year等時用一般將來時;有for three years, recently等時用現(xiàn)在完成時,等等。
二是“跟風(fēng)”,前句和后句用什么時態(tài),就用什么時態(tài)。這就是部分同學(xué)的慣性思維。這個空格前面兩個句子和后面那段話的第一個句子,都是一般將來時,所以有學(xué)生填will be。也有的學(xué)生從“主將從現(xiàn)”的慣性思維出發(fā),以為是一般現(xiàn)在時,于是填了are。
事實上,此句中副詞previously(之前地)是確定從句時態(tài)為一般過去時(填were)的關(guān)鍵,屬于隱性的時間狀語。不懂這個單詞,就會判斷錯誤。那么還有哪些隱性時間狀語呢?
一、某些副詞和介詞短語
講述一個故事的結(jié)尾,句中有副詞eventually,finally,ultimately, last(adv.最新;最近;上一次), 詞組in the end, at last.....等時,多用一般過去時,如:
Our flight eventually left five hours late. 我們的班機最終晚了五個小時起飛。
The performance finally started half an hour late. 晚了半小時以后演出終于開始了。
The divorce ultimately led to his ruin. 離婚最終使得他一貧如洗。
When did you see him last? 你最近什么時候見過他?
I saw him last/I last saw him in New York two years ago. 我上一次是兩年前在紐約見到他的。
They reached the port at last. 他們終于抵達港口。
In the end they had to settle for a draw. 最后,他們只好接受平局的結(jié)果。
但是,如果不是故事的結(jié)局,也可能是其他時態(tài),視上下文的意義而定。later也是如此。例如:
It will all sort itself out in the end. 問題最后都會自行解決。
Were going to Rome later in the year. 我們年內(nèi)晚些時候要到羅馬去。
She later became a doctor. 她后來當了醫(yī)生。
此外,from then on 通常用于一般過去時:
From then on he never trusted her again. 從那時起,他再也不信任她了。
而有since then,in the past/last few years, till now, so far等時一般用現(xiàn)在完成時。如:
That was years ago. Ive changed jobs since then. 那是多年以前的事了。自那以來我已經(jīng)換過幾個工作了。(注意區(qū)分:from then on“從那時起”和since then“自那時起一直到現(xiàn)在”)
In the past few years the prices of wheat, corn, rice and other basic foodstuffs have doubled or tripled. 過去幾年當中,小麥、玉米、大米等基礎(chǔ)糧食作物的價格已經(jīng)翻了一倍甚至兩倍。 (注意:不要因past而誤用一般過去時)
Till now, more than 20000 people have applied. 至今已有2萬多人報名。(注意:不要因now而誤用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時)
Research has so far proved inconclusive. 迄今為止研究還沒有任何定論。
二、某些固定句型
某些句型有其固定的時態(tài)形式,這類隱性的時態(tài)線索,也不容忽視。
1. It is the first time that +現(xiàn)在完成時
It was the first time that +過去完成時
Is this the first time that youve flown? 這是你第一次乘飛機嗎?
It was the first time they had seen the sea. 那是他們第一次看見海洋。
2. 表示“一……就……”的兩個倒裝句型:
(1)Hardly/ Scarcely ...when...
(2)No sooner ...than...
主句用過去完成時,從句一般過去時。如:
Hardly/Scarcely had the game started when it began to rain. =No sooner had the game started when it began to rain. 比賽才開始就下起雨來了。
3. 虛擬語氣句型:主句和從句通過不同固定的時態(tài)表示與現(xiàn)在、過去、將來事實相反。
If I were a bird, I would fly into the sky. 如果我是一只鳥,我就飛上天空了。(表示與現(xiàn)在、將來事實相反)
I was ill that day. If I had not been ill that day, I would have taken part in the football match. 那天我生病了。如果我沒病,我就會參加了那場足球賽。(表示與過去事實相反)
還有下面的這些從句中,時態(tài)的變化類似于上面的虛擬條件句部分:
It is high time that we slept now/we should sleep.該睡覺了。
He looks as if he had been to Beijing, but in fact, he has never left his hometown. 他看上去好像去過北京似的,但實際上他從來沒有離開過他的家鄉(xiāng)。
How I wish we had won the game yesterday!我真希望我們昨天贏了那場比賽。
I would rather he hadnt come that day. 我寧愿他那天沒來。
責任編輯 蔣小青