徐露路
“絲綢之路周”已成為一個熱詞,它為何能引發(fā)國內(nèi)外文化遺產(chǎn)界的熱烈反響?從展覽展出的絲綢之路沿線的珍貴遺存,又能讀出怎樣的歷史內(nèi)涵和文化信息?在當下,我們又該如何喚起絲綢之路的嶄新活力? 這是本期特別策劃的初衷和期望。
絲綢是“絲綢之路”的原動力
絲綢之路的起點在長安(今西安),為何浙江要牽頭舉辦“絲綢之路周”?
面對這一話題,“絲綢之路周”的活動主策劃、執(zhí)行承辦方——中國絲綢博物館館長趙豐是這樣回答的:“雖然西安是絲綢之路理論上的起點,但是杭州絲綢的起源非常早。漢唐之際特別是在中唐之后,中國絲綢生產(chǎn)的重心就移到了這里。宋元之際,南方政治、經(jīng)濟,包括對海外的交通,各方面都越來越發(fā)達,浙江便成為絲綢之路對外貿(mào)易的重要節(jié)點?!?/p>
趙豐是浙江省特級專家、文化和旅游部文化名家。在他看來,絲綢在今天的“一帶一路”上依舊扮演著獨特的角色,承辦“絲綢之路周”,是凸顯浙江元素、彰顯中國特色,同時也是一種國際表達。
誠然,在中國的對外文化交流歷史上,絲綢發(fā)揮著獨特和重要的作用,“絲綢之路”中的兩個關(guān)鍵詞,一個是絲綢,一個是路,前者在其中起到了原動力的作用。而浙江文化兼收并蓄、傳承創(chuàng)新,有著強大的包容性和生命力,以及鮮明的人文品格和地域特色。
絲綢之路的歷史實踐自中國始,但“絲綢之路”的名稱是德國地理學家李?;舴姨岢龅模⒆罱K在2014年6月22日被聯(lián)合國教科文組織認定為世界遺產(chǎn)。也正因如此,趙豐曾提議將該日定為“國際絲綢之路日”。他希望,在未來每年的這一天里,不同的國家和地區(qū)、不同的行業(yè)都能共同為絲綢之路做文化、經(jīng)濟等領(lǐng)域的宣傳與推廣。
循著這一初衷,“絲綢之路周”面世,趙豐帶領(lǐng)中國絲綢博物館和眾多同業(yè)機構(gòu)開始探索線上線下同步、境內(nèi)境外聯(lián)動的浙江對外合作交流的新局面,從而架起中外文化交流、增進人民友誼的橋梁。
一曲廣泛參與的交響樂
“絲綢之路周”乃至“一帶一路”的對外交流,不只是浙江的事,也不僅是中國的事。它不是獨奏曲,更像是交響樂、協(xié)奏曲。
“2021絲綢之路周”活動,雖然主辦方為國家文物局、浙江省人民政府,但是承辦方卻囊括了眾多部門和機構(gòu),國際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟、絲綢之路文物科技聯(lián)盟、中國博物館協(xié)會絲綢之路沿線博物館專業(yè)委員會、國際絲綢聯(lián)盟、中國蠶桑絲織技藝保護聯(lián)盟、國際古跡遺址理事會西安國際保護中心、浙江萬里學院(寧波海上絲綢之路研究院)、陜西歷史博物館、甘肅省博物館、福建博物院等機構(gòu)承辦了活動的部分內(nèi)容。
在活動覆蓋范圍和各方聯(lián)動方面,不僅僅有在中國絲綢博物館舉行的主場開幕式,同時還在陜西西安、甘肅蘭州和福建福州三地設(shè)立分會場,與主場連線直播;陜西歷史博物館館長侯寧彬、甘肅省博物館館長賈建威、福建博物院院長吳志躍作為分會場代表與中國絲綢博物館館長趙豐采用“飛花令”的形式進行連線互動。同期,在法國、意大利、比利時等地也舉行了形式多樣的宣傳推廣活動,實現(xiàn)了國內(nèi)外聯(lián)動。
活動更是亮點頻出。6月24日,“2021絲綢之路周”閉幕式在寧波萬里學院(海上絲綢之路研究院)舉行,絲路進校園等各種形式的學術(shù)與科普活動也同時開展,從線上到線下,深度解析,鮮活講述,精彩呈現(xiàn),帶領(lǐng)公眾領(lǐng)略絲路精神精髓,幫公眾解讀絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)的無窮魅力。
