• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Tuina massage combined with traditional Chinese prescription improves quality of life and motor symptoms in a spasmodic torticollis patient:A case report

    2022-03-05 01:43:42QiuJunWuHuaNanLiHaiNingZhangTarazonaMedinaHenryDavidFeiMaWeiZhangJinGuiWang
    Clinical Research Communications 2022年1期

    Qiu-Jun Wu,Hua-Nan Li,Hai-Ning Zhang,Tarazona Medina Henry David,Fei Ma,Wei Zhang,Jin-Gui Wang

    1First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion,Tianjin,China.2Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital,Tianjin,China.

    Abstract Objective:A case study was performed to discuss the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments on spasmodic torticollis.Materials and methods:A 28-year-old male was diagnosed with spasmodic torticollis due to twist and turn of neck after being frightened,who was unable to take care of himself for over 3 months.He once took an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug,but no significant improvement was seen in his symptoms.After a few months,his symptoms got worse,with onset of spasms.Therefore,he was treated at our hospital with traditional Chinese prescription and Tuina massage therapy for 3 months and followed up for 6 months.The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) and the Craniocervical Dystonia Questionnaire (CDQ-24) scores were recorded before and after treatment and during follow-up observations to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy.Results:Compared to the baseline,the TWSTRS and CDQ-24 scores decreased significantly,and there was no evident recurrence of his symptoms for at least 6 months of follow-up.Moreover,no apparent discomfort or side effects were observed during the treatment.Conclusion:Jingu abdominal massage combined with traditional Chinese prescription has a certain efficacy in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis,with almost no side effects,which can be easily accepted by patients.

    Keywords:traditional Chinese prescription;spasmodic torticollis;massage therapy;case report

    Highlights

    Traditional Chinese medicine has a certain curative effect in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis with almost no side effects.Tuina Massage therapy is easy to be accepted by spasmodic torticollis patients.

    Introduction

    Spasmodic torticollis (ST) refers to an abnormal central nervous impulse leading to paroxysmal involuntary contractions of the neck muscles,so that the head and neck twists or turns to one side,resulting in hyperactivity symptoms and abnormal posture [1].The most accepted causes are related to psychogenic,extrapyramidal and neuroperipheral disorders.Although many treatments have been used for ST,none of them has shown desired effectiveness [2].According to an epidemiological survey conducted in the United States in the 1990s,the incidence of ST was around 5.7-400 per 100,000 population.The condition is more prevalent in women and among those around 50 years old [3].ST can affect the appearance,work and life routine of patients to varying degrees.In severe cases,patients even lose their ability to work and cannot look after themselves.Some patients are even accompanied by mild-to-moderate anxiety and depression.

    At present,the treatments for ST mainly include oral drug therapy,botulinum toxin injection,surgery (e.g.selective peripheral neurotomy and accessory neurotomy) and physical therapy,all of which can relieve local muscular tension and spasms and improve motor symptoms to a certain extent [4-8].

    These treatments,however,also have potential side effects,including drowsiness,depression,vertigo and hypotonia.Some patients treated with intramuscular botulinum toxin may experience muscle weakness,dyspnea,local bruising,dry mouth and flu-like symptoms,which though disappear without notorious side effects [9].With surgical interventions,a substantial number of patients present with neck muscle atrophy,neck and shoulder pain,neck skin numbness and other like symptoms postoperatively [10].In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners have tried to apply non-drug therapies to treat ST.For example,Wu et al.treated several ST patients with acupuncture (5 times a week,10-week course).This study showed that acupuncture could improve neck stiffness and anxiety in the ST patient.The head and neck of the patient was no longer twisted,neck stiffness was eliminated,improving the neck mobility,and at the end of the treatment,the patient basically resumed normal lifestyle [11].Professor Wang used abdominal massage for treating ST,which had an obvious curative effect [12-13].

    According to TCM theory,ST belongs to the category of "spasmodic diseases",which is caused by emotional conditions,liver Qi stagnation and meridian Qi stagnation.ST treatment aims to regulate the emotions,and to relax and loosen the tendons.Here,we report a clinical case of a ST patient who was treated with TCM.The patient exhibited rapid,significant improvement in symptoms and muscular movement.

    Case report

    Patient information and diagnostic assessment

    This research has obtained the patient's informed consent.

