浙江活力充盈的民間文化Flourishing Folk Culture in Zhejiang

陳野 譯注/王之光 孫娟

民間社會(huì)的文化創(chuàng)造和歷史傳承，體現(xiàn)了沉淀1在民眾日常生活中的文化心理和行為規(guī)范，是浙江文化在新時(shí)代創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的根基和源泉。浙江的民間文化活動(dòng)興旺，老百姓的參與意識(shí)高漲。目前，全省有業(yè)余文藝團(tuán)體近3萬家，業(yè)余文藝骨干50余萬名，極大地2活躍了社會(huì)文化氛圍。

Folk heritage and related cultural creation， which reflect peoples cultural instincts and underlie their daily lives， are at the root of cultural development in Zhejiang in the new era. Folk cultural activities abound with wide public participation. Zhejiang currently boasts nearly 30，000 art groups and over half a million amateur artists. They contribute in no small measure to enlivening peoples cultural life.

浙江是民間藝術(shù)大省，鄉(xiāng)間村里生活著眾多民間藝術(shù)家，民藝精品層出不窮3，是“活”在生活中的藝術(shù)。溫州瑞安的東源木活字印刷術(shù)，自元朝初年至今已傳承14代，完整再現(xiàn)中國(guó)古代活字印刷的傳統(tǒng)工藝，堪稱遠(yuǎn)古印刷術(shù)的活化石4。今天，瑞安人仍用此印制家譜，祖?zhèn)鞯?50字口訣，一直流傳于當(dāng)?shù)厮嚾酥g。蒼南倪處村章氏一族，七代傳承米塑藝術(shù)。他們帶動(dòng)180余名村人學(xué)習(xí)制作米塑，申報(bào)了省級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。

Folk art is a big thing in Zhejiang province， home to an impressive array of folk artists. Especially in rural areas， many types of folk art， rooted in life experiences， are flourishing. Dongyuan wooden movable type printing， for example， is alive and well in Ruian， Wenzhou， having been passed down for 14 generations since the Yuan dynasty. It showcases an ancient tradition and crafting perfection that have defied the march of time. Today people in Ruian still print their family-tree books in this way， following what is known as the 150-word printing tips that have been around for ages among local artisans. Another interesting art form that merits special mention is what the Zhang clan in Nichu village of Cangnan county has inherited and perfected for seven generations. It is about creating all kinds of artifacts with rice flour， and this art tradition has been added to the provincial intangible cultural heritage list. Now 180-odd fellow villagers have joined the Zhang family in making rice-flour-based art objects.

浙江民間編修家譜的傳統(tǒng)深厚，素有“三十年一小修，六十年一大修”之俗。這種傳統(tǒng)逢遇社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、生活水平提高、文化意識(shí)萌發(fā)的環(huán)境，形成了重修家譜的高漲熱情。原本修譜觀念淡薄的杭嘉湖地區(qū)，也受此熱潮5影響，修譜之風(fēng)漸盛。新修家譜活動(dòng)體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)人根深蒂固的家族觀念、鄉(xiāng)里情誼、桑梓之情，就其積極因素而言，具有和親睦眾、愛鄉(xiāng)愛國(guó)、穩(wěn)定社會(huì)、和諧共進(jìn)的作用。

Traditionally， people in Zhejiang update their genealogy registers every 30 years， which undergo a major overhaul every 60 years. Social stability， higher living standards and increased cultural awareness help sustain a growing enthusiasm for keeping family histories. This genealogical fervor sweeping across other areas of Zhejiang rekindles interest in tracing their ancestors among people in the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou plain， an area that saw such practice fading not long ago. It reflects the Chinese peoples deep-rooted sense of family and love for their homeland， a sentiment that contributes to community building， stronger neighborly ties， patriotic solidarity and social stability and harmony.

20世紀(jì)90年代初，浙江出現(xiàn)民辦博物館，是全國(guó)民辦博物館出現(xiàn)早、數(shù)量多、影響大的省份。寧波鄞州區(qū)是民辦博物館發(fā)展迅速的地區(qū)，被命名為“中國(guó)博物館文化之鄉(xiāng)”，已建和在建的30座博物館中，除8家是國(guó)字號(hào)6外，其余都是民間創(chuàng)辦的私人博物館，有車、船、橋梁、服裝、眼鏡、文房、徽章、珠算、郵電、證券、錢幣、中草藥、奇石、鎖具、鐘表、相機(jī)、剪刀、陶瓷、織錦、書畫、剪紙、根雕、微雕、壺具等各種專題館設(shè)，在我國(guó)博物館史上創(chuàng)下空前紀(jì)錄。

Private museums emerged in Zhejiang in the early 1990s. They were among the first nationwide. Compared with other provinces， they are also more numerous， and have bigger impact. Yinzhou District in Ningbo， home to a flourishing private museum scene， is now known as the “Museum District” with 30 museums already open to the public or being built. Eight of these are state-owned， and the rest privately funded. They feature collections of vehicles， boats， bridges， garment， eye-glasses， stationery， badges， abacuses， telecommunications equipment， securities， coins， Chinese medicinal herbs， strange stones， locks， clocks and watches， cameras， scissors， ceramics， brocade， paintings， paper cutting， root carving， miniature engraving and pots， among others， something not seen before in Chinas history of museums.

綜上所述，浙江近年來的文化發(fā)展，根基深厚、活力充沛、內(nèi)容豐富、特色鮮明、佳作紛呈，有力地促進(jìn)了浙江經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展，也展現(xiàn)出了文化繁榮的時(shí)代風(fēng)貌。

In summary， the recent trends in cultural development in Zhejiang have deep roots. They are gaining momentum， with the rollout of a rich array of quality art products with distinctive characteristics. These trappings of cultural prosperity have also been a boon for economic and social development.