值得一提的是,“絲綢之路周”發(fā)布的《2020年度絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報》和“穿越之合:敦煌研究院和中國絲綢博物館聯(lián)名文創(chuàng)”,啟動的絲綢之路數(shù)字博物館、“萬物生靈:絲綢之路上的動物與植物”展覽,拓展了“絲綢之路周”的寬度和深度,實現(xiàn)了數(shù)字絲綢之路的外在展示。
整個展覽周期內(nèi),各地各類活動精彩紛呈,舉辦了主題展覽、線上直播、視頻分享、填彩游戲和線下學術(shù)論壇、研討會、講座等,并通過各大媒體平臺加強線上傳播力度與各文博機構(gòu)的互動性與聯(lián)動性,逐步將本屆“絲綢之路周”打造成為年度文化熱潮。
國內(nèi)外文博機構(gòu)共述“絲路故事”
這場展覽不僅能看還能聞。
“2021絲綢之路周”主題展覽“萬物生靈:絲綢之路上的動物與植物”匯聚了國內(nèi)14家文博機構(gòu)和企業(yè)的文物精品和展品,以絲路上的生物多樣性和交流為切入口,根據(jù)文獻考證,結(jié)合考古出土文物和自然動植物標本(包括香料),詮釋由這些外來動植物所構(gòu)建的從生活享樂、物質(zhì)文明到精神文化多維立體的文化交融環(huán)境,再現(xiàn)“絲路改變生活”這一主題。
“我們把文物、動物標本、氣味還有場景結(jié)合到一起,不僅能用眼睛看,還能用鼻子聞,這是一場‘有味道的展覽?!敝袊z綢博物館“萬物生靈”執(zhí)行策展人徐錚,提到為展覽特設(shè)的氣味電影院,“我們自編自演,專門為展覽做了一個劇本,通過把絲綢之路上傳播來的食物和香料串聯(lián)在故事里呈現(xiàn)給大家,在氣味電影院,把氣味發(fā)射器的設(shè)備戴在脖子上,就可以根據(jù)劇情發(fā)展聞到電影里面的一些味道。比如電影中講到菠菜就會聞到菠菜的味道,講到了肉豆蔻就會聞到肉豆蔻的味道”。
此外,“2021絲綢之路周”活動期間,杭州主場先后召開了絲綢之路博物館館長論壇、絲綢之路策展人研修班、中國敦煌吐魯番學會特別年會,同時舉辦“紡織考古一百年”展、“絲巾上的絲綢之路”展、“絲路攝影展”、戶外絲路生靈纖維藝術(shù)展等系列配套展覽。除杭州主場系列活動外,“2021年絲綢之路周”期間,國內(nèi)外相關(guān)機構(gòu)緊密圍繞“多元共存和包容發(fā)展”主題,先后開展文物海報接力、石窟寺探秘直播、遺產(chǎn)點亮絲路、絲路文化進校園、“贏一張機票來中國”填彩活動等,為公眾送上精彩紛呈的文化大餐。
閉幕式上,寧波諾丁漢大學、浙江寧波英倫外籍人員子女學校、浙江萬里學院的外籍師生代表和來自美國、摩洛哥、印度的相關(guān)公司代表都應(yīng)邀參加。
寧波是中國東南沿海重要的港口城市,長三角南翼的經(jīng)濟中心和國家歷史文化名城。如今的寧波鐫刻著古代海上絲綢之路留下的文化烙印,通過在寧波舉行“2021絲綢之路周”閉幕式,共謀絲綢之路建設(shè)的學術(shù)交流、人才培養(yǎng)和智庫支持等,將繼續(xù)把這座港城建設(shè)成為海外了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化的重要平臺。
“絲綢之路周”期間,國外相關(guān)行業(yè)專家代表也發(fā)來視頻致辭,他們分別是巴基斯坦伯利馬賽克中心館長赫勒敦 · 巴布勒,拉脫維亞藝術(shù)家、拉脫維亞工商聯(lián)合會駐中國浙江官方代表楚希吉以及大埃及博物館文物保護專家哈斯南 · 穆罕默德。