    A 28-years-old male patient surnamed Zhao,who was a graduate student,reported that he had a minor accident while doing a chemical experiment during his overseas study in December 2018.After the accident,he developed neck stiffness and pain,local mild edema and other symptoms.Thus,he went to a local hospital in the country he was living.There,after a series of examinations including cervical CT and cerebral MR,the patient didn't show any abnormalities,who received oral treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.However,his symptoms got worse.By February of the following year,the patient suffered from involuntary neck twitching to the right side,which gradually intensified,so he tried new treatments that could help with his condition.He did neck collar fixation at a local hospital,with no apparent improvement.Therefore,the patient returned to China in March 2019 and went to the First Teaching Hospital of the Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

    On March 17,at the time of treatment,the patient had bilateral neck stiffness,involuntary contractions of the neck,soreness and pain of neck and shoulder muscles,right neck deviation,as well as occasional spasms and stiffness.Additionally,his neck mobility was tremendously limited,which was accompanied by intermittent transient dizziness and limb numbness.He didn't have neuropathy of lower limbs,and reported that he had occasional sweating,hypoxia and poor sleep at night.He had a red tongue with ecchymosis,thin white coating and fine pulse.

    Physical examination:The patient could not control the movements of his cervical spine while sitting,making it difficult for the doctors to perform a proper cervical motion examination.He had fusiform hypertrophy of sternocleidomastoid muscle.We categorized the muscle strength of both his upper limbs as grade V.The physiological reflexes were normal.Besides,the pathological reflex test was negative.

    Needle electromyography (EMG) test showed tension in the right sternocleidomastoid muscle,bilateral trapezius muscle and bilateral splenius cervicis,with small amounts of fibrillation potentials.

    According to Phenomenology and classification of dystonia:A consensus update [14],we diagnosed the patient with spasmodic torticollis.

    Therapeutic interventions

    The treatment was conducted by a senior TCM physician at The First Teaching Hospital of the Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,who handled the massage therapy and the TCM medication.

    TCM syndrome differentiation

    We diagnosed him with ST because of Ying-Wei disharmony,stagnation of meridian Qi and liver wind agitation.The treatment plan was to harmonize the Ying and Wei,loosen and relax the muscles,dredge the collaterals,stop the spasms and to disperse the liver wind.

    Main treatment

    The overall treatment for ST comprised using traditional Chinese prescription and Tuina therapy that included local manipulation of cervical spine and Jingu abdominal massage.As a characteristic massage technique developed in Tianjin,the Jingu abdominal massage is mainly performed on the abdomen and is used to regulate the Qi of the spleen and stomach.

    Tuina massage therapy:

    Local manipulation of the neck:for this specific treatment,the physician used different skills such as palpating,lifting,pressing,kneading,pushing and holding,with the emphasis on relaxing the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.This was accompanied by local acupressure at some specific points on the neck,namely Tianrong (SI17),Shuitu (ST10),Futu (LI18),Tianyou (SJ16),which potentiated the muscle relaxing effect.

    Jingu abdominal massage:for this technique,the physician used different types of manipulations in the abdomen as follows:

    (1) Rotatory kneading abdomen manipulation (Figure 1)

    Kneading Zhongwan (RN12) with the hands:the patient lay in a supine position,while the physician stood by the patient's left side and placed his left hand in the right hand,forming a semi-round shape.Then,the physician placed both hands on the patient's abdomen,pressing and making circular movements with his hands in an anti-clockwise direction on the static point (RN12).The frequency of this manipulation was 20-30 times/min for a duration of 5 min in each session.

    (2) Rubbing abdomen manipulation (Figure 2)

    This manipulation could be performed either with both hands or with just one hand,depending on the case.The physician implemented the rubbing manipulation on Shenque (RN8):the patient lay in a supine position,while the physician stood by the patient's left side and pushed the patient's abdomen forward using the thenar palm area,and then pulled backward using his 2ndto 5thdigits of the hand,creating a forward-backward movement.This manipulation was performed for 5 min in each session.

    (3) Pressing abdomen manipulation (Figure 3)

    The patient lay in a supine position,while the physician stood by the patient's left side and placed the entire palm of his left hand on the patient's abdomen and the metacarpophalangeal joint of his index finger on the patient's Zhongwan (RN12).Then,the physician placed his right hypothenar on the metacarpophalangeal joint of his left index finger,and pressed down slowly as the patient breathed.As soon as the physician felt a strong pulsation coming from the abdominal aorta region,the downward pressing was discontinued and held for 2 min.Afterwards,the physician slowly lifted up his hands till there was no pressure in the patient's abdomen.This process took around 5 min.During the manipulation,the patient should have a heat sensation in the lower limbs.

