李晉芳
精美絢爛的絲綢如何跟地圖聯(lián)系到了一起呢?“絲綢之路周”上,一個(gè)立足全球視野、聚焦世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)的項(xiàng)目——“世界絲綢互動(dòng)地圖國(guó)際合作項(xiàng)目”對(duì)此進(jìn)行了解讀。
這個(gè)項(xiàng)目是由中國(guó)學(xué)者和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)牽頭,國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)同行組織實(shí)施資源調(diào)查、技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范應(yīng)用,探尋世界絲綢起源、傳播與交流的時(shí)空規(guī)律,建成世界絲綢互動(dòng)地圖的應(yīng)用平臺(tái),旨在完善世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)框架,加強(qiáng)對(duì)絲綢遺產(chǎn)的認(rèn)知,推動(dòng)傳播和弘揚(yáng)絲綢之路精神。
五大元素齊聚
世界:絲綢源于中國(guó),絲路始于中國(guó),早在公元前3世紀(jì),絲綢就到達(dá)了歐洲,并漸漸傳播到歐亞大陸。因此,絲綢是屬于全世界的文化遺產(chǎn)。
絲綢:絲綢及其相關(guān)遺產(chǎn)具有多元異構(gòu)屬性,表現(xiàn)為絲綢生產(chǎn)涉及多環(huán)節(jié),如栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織造、印染、縫制等,因此產(chǎn)生了多元的研究對(duì)象,包括蠶絲纖維、天然染料、織造技術(shù)、圖案風(fēng)格、產(chǎn)品樣式等;同時(shí),絲綢遺產(chǎn)是長(zhǎng)期存在的,涉及史前、歷史時(shí)期、近代、當(dāng)下等,這便決定了絲綢遺產(chǎn)的異構(gòu)性,所以可以從考古文物、非物質(zhì)文化、文獻(xiàn)記載、圖像遺存、生產(chǎn)工具等多方面入手。
互動(dòng):本項(xiàng)目搭建的“錦秀”門戶網(wǎng)站可以提供數(shù)據(jù)資源、時(shí)空可視化、知識(shí)圖譜三大功能。它的互動(dòng)性體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面:一是眾籌性。由中國(guó)學(xué)者在全球范圍內(nèi)牽頭和引領(lǐng)國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界收集整理絲綢遺產(chǎn)信息、研究絲綢發(fā)展規(guī)律的項(xiàng)目,信息籌集也可以包括一般愛(ài)好者;二是參與性。所有的信息、展示、服務(wù)和學(xué)習(xí)都是參與的,使用者可以通過(guò)互動(dòng)達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)與交流;三是增長(zhǎng)性。項(xiàng)目完成后,平臺(tái)是開(kāi)放的,平臺(tái)上的信息是增長(zhǎng)的、知識(shí)是增長(zhǎng)的、其服務(wù)功能也是增長(zhǎng)的。
地圖:作為一幅地圖,從時(shí)間維度上,它可以顯示絲綢遺產(chǎn)從起源時(shí)期、新石器時(shí)代、商周、秦漢、晉唐、宋、元、明、清、近代到現(xiàn)代的信息,從空間維度上,它展示了亞洲、歐洲、非洲、美洲等以及重要國(guó)家和地圖的信息。更為重要的是,項(xiàng)目組會(huì)在采集所有信息的基礎(chǔ)上,探究世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)的時(shí)空規(guī)律,特別是關(guān)于絲綢產(chǎn)品、繅絲和絲織技術(shù)的傳播;絲織產(chǎn)品、織機(jī)及織造技術(shù)、染料和染色技術(shù)、以及藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的交流。
國(guó)際合作:項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人即中國(guó)絲綢博物館館長(zhǎng)趙豐,在世界范圍內(nèi)召集了絲綢相關(guān)領(lǐng)域各行各業(yè)的專家,共同進(jìn)行資料的收集和采集工作,同時(shí)要求各專家在各自擅長(zhǎng)領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行深入研究,如染料在全世界的傳播規(guī)律、織機(jī)的傳播規(guī)律等。