百花齊放的數(shù)字化成果
“絲綢之路周”是國內(nèi)外圍繞同一主題活動,以弘揚絲路精神為主旨,各類線下公眾活動百花齊放的一次文化盛典。
“絲綢之路周”是從人類歷史文化的已有成果出發(fā),由中國文化遺產(chǎn)界創(chuàng)意和主導(dǎo)、社會各界參與和實施,與絲綢之路沿線國家和地區(qū)形成互動,在國際社會中發(fā)出中國聲音并產(chǎn)生良性影響的長久性年度國際人文交流活動,旨在高舉絲綢之路的旗幟,沿著“一帶一路”的網(wǎng)絡(luò),為建設(shè)人類命運共同體作出努力。
“2021絲綢之路周”是以絲綢之路文化為核心的學術(shù)文化、交流項目與研究成果的一次集中展示,百余家來自世界各地的文博單位和文化機構(gòu)共同參與,許多博物館都推出了“云展覽”“數(shù)字展廳”。
中國絲綢博物館還推出絲綢之路周網(wǎng)站,匯總和收錄“絲綢之路周”期間的所有活動預(yù)告、新聞資料和交流合作成果。同時,微信端上線“絲綢之路周小程序”,及時更新和展示“絲綢之路周”期間的活動和新聞,發(fā)布直播提醒,存檔活動的照片與視頻,為手機客戶端的觀眾提供更直接的信息獲取方式。
《2020年度絲綢之路文化遺產(chǎn)年報》從全球范圍內(nèi)遴選上一年度在絲綢之路研究領(lǐng)域取得的重要成果,并邀請30多位文化遺產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的國際專家學者組成遺產(chǎn)年報專家團隊,對這些成果進行綜述、推薦與點評。發(fā)布內(nèi)容包括“2020絲綢之路十大考古發(fā)現(xiàn)”“2020絲綢之路十大展覽”“2020絲綢之路十大學術(shù)專著”以及“2020絲綢之路十大文化事件”。
全球首家絲綢之路云上博物館由全球40余家知名博物館及文化機構(gòu)共同參與。云上博物館以共建共享為原則,建設(shè)集“數(shù)字藏品”“數(shù)字展覽”“數(shù)字知識”與“云上策展”于一體的共享平臺,“云上策展”功能對全球開放,合作博物館可在“數(shù)字藏品”資源庫內(nèi)精選藏品,策劃、設(shè)計與呈現(xiàn)特定的主題展覽,引領(lǐng)絲路研究的全球合作方向。它將成為一張具有鮮明浙江文化符號標識的對外傳播金名片,成為弘揚絲路精神的最生動的創(chuàng)新性實踐。
Telling the “Silk Road” Story to the World
By Xu Lulu
Mountains, rivers, deserts, seas... these natural barriers have invariably been confining human beings to a relatively closed geographical environment since time immemorial. However, they have never truly blocked the human desire to communicate.
Once there was a road that crossed mountains and deserts to connect ancient China with neighboring countries and the West. For the silk trade that had been going on along the route, the road was named the “Silk Road”.