    (4) Holding abdomen manipulation (Figure 4)

    Figure 1 Rotatory kneading abdomen manipulation

    Figure 2 Rubbing abdomen manipulation

    Figure 3 Pressing abdomen manipulation

    Figure 4 Holding abdomen manipulation

    Using his thumb and index finger,the physician pinched and lifted outwards the skin and the muscles of the patient at the acupuncture point Daimai (GB26).This manipulation was performed 20 times on both sides concurrently,and the patient should feel a tender sensation on both sides of the abdomen.

    Complementary therapy

    Since the Tuina massage alone takes effect slowly for treating ST,we also used the traditional Chinese prescription.The TCM medication aimed to adjust the Ying and Wei,release and relax the muscles,dredge the collaterals and stop the spasms.The prescription used in this specific case was Gui-Zhi-Jia-Ge-Gen-Tang (GZJGGT),which was cinnamon twig decoction plus kudzu decoction combined with Zhi-Jing-San (ZJS,spasm relieving powder).Constituents:Ram.Cinnamomi 12g,Rx.Paeoniae Alba 12g,Rz.Zingiberis Recens 10g,Rx.Puerariae 20g,Fr.Zizyphi jujube 4,Fried Rx.Glycyrrhizae 6g.Soak the above drugs for 30min,decoct them twice,300ml in total,take 150ml twice a day,30min after breakfast and dinner.Scorpio and Scolopendra are made into powder,mixed in the ratio of 1:1,1.5g a day,and added to the decoction.

    Treatment regimen and Follow-up

    Treatment lasted for a total of 12 weeks,during which abdominal massage was carried out 5 times a week.TCM medication was given for 3 consecutive weeks and stopped for 1 week during the 3 months of treatment.The patient did not take other drugs or therapies during this treatment.

    For this study,the patient was monitored and examined before the initiation of the treatment,as well as 1,2,3,6 and 9 months after the treatment,totaling 6 times.

    Outcomes

    The Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) [15] was used to assess this study and to describe the patient's torticollis symptoms.TWSTRS has a total score of 85,with higher scores indicating severer torticollis.Further,the Craniocervical dystonia questionnaire (CDQ-24) [16-17] was used to evaluate the patient condition,since it is specifically designed to evaluate quality of life in patients with spasmodic torticollis.Lower total scores indicate milder symptoms.

    Results

    TWSTRS

    As shown in Table 1 (Figure 5),TWSRES scores gradually decreased after treatment with traditional Chinese prescription combined with abdominal Tuina massage.After 6 months of treatment,the incidence of neck tilt was slight in the patient (Tables 2-4).

    Table 1 TWSTRS scores

    Table 2 Torticollis Severity Scale

    Table 3 Disability Scale

    Table 4 Pain Scale

    CDQ-24

    The CDQ-24 scores also decreased significantly,as shown in Table 5 (Figure 6).

    Table 5 CDQ-24 scores

    Figure 5 TWSTRS scores

    Figure 6 CDQ-24 scores

    Adverse events

    The patient had no adverse symptoms throughout the treatment.After completing the treatment for 3 months,the patient expressed willingness to accept follow-up and repeatedly expressed willingness to continue to receive TCM treatment for possible symptom recurrence.

    Discussion

    From the perspectives of symptomatology and pathogenesis,spasmodic torticollis belongs to the category of "spasmodic diseases" in TCM,which is related to obstruction in the meridians and collaterals of the body,as well as a disharmony between Ying and Wei.The severity of the disease can lead to problems such as depression and drastic changes of mood,which can aggravate the disease.Given its chronic nature,combined with the tongue and pulse characteristics,it is categorized as a syndrome of Qi-blood disharmony.Therefore,the treatment cycle is long.

    According to the TCM theory,abdominal massage is a treatment technique that can regulate the overall state of Qi and blood by stimulating the meridians running thought the abdomen,and by adjusting the visceral function,which achieves the effect of replenishing Qi and nourishing blood.TCM considers that spleen is directly related to blood flow,and spleen dysfunction can cause abnormal blood flow that can lead to certain types of diseases.Therefore,if the spleen function is affected,it will cause a disharmony between the Qi and the blood.