經(jīng)過(guò)一年的籌備,在2020年6月19日的項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)儀式上,有英國(guó)、法國(guó)、意大利、西班牙、丹麥、俄羅斯、印度尼西亞、日本、韓國(guó)、荷蘭、泰國(guó)、埃及共12國(guó)約20余名國(guó)外學(xué)者明確表示參加并簽署了合作意向書(shū),其中包括丹麥哥本哈根大學(xué)紡織品研究中心、以色列考古所、英國(guó)華威大學(xué)、韓國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化大學(xué)、俄羅斯斯塔夫羅波爾考古所、美國(guó)紡織圖案研究基金會(huì)、埃及開(kāi)羅伊斯蘭藝術(shù)博物館等。本項(xiàng)目的中國(guó)團(tuán)隊(duì)則由中國(guó)絲綢博物館聯(lián)合東華大學(xué)、浙江大學(xué)、浙江理工大學(xué)、中國(guó)計(jì)量大學(xué)、浙江大學(xué)出版社有限責(zé)任公司、杭州宣源科技有限公司、杭州銀美科技有限公司組成。
絲綢地圖的初心和外延
絲綢地圖的項(xiàng)目不是憑空想出的,也并不是毫無(wú)基礎(chǔ)的,該項(xiàng)目經(jīng)過(guò)了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的構(gòu)思和嘗試。
2015年,在國(guó)際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟(IASSRT)成立會(huì)議上,中國(guó)絲綢博物館館長(zhǎng)趙豐作為聯(lián)盟主席提出設(shè)想,希望能夠?qū)⒌貓D項(xiàng)目作為聯(lián)盟的一項(xiàng)具體的合作項(xiàng)目。2018年,配合“神機(jī)妙算:世界織機(jī)與織造藝術(shù)”展覽,中國(guó)絲綢博物館初步研發(fā)了一套“傳統(tǒng)織機(jī)學(xué)術(shù)地圖”,用于展示世界各地的傳統(tǒng)織機(jī);同年在阿曼舉辦的“絲茶瓷:絲綢之路上的跨文化對(duì)話”展覽上,中國(guó)絲綢博物館又在織機(jī)地圖的基礎(chǔ)上增加了一些絲綢和茶葉的板塊;這個(gè)地圖可以看作互動(dòng)地圖的雛形。2019年,中國(guó)絲綢博物館聯(lián)合相關(guān)團(tuán)隊(duì)成功申報(bào)了科技部重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目“世界絲綢互動(dòng)地圖關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范應(yīng)用”,這標(biāo)志著項(xiàng)目正式立項(xiàng)。
此外,項(xiàng)目的成型和申報(bào)還得到了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織“絲綢之路項(xiàng)目”部門的大力支持,2019年3月,該部門在西班牙瓦倫西亞組織召開(kāi)了絲綢之路互動(dòng)地圖項(xiàng)目絲綢紡織服裝卷的專家協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)。
互動(dòng)地圖項(xiàng)目不僅僅是完成一個(gè)地圖網(wǎng)站,它還在采集絲綢相關(guān)遺產(chǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)、研究世界絲綢遺產(chǎn)時(shí)空規(guī)律、構(gòu)建絲綢遺產(chǎn)時(shí)空關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)中心、搭建數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)引擎等方面全方位地探索和展示絲綢內(nèi)涵。與此同時(shí),這個(gè)項(xiàng)目成果也可以進(jìn)行廣泛的應(yīng)用,項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程中所積累的資源也可以進(jìn)行有效的轉(zhuǎn)化。
國(guó)際合作的標(biāo)桿
顯然,這樣一個(gè)跨學(xué)科、跨國(guó)別、涉及多方的國(guó)際性合作項(xiàng)目在構(gòu)想和實(shí)施的過(guò)程中會(huì)遇到大量的問(wèn)題,尤其是在面對(duì)2020年突如其來(lái)的新冠疫情時(shí),原計(jì)劃前往意大利和法國(guó)進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目示范都被迫延期。但總體來(lái)說(shuō),這個(gè)項(xiàng)目也是中國(guó)絲綢博物館多年來(lái)深耕絲綢遺產(chǎn)研究和國(guó)際合作基礎(chǔ)上打造的一大標(biāo)桿項(xiàng)目。