In Hangzhou, an important birthplace of silk, the 2021 Silk Road Week held its opening ceremony at China National Silk Museum on June 18. Officials from Chinas National Cultural Heritage Administration, the Peoples Government of Zhejiang Province, UNESCO Beijing Office, foreign diplomats and experts from cultural institutions and museums and universities all across the country attended the opening ceremony. Over 20 institutions, including UNESCO, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, University Alliance of the Silk Road, the British Museum, among others, sent their congratulatory letters. Three major exhibitions, Creation from Creature: Plants and Animals on the Silk Road, Silk Roads on Silk Scarves and Photo Exhibition on the Silk Road also opened to the public.
The ancient Silk Road started at Changan (Xian city in Shaanxi province), so why is the Silk Road Week held in Zhejiang? “Although the city of Xian is considered the starting point of the Silk Road, Hangzhou began producing silk much earlier,” said Zhao Feng, director of the China National Silk Museum, and the brains behind the Silk Road Week. Indeed, silk has played a unique and important role in the history of Chinas cultural exchanges with other countries, Zhao said. “During Tang dynasty (618-907), especially the latter stages, Chinas production center of silk already moved here. Then, in the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1206-1368) dynasties, as the south grew more developed politically and economically, including overseas transportation, Zhejiang became a key point for foreign trade along the Silk Road.
Interestingly, when “Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Changan-Tian Shan Corridor” was approved by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, Zhao Feng proposed to designate the day as the “International Silk Road Day”, which he hopes would prompt different countries and regions, different industries and people to help “market” the Silk Road. It is precisely this proposal that Zhao Feng and his team conceived the “Silk Road Week”, bringing museums, academic and cultural institutions, experts and scholars, and governmental and international organizations into the fold in the hope of building a bridge of international cultural exchanges and friendship.
It is a billing that the Silk Road Week is living up to. From the very beginning, the event was intended as a collective, collaborative and inclusive project, rather than a solo endeavor for a single museum or institution, a single province or country.
A diverse body of organizations, including the International Association for the Study of Silk Road Textiles, the International Alliance of Museums of the Silk Road, the Alliance of Silk Road Cultural Heritage Science and Technology, Professional Committee of Museums along the Silk Road, among others, have played an active part in planning and implementing the event. A diverse group of people, such as the directors of Shaanxi History Museum, Gansu Provincial Museum and Fujian Museum, contributed their efforts. A diverse selection of activities were also held both inside and outside China. For example, coinciding with the 2021 Silk Road Week, a slew of lectures on the Silk Road were given at the Zhejiang Wanli University, where the closing ceremony was stage. In France, Italy and Belgium, related activities were organized, both online and offline, to make it a truly international cultural festival.
Of particular note is the thematic exhibition, entitled “Creation from Creature: Plants and Animals on the Silk Road”, which focused on the plants and animals along the ancient Silk Road. With plant and animal specimens, written records as well as cultural relics, it tried to interpret and recreate the multidimensional environment that these plants and animals were part of and they helped construct, ultimately aiming to show that “the Silk Road changes lives”.
A unique feature of the exhibition is its “smells”.
“We have combined cultural relics and plant and animal specimens with smells, and threw them into a film,” according to Xu Zheng, the executive curator of the exhibition at the China National Museum. An “olfactory cinema” was specially set up so that visitors could both “see” and “smell” the exhibition.
“We have written the script and directed the film, putting the food and spices that came via the Silk Road into stories,” Xu said. “In the olfactory cinema, the audience is able to smell the scents in the film through a transmitter they wear around the neck; for example, if spinach is talked of, they will smell the scent of spinach, and if nutmeg is mentioned, its smell will be sent to the audience.”
Apart from exhibitions and lectures, a variety of programs, including a forum for directors of museums along the Silk Road, a workshop for curators, live streaming of cave temples and Silk Road Online Museum, were also offered.