    Meanwhile,the spleen is associated with the thoughts,so when a person has excessive thoughts,the function of his spleen will be affected,creating Qi stagnation and affecting other organs in the body.This is the reason why we used the acupuncture point Zhongwan (RN12) to regulate the spleen function during the treatment,since it has a certain therapeutic effect.

    Zhongwan (RN12) is on the anterior midline of the abdomen,6 cun above the umbilicus.It is the intersection point of Conception Channel,Taiyang Small Intestine Channel of the Hand,Shaoyang Sanjiao Channel of the Hand and Yangming Stomach Channel of the Foot.The reason for performing the pressing abdomen manipulation on this point (RN12) is that it can adjust the related meridians and Qi.Besides,it can regulate the Qi of the spleen and stomach,dredge the Qi and blood of the San Jiao meridian,and regulate the patient's mood.

    Important acupuncture point used in the holding abdomen manipulation is Daimai (GB26),which belongs to Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel of the Foot,and is the crossing point with Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel of the Foot and Dai Channel.It is considered the core of the Qi movement (ascending,descending,entering and exiting),and is the only transverse meridian of the human body that surrounds the waist,having the effect of constraining other longitudinal meridians of the human body.The occurrence of ST is linked to the dysfunction and the excessive restraint of this meridian [13].Therefore,by pulling and pressing Daimai (GB26) and using heavy stimulation technique,we can achieve slow and rapid spasmolysis and pain relief.

    The reason why we should operate in the order of Rotatory kneading-Rubbing-Pressing-Holding abdomen manipulation is that the core idea of Jingu abdominal massage is that "Tong mai tiao qi",and the Qi is essential for the human body,so only the passage benefits,and the Qi machine is smooth,so that the blood sea can fill and reach the neck area.And the rotatory kneading method requires the movements to be coherent,the strength uniform and deep,and to do the gestures to be stable,the posture to be smooth,decisively continuous,and the palmoplantar to be slow.Can function as a grooming machine,relaxing the abdomen,so this method is used as the first step in abdominal massage.However,the rubbing abdomen manipulation method pushes the abdomen by manual manipulation to bring the peristalsis of intestine and adjust the intestinal Qi machine so that " turbid Qi drops and clear Qi rises",while it can further relax the abdominal muscles.Press the abdominal method is a core maneuver of abdominal massage,in which the whole body of Qi and blood can be regulated by pressing the pulse downward."Chong vessel" are places where blood and blood are operated and stored in the human body,and an unobstructed passage through the pulses of the pulses can propel the operation of blood and blood throughout the body,provide nutrients to five-zang-organ and six-fu-organ,and maintain normal physiological functions.Therefore,it is important in Jingu abdominal massage according to the abdominal law.And holding abdomen manipulation as the final step end manual so that the whole body meridians Qi and blood are unblocked.Because the TCM Mechanism of spastic torticollis is mainly due to the failure of Qi flow to run properly through the meridians,special attention should be paid to channel patency in the treatment,so Jingu abdominal massage need to follow a certain sequence in the treatment to strengthen the effect of Qi regulation through the meridians.

    Modern medicine theorizes and considers the gut being the body's second brain [18].Studies have shown that there is an Enteric Nervous System (ENS) functioning like the human brain,which secretes numerous neuropeptides,including 5-HT,Motilin and GAS,as the brain does.Neuropeptides,like a bridge,link the ENS and the brain [19].And Tuina abdominal massage can influence them,helping treat neurological-related diseases.This has been confirmed by our previous studies [20-21].Thus,we theorize that it may be the reason the abdominal massage therapy eased symptoms of brain fatigue and improved mood and other mental symptoms.However,further research is required to confirm this theory.

    Finally,since ST primarily affected the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles,we used some targeted acupuncture points that relive the muscle tension,promote the movement of Qi and blood and eliminate the spasms.In the Tuina massage therapy,we used Tianrong (SI17),Shuitu (ST10),Futu (LI18) and Tianyou (SJ16) points.