選擇絲綢作為項(xiàng)目題材,必然與本身的研究領(lǐng)域相關(guān)。但最重要的考慮是絲綢作為一個(gè)國(guó)際化的研究題材,它不限于一個(gè)國(guó)家或一個(gè)地區(qū),這樣才可能指向一個(gè)國(guó)際化的合作方向。近些年來(lái),中國(guó)絲綢博物館除了努力拓展絲綢研究的深度和廣度外,也一直在開(kāi)拓新的研究領(lǐng)域,如絲綢之路和絲綢時(shí)尚。趙豐館長(zhǎng)經(jīng)常說(shuō),中國(guó)絲綢博物館要走一條絲綢之路,還要走一條時(shí)尚之路。
聯(lián)合一批國(guó)際專家學(xué)者是開(kāi)展國(guó)際化的學(xué)術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目的核心。中國(guó)絲綢博物館在這方面已有一定基礎(chǔ),其中2015年以中國(guó)絲綢博物館牽頭成立的國(guó)際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟是最關(guān)鍵的力量。除了該聯(lián)盟之外,中國(guó)絲綢博物館在全球積極尋找合作專家,因?yàn)樵诘貓D上必須要考慮到地區(qū)的均勻分布以及信息的完整性。截止到今天,合作參與的學(xué)者來(lái)自全球30個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu),其中歐洲14家、亞洲12家、美洲兩家、非洲兩家。
作為一個(gè)國(guó)際化的學(xué)術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目,如何擴(kuò)大項(xiàng)目的影響力和傳播力,也是需要探索和思考的問(wèn)題。
本項(xiàng)目在進(jìn)行頂層設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),便考慮到了這點(diǎn),因此專門設(shè)計(jì)了“示范應(yīng)用”環(huán)節(jié),即將項(xiàng)目研制的具有時(shí)空特性的錦秀平臺(tái)通過(guò)展覽和展示的形式,在古代陸上和海上絲綢之路的重要節(jié)點(diǎn)意大利、中國(guó)、泰國(guó)以及法國(guó)巴黎聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織總部進(jìn)行示范應(yīng)用。這無(wú)疑會(huì)擴(kuò)大項(xiàng)目本身在國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)的傳播和應(yīng)用。
此外,項(xiàng)目還積極尋求國(guó)際組織的支持。經(jīng)過(guò)多方溝通,此項(xiàng)目得到了聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織“絲綢之路項(xiàng)目”部門的大力支持:2019年3月在西班牙瓦倫西亞召開(kāi)了絲綢之路互動(dòng)地圖項(xiàng)目絲綢紡織服裝卷的專家協(xié)調(diào)會(huì);2020年4月,聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織與中國(guó)絲綢博物館簽署了共同研究和出版《絲綢之路上的文化互動(dòng)專題集:紡織服裝卷》的協(xié)議,該書(shū)預(yù)計(jì)于2021年年底正式出版。
曾經(jīng),古老的絲綢之路連接了相距遙遠(yuǎn)的國(guó)度;現(xiàn)在,絲綢之路仍然煥發(fā)著無(wú)窮活力,繼續(xù)連接著豐富多彩的世界。中國(guó)絲綢博物館立足于自身,希望通過(guò)這幅“錦秀”繪成的絲綢地圖,通過(guò)數(shù)字資源的形式將世界范圍內(nèi)與絲綢相關(guān)的重要信息都呈現(xiàn)給大眾和國(guó)際社會(huì)。
Connecting the World and Weaving the Map of Silk
By ?Li Jinfang
Resplendent silk and a world map? What do they have in common? How and why do you put these together? During the 2021 Silk Road Week, a project named “World Silk Interactive Map” was introduced and made a detailed demonstration.
