例析將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語的方法

錢景意

所謂直接引語即是直接引述別人的原話，那對應(yīng)地，間接引語即是把別人的話用自己的話重新轉(zhuǎn)述出來。在實際應(yīng)用中，直接引語通常是用引號括起來的內(nèi)容，而間接引語則會組成一個賓語從句。大部分情況下，直接引語和間接引語之間都可以轉(zhuǎn)換，但是在轉(zhuǎn)換的過程中，從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、代詞、狀語等關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)一般都要做出相應(yīng)的變化。因此，筆者歸納了將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語的方法，希望能幫助學(xué)生從中獲得啟發(fā)。

一、時態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化

在直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時要注意從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)變化。通常，如果直接引語的謂語動詞為一般過去時或者是現(xiàn)在完成時，那在轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時，從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)應(yīng)該改變?yōu)檫^去完成時；如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在進行時，那從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)該變?yōu)檫^去進行時；如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，那從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)該改為一般過去時；如果直接引語的謂語動詞為一般將來時，那從句的謂語動詞一定要改成過去將來時。例如：

—Jane said，“ Mary， where have you been ？”

—Jane asked Mary where she had been .

需要引起注意的是，并不是所有的直接引語變成間接引語都需要轉(zhuǎn)變時態(tài)，在句子是以下情況時，間接引語的謂語動詞時態(tài)不變：

①直接引語屬于真理或客觀事實時

—The teacher said to us，“Light runs much faster than sound.”

—The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound.

②直接引語表示經(jīng)常的習(xí)慣

—He said to the doctor，“I smoke two packs every day.”

—He told the doctor that he smokes two packs ev- ery day.

③直接引語為歷史事件

—The teacher said，“World War II ended in 1945.”

—The teacher said that World War II ended in 1945.

④直接引語的謂語有情態(tài)動詞，如 must、ought to、used to、had better等

—She said to me，“You must hurry up.”

—She said that I must hurry up.

二、人稱轉(zhuǎn)化

在直接引語轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚g接引語時，一定要注意人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換。通常，人稱變化遵循以下原則：一隨主、二隨賓、第三人稱不更新。所謂“一隨主”是指直接引語中的第一人稱變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱；“二隨賓”是指直接引語中第二人稱變?yōu)楹烷g接賓語（即聽話人）相一致的人稱；而第三人稱不更新則是直接引語中第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。例如：

①“I will come and see you again this evening，Tom.” she said.

→ She told Tom that she would go and see him again that evening.

本句中“I”變成了“she”，保證與主句的主語相一致。屬于“一隨主”原則。

②He said to me，“You are wrong.”

→ He told me that I was wrong.

本題直接引語中屬于第二人稱，因此在轉(zhuǎn)化時，從句主語應(yīng)該改為與間接賓語“me”相一致的人稱“I”。屬于“二隨賓”原則。

③He asked，“Where are you going to get off，John？”

→ He asked John where he was going to get off.

本題的直接引語中是第三人稱，因此變?yōu)殚g接引語時，應(yīng)該保持人稱不變，遵循“第三人稱不更新”原則。

三、代詞和狀語的轉(zhuǎn)化

在將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時，除了需要重視時態(tài)的變化之外，還應(yīng)注意指示代詞以及狀語的轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)則。具體規(guī)則有以下幾種：

①指示代詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：如this→that，these→those。例如：

The old man said，“I like to talk with these young men.”

→ The old man said that he liked to talk with those young men.

②時間狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換：如 now→then，today/to- night→that day/that night，this week/month→that week/ month，yesterday→the day before，ago→before 等。例如：

Mr Harry asked，“John，have you passed the exam yesterday？”

→ Mr Harry asked John whether he had passed theexam the day before.

③地點狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換：常見的包括：here→there 。例如：

She said to me，“I lived here five years ago.”

→ She? told? me? she? had? lived? there? five? yearsbefore.

四、語序轉(zhuǎn)化

除了上述的詞匯變化之外，直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時，還應(yīng)包括語序的轉(zhuǎn)化。通常，若直接引語是疑問句的形式，在轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時，應(yīng)注意將疑問句的語序變?yōu)殛愂稣Z序。通常包括以下幾種情況：

①一般疑問句改為由連詞 whether或 if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其主句謂語動詞常用 ask、wonder、want toknow等。例如：

Mother asked me，“Have you finished your home-work？”

→ Mother asked me whether/if I had finished myhomework.

②選擇疑問句改為由whether ... or引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：

“Are you going to Beijing or Shanghai for the holi-days？”she asked.

→ She asked me whether I was going to Beijing orShanghai for the holidays.

③主句的謂語動詞用 ask（sb.）來表達，語序不再用疑問語序，而應(yīng)改為陳述語序。例如：

“How many sleeping pills have you taken？”asked thenurse.

→ The nurse asked me how many sleeping pills Ihad taken.

④當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示請求或建議的意義時，應(yīng)改為 suggest + doing或 ask/advise +賓語+動詞不定式。例如：

“What? about? starting? early? tomorrow? morning？”Jack said.

→ Jack suggested starting early tomorrow morning.

總的來說，在將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)化為間接引語時，教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意時態(tài)、人稱、代詞、狀語以及語序的變化，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在日常學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)中把握好轉(zhuǎn)換的規(guī)律和技巧，從而保證轉(zhuǎn)換過程不會出錯。

（作者單位：江蘇省常熟市中學(xué)）