    Regarding the treatment of ST,Gui-Zhi-Jia-Ge-Gen-Tang (GZJGGT),which was cinnamon twig decoction plus kudzu decoction combined with Zhi-Jing-San (ZJS,spasm relieving powder) constituted by Ram.Cinnamomi,Rx.Paeoniae Alba,Rz.Zingiberis Recens,Rx.Puerariae,Fr.Zizyphi jujube,Fried Rx.Glycyrrhizae;Scorpio and Scolopendra,had the functions of relieving the muscle tension and alleviating pain.The spasm relieving powder is composed of scorpio and scolopendra,both of which act on the liver meridian and have the effect of stopping spasms and alleviating pain by dispersing wind and relieving convulsion.The obstruction of meridians and collaterals can cause spasmodic diseases by external pathogens such as wind,leading to the stagnation of Qi and blood,strong and acute neck pain,muscle contractures and other related muscular diseases.

    The pathogenesis of ST is linked to the liver,spleen and kidney.TCM considers that the liver controls the tendons,so obstruction of liver meridian Qi can cause acute and local muscle tension,discomfort and spasms.The treatment of ST with spasm relieving powder can dredge collaterals,while the cinnamon twig decoction plus kudzu decoction can get rid of pathogens in the body,help nourish muscles,and harmonize Qi and blood.

    Through this study,we found that the TWSTRS and CDQ-24 scores of the patient decreased significantly after Tuina massage and TCM medication,and the patient's neck tilt,pain,disability and quality of life were all significantly improved.Moreover,the symptoms did not reappear in the patient during 6 months of follow-up,showing the significant therapeutic efficacy of TCM on ST.Although modern research has not yet clarified the mechanism of TCM treatment for this disease,existing studies have shown that the occurrence of ST is associated with gene mutation [22],which further affects the basal ganglia in the striatum [23] and the deep cerebral cortex of the globus pallidus [24].

    For spasmodic torticollis,drug therapy is the primary treatment both in China and abroad.However,a great number of patients in China choose TCM treatment,including acupuncture,Tuina massage and Chinese prescriptions.In terms of pharmaceutical choice,benzodiazepines,anticholinergics and dopamine are mostly used.Despite certain curative effects,their lasting effects are undesirable.Some reports pointed out that there were some serious side effects,and specially for refractory torticollis,surgery is the best option [25].

    Botulinum toxin injection is currently the most effective way to treat ST,which has been recommended in the ST treatment guidelines [26].However,the efficacy of the drug is reduced or even ineffective in some patients after repeated use.Besides,it is a biological product,which needs to be used cautiously [27],since there will be adverse reactions such as allergies and local paralysis when using it.In China,several scholars have treated ST patients by TCM,which achieved clear curative effects.For example,Professor Han used traditional Chinese drug to treat ST patients [28],Professor Wang used Tuina massage combined with traditional Chinese prescription [12],and Professor Wu chose acupuncture treatment [29].Hence,there is no special treatment for ST and different therapeutic plans should be selected according to the patients' own symptoms.TCM has clear advantages in this respect.TCM treatment requires syndrome differentiation and the treatment regimen may vary from person to person.It also causes fewer side effects and less pain for patients,which can be easily accepted.

    Limitations

    Although the clinical symptoms of the patient improved in this study,the evaluation scales were only used as the clinical indicators,which lacked objective evidence.Besides,the observation time was short,and a long-term follow-up was lacking.

    This study had a small sample size and lacked a randomized controlled trial,which could not clarify the efficacy of TCM treatment.Additionally,to attain a high clinical effect,it is necessary for doctors to practice Tuina abdominal massage for a long time,and get familiar with the standards and theories of human meridian Qi and blood circulation.The treatment environment needs to be relatively private and quiet,and the cooperation between doctors and patients is necessary,so there are still some inevitable interferences in clinical treatment.Hence,in the later stage of this research,we hope to summarize the clinical standards for treating ST by TCM,and further explore the internal mechanism,in order to better guide the clinical treatment.

    Conclusion

    Tuina massage therapy combined with traditional Chinese prescription can effectively improve the neck symptoms and quality of life of patients with spasmodic torticollis.These treatments work by relaxing local muscles in the neck and regulating the movement of Qi and blood.However,randomized controlled trials with large samples are still lacking,so the effectiveness of this treatment option remains to be seen,as well as their mechanisms of action remains to be further elucidated.