Initiated by the cultural heritage community in China, this international project is joined by international academic institutions to jointly conduct investigations, carry out research and development, and demonstrate its applications. It intends to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of silks origins, transmissions and exchanges around the world, and build an interactive application platform of world silk. Ultimately, the project aims to improve the framework of the world Silk Heritage, enhance the recognition of the Silk heritage, and promote the dissemination and promotion of the Silk Road Spirit.
Both silk and the Silk Road originated from China. In as early as the third century BC, silk had already reached Europe and gradually spread across the Eurasian continent. In this sense, silk is also a cultural heritage that belongs to the whole world.
Silk and its related heritage have diversified and heterogeneous properties, which are reflected in the fact that silk production contains multiple links, such as mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling, weaving, printing and dyeing, sewing, etc. As a result, multiple research objects are involved, including silk fiber, natural dye, weaving technologies, patterns, among others. At the same time, silk heritage spans a long time period: from prehistoric times to the present, which determines its heterogeneity. Therefore, cultural relics, intangible culture, documentary records, images, tools of production and various other angles can all be approached to study silk heritage.
The Jinshow web portal, part of the World Silk Interactive Map project, helps exactly achieve that end. With three functional modules, namely data resources management, spatiotemporal visualization and knowledge graph, the portal shows silk heritage through its birth right to the present times, providing detailed geographical information on Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and major countries and regions connected to silk. Perhaps more significantly, the temporal and spatial patterns of silks origins, transmissions and exchanges, especially on silk products, the transmission of weaving technologies, and the exchanges on looms, loom technologies, dyeing technologies and artistic designs, are expected to be studied as more information is gathered.
The portal is interactive in three major aspects. For one thing, it is inclusive, in that information gathering can be done not only by professional researchers, but also by silk lovers. For another, it is participatory. From information gathering to research and study on silk, users can interact and communicate freely with other users. Finally, it is ever-growing: the portal will continue to be open to the participants, with growing information, growing knowledge and growing functions, even after the project finishes its course.
Contrary to what some might believe, such a project is never born out of fanciful thinking. Instead, it went through much rigorous review and testing.
In 2015, Zhao Feng, director of the China National Silk Museum, floated the idea of creating a world silk interactive map at the founding conference of the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles (IASSRT). In 2018, the China National Silk Museum developed an “academic map of traditional looms” in conjunction with the exhibition A World of Looms: Weaving Technology and Textile Arts in China and Beyond. Segments of silk and tea were added to the map during the Silk, Tea and Celadon: Intercultural Dialogue on the Silk Road exhibition held in Oman in the same year. In 2019, the research team in the China National Silk Museum applied for and successfully won the support and funding from the Ministry of Science for the World Silk Interactive Map project.
A year later, during the 2020 Silk Road Week, when the project was formally launched, over 20 researchers from 12 countries, including the UK, France and Italy, agreed to join the project. Since then, more scholars and institutions have shown their interest in the project. As of now, 30 organizations (14 in Europe, 12 in Asia, 2 in the Americas and 2 in Africa).
From the very beginning, it is clear to every participant that such an interdisciplinary, multinational and multi-party international cooperation project would encounter numerous problems in the process of implementation, which have been further compounded by the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. In fact, the planned demonstration sessions, a crucial component in the maps transmission and application, in Italy, France and major countries along the ancient Silk Road, both land-based and the maritime, had to be postponed.
Nevertheless, the project is making steady progress and is expected to attract more international participants.
While the ancient Silk Road connected distant countries in the past, it is still full of vitality and continues to bring the world together. In the near future, the China National Silk Museum hopes to present more silk-related information to the world audiences in the form of digital resources through the World Silk Interactive Map.