    国产精品国产av在线观看| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 日本wwww免费看| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| av天堂久久9| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 91麻豆av在线| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9| 夜夜夜夜夜久久久久| 欧美色视频一区免费| 桃红色精品国产亚洲av| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 国产精品成人在线| 青草久久国产| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 日韩av在线大香蕉| 夜夜爽天天搞| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 久99久视频精品免费| 两个人看的免费小视频| 一区二区三区激情视频| 91精品三级在线观看| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| svipshipincom国产片| 老司机深夜福利视频在线观看| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 久久青草综合色| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 日本三级黄在线观看| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| www.精华液| 亚洲国产欧美网| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 老司机在亚洲福利影院| 一区二区三区激情视频| 日韩免费av在线播放| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜 | 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 伊人久久大香线蕉亚洲五| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 国产成人影院久久av| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| av天堂久久9| 满18在线观看网站| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 69av精品久久久久久| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 一级毛片精品| 亚洲专区字幕在线| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 欧美日韩黄片免| 在线观看一区二区三区| av有码第一页| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 国产无遮挡羞羞视频在线观看| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 99香蕉大伊视频| 级片在线观看| 黄片播放在线免费| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 男女做爰动态图高潮gif福利片 | 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 久久亚洲真实| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 国产成人系列免费观看| 午夜免费激情av| 精品久久久久久成人av| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 午夜影院日韩av| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 很黄的视频免费| 免费在线观看日本一区| 日韩免费av在线播放| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出 | 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 国产精品1区2区在线观看.| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 不卡一级毛片| 亚洲色图av天堂| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 在线观看66精品国产| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 手机成人av网站| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 欧美人与性动交α欧美精品济南到| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 身体一侧抽搐| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 精品福利永久在线观看| 日本三级黄在线观看| 久久精品91蜜桃| 免费av毛片视频| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 久久人妻av系列| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 天天添夜夜摸| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| xxx96com| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 国产精品 国内视频| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 欧美黄色片欧美黄色片| 女警被强在线播放| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 美女大奶头视频| 亚洲av熟女| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲av美国av| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 悠悠久久av| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 色综合婷婷激情| 一a级毛片在线观看| 满18在线观看网站| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 亚洲精品国产区一区二| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 高清av免费在线| 激情在线观看视频在线高清| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 国产熟女xx| 身体一侧抽搐| 亚洲成人久久性| 一级毛片女人18水好多| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 超碰97精品在线观看| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 在线av久久热| 校园春色视频在线观看| 日日夜夜操网爽| www日本在线高清视频| 国产野战对白在线观看| 久久中文看片网| 日本五十路高清| 两个人看的免费小视频| 国产1区2区3区精品| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 午夜两性在线视频| 男女午夜视频在线观看| 欧美在线黄色| 亚洲熟妇熟女久久| 日本a在线网址| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 国产亚洲欧美98| 国产片内射在线| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 久久久久国内视频| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 亚洲国产欧美一区二区综合| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 国产男靠女视频免费网站| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 国产精品野战在线观看 | 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| xxxhd国产人妻xxx| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 免费看十八禁软件| 丁香六月欧美| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 两性夫妻黄色片| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 久久天堂一区二区三区四区| 很黄的视频免费| 欧美日韩av久久| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 久久这里只有精品19| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 美女大奶头视频| videosex国产| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 丁香六月欧美| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 日韩免费高清中文字幕av| 欧美在线黄色| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 亚洲av美国av| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 国产精品免费视频内射| 午夜福利免费观看在线| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 午夜a级毛片| av福利片在线| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 成人国语在线视频| 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 久久99一区二区三区| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 日韩大尺度精品在线看网址 | 欧美日韩精品网址| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 中亚洲国语对白在线视频| 男人操女人黄网站| av片东京热男人的天堂| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 免费观看精品视频网站| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 亚洲 欧美 日韩 在线 免费| 美女大奶头视频| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 国产av精品麻豆| 脱女人内裤的视频| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 一夜夜www| 免费在线观看日本一区| 亚洲国产看品久久| 97超级碰碰碰精品色视频在线观看| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 大码成人一级视频| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃| tocl精华| 999精品在线视频| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 怎么达到女性高潮| 日韩精品免费视频一区二区三区| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 国产精品av久久久久免费| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 天天躁狠狠躁夜夜躁狠狠躁| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 亚洲狠狠婷婷综合久久图片| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 久99久视频精品免费| 黄色 视频免费看| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 91精品三级在线观看| 校园春色视频在线观看| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 1024香蕉在线观看| 久久热在线av| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 一进一出抽搐动态| 亚洲精品在线美女| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 99国产精品99久久久久| 99国产精品免费福利视频| 成人国语在线视频| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 色在线成人网| 黄色成人免费大全| 欧美在线黄色| 香蕉丝袜av| 国产亚洲欧美98| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 午夜影院日韩av| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 日韩一卡2卡3卡4卡2021年| 欧美不卡视频在线免费观看 | 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 欧美在线黄色| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3 | av欧美777| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人| 色综合站精品国产| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出 | 婷婷丁香在线五月| 无限看片的www在线观看| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 久久人妻av系列| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 亚洲精品粉嫩美女一区| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频 | 欧美色视频一区免费| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 免费在线观看日本一区| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 热99re8久久精品国产| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 国产成人精品无人区| 校园春色视频在线观看| 黄色女人牲交| 精品久久久久久成人av| 国产免费av片在线观看野外av| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 亚洲欧美日韩另类电影网站| 免费看十八禁软件| 色哟哟哟哟哟哟| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| videosex国产| 成人精品一区二区免费| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 国产免费男女视频| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 窝窝影院91人妻| 亚洲精品一二三| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 一区在线观看完整版| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸 | 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 我的亚洲天堂| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久 | 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站 | 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 久久人妻av系列| 另类亚洲欧美激情| xxx96com| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 国产激情久久老熟女| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 午夜成年电影在线免费观看| 亚洲第一青青草原| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 久久影院123| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| xxx96com| 免费av毛片视频| 欧美成人免费av一区二区三区| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 国产激情久久老熟女| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 91九色精品人成在线观看| 日本免费a在线| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 亚洲va日本ⅴa欧美va伊人久久| 国产午夜精品久久久久久| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 看片在线看免费视频| av欧美777| 精品久久久久久成人av| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| www.精华液| 日本 av在线| 校园春色视频在线观看| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| 免费av毛片视频| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 88av欧美| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| a级毛片在线看网站| 在线观看66精品国产| 亚洲五月天丁香| 亚洲一区二区三区色噜噜 | 免费在线观看日本一区| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 88av欧美| 超色免费av| 性少妇av在线| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 久久久久久久久免费视频了| 他把我摸到了高潮在线观看| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区 | 日本a在线网址| 9191精品国产免费久久| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 乱人伦中国视频| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 丝袜人妻中文字幕| 黄色成人免费大全| 啪啪无遮挡十八禁网站| 欧美日韩瑟瑟在线播放| 天堂动漫精品| 怎么达到女性高潮| 成人免费观看视频高清| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 久久国产精品影院| 色播在线永久视频| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 精品国产一区二区久久| 香蕉久久夜色| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 黄色视频,在线免费观看| 亚洲国产欧美网| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 精品日产1卡2卡| 免费看a级黄色片| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 日本撒尿小便嘘嘘汇集6| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 国产精品二区激情视频| 久久人妻av系列| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 极品教师在线免费播放| 欧美乱码精品一区二区三区| 天天添夜夜摸| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 国产区一区二久久| av在线播放免费不卡| 国产激情欧美一区二区| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 国产麻豆69| 久久人人精品亚洲av| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 欧美性长视频在线观看| 国产精华一区二区三区| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| www.熟女人妻精品国产| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 不卡av一区二区三区| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 日本wwww免费看| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 超碰成人久久| 中文欧美无线码| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区| 丝袜美足系列| 午夜免费激情av| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 91国产中文字幕| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 亚洲精品一二三| 亚洲自偷自拍图片 自拍| 一区在线观看完整版| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 在线十欧美十亚洲十日本专区| 99香蕉大伊视频| 一级a爱视频在线免费观看| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| 深夜精品福利| 久久久久久久久中文| 91国产中文字幕| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 欧洲精品卡2卡3卡4卡5卡区| 99国产综合亚洲精品| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 国产麻豆69| 亚洲av美国av| 在线观看舔阴道视频| tocl精华| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 丰满的人妻完整版| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 中国美女看黄片| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡 | 黄色a级毛片大全视频| cao死你这个sao货| 久久香蕉精品热| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 巨乳人妻的诱惑在线观看| 国产亚洲精品综合一区在线观看 | 91九色精品人成在线观看|