東南亞電動(dòng)汽車潛力巨大

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近年來，泰國和越南的制造商不斷擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，特斯拉、日產(chǎn)等知名國外投資企業(yè)對投資東南亞興趣漸長，東南亞電動(dòng)汽車和電池行業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出一派良好的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。

隨著東南亞經(jīng)濟(jì)逐漸從疫情中復(fù)蘇，該地區(qū)的電動(dòng)汽車和電池行業(yè)也蓄勢待發(fā)。來自中美兩國的制造商紛紛進(jìn)軍東南亞市場，在印尼、泰國等多地進(jìn)行投資。泰國、越南兩國的企業(yè)也推出了一系列激勵(lì)措施，推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)仄囍圃鞓I(yè)的發(fā)展。

疫情下外商投資熱度不減

目前在印尼，電動(dòng)汽車和電池行業(yè)是外商投資的主要領(lǐng)域。據(jù)報(bào)道，截至2020年，這一行業(yè)占到了印尼外商投資的70%。印尼吸引這些投資者的一大原因是其擁有世界上最大的鎳儲(chǔ)量，約占全球鎳儲(chǔ)量的23%。而鎳是生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車電池的必需品。2020年1月，印尼政府恢復(fù)了對鎳礦出口的禁令。

印尼的投資者中，最令人關(guān)注的是特斯拉。此前，該企業(yè)已向印尼提交了一項(xiàng)投資提議，印尼政府尚未公布與特斯拉商議的細(xì)節(jié)，但表明了尋求特斯拉支持其發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車的想法。印尼投資和礦業(yè)協(xié)調(diào)副主管塞普蒂安·哈里奧·塞托表示：“如果特斯拉只是想要購買原料，我們并不感興趣。這個(gè)提議不只是購買原料那么簡單。”

2020年12月，印尼還與韓國LG集團(tuán)簽署了一項(xiàng)98億美元的投資協(xié)議，生產(chǎn)汽車用鋰電池。這項(xiàng)交易首次將礦產(chǎn)開采、加工和電池生產(chǎn)結(jié)合起來。印尼與中國的寧德時(shí)代也簽署了類似的協(xié)議。除了出口，首批電池將用于雅加達(dá)的公共汽車，以落實(shí)該市在2027年之前邁入電動(dòng)汽車時(shí)代的計(jì)劃。

在泰國，日產(chǎn)斥巨資計(jì)劃將該國打造成電動(dòng)汽車制造中心。不僅如此，這家日本制造商還在開發(fā)新技術(shù)，打造無需充電就能運(yùn)行的電動(dòng)車。由于東南亞國家?guī)缀鯖]有可供電動(dòng)汽車充電的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，這一技術(shù)對該地區(qū)意義重大。

越南引領(lǐng)電動(dòng)汽車出口

越南面臨著與東南亞地區(qū)其他國家相同的充電站短缺問題，但越南最大的企業(yè)集團(tuán)Vingroup表示，其子公司VinFast將于2021年11月開始出口電動(dòng)汽車。Vingroup由越南首富潘日旺創(chuàng)建，是推動(dòng)越南電動(dòng)汽車行業(yè)發(fā)展的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

2021年1月，VinFast宣布，將推出三款電動(dòng)SUV并出口北美和歐洲市場。據(jù)報(bào)道，這三款車都將采用人工智能技術(shù)，至少能實(shí)現(xiàn)半自動(dòng)駕駛。

Vingroup在新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上表示：“這為VinFast開拓全球市場、成為全球暢銷的電動(dòng)汽車品牌、發(fā)展綠色交通生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、減少排放奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。”

VinFast于2019年首次投入生產(chǎn)，但在越南舉步維艱，部分原因在于國內(nèi)充電基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的缺失。隨著該公司逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向國際市場，它的重點(diǎn)將從早期的電動(dòng)摩托轉(zhuǎn)到電動(dòng)汽車上。

泰國大力發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車

泰國希望到2030年將國內(nèi)電動(dòng)汽車占比提高至30%（約75萬輛），中國長城汽車對日產(chǎn)的投資有助于這一目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)。即便如此，目前泰國公路上的電動(dòng)汽車數(shù)量仍然非常少，截至2020年只有2000多輛。分析人士認(rèn)為，泰國大量生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)汽車并不能改善環(huán)境，也改變不了本國對化石燃料依賴的現(xiàn)狀。

盡管少有消費(fèi)者做出改變，但當(dāng)?shù)仄嚻髽I(yè)已經(jīng)開始生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)嘟嘟車和渡輪。清邁市的電動(dòng)嘟嘟已投入使用至少兩年，泰國國內(nèi)的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)Power Up TukTuk也在制造電動(dòng)三輪車，供給行動(dòng)不便的人使用。

在泰國南部地區(qū)，化石燃料能源集團(tuán)Banpu已經(jīng)開始在普吉島和附近地區(qū)推廣電動(dòng)渡輪。這些渡輪是與Choknamchai集團(tuán)子公司Sakun C的合作項(xiàng)目。Choknomchai集團(tuán)是泰國汽車巨頭之一，也是本田、豐田和日產(chǎn)在當(dāng)?shù)氐暮献骰锇椤?/p>

泰國發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車，也得到了國家電力局的支持。泰國國家電力局研究與創(chuàng)新部主任頌猜·查馬維羅表示：“政府計(jì)劃到2037年，實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)汽車保有量250萬輛的目標(biāo)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，泰國必須支持基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，改變?nèi)藗兊乃季S方式，讓他們相信開電動(dòng)汽車是安全的?！?/p>

推動(dòng)?xùn)|南亞電動(dòng)化轉(zhuǎn)型

在美國，汽車制造商和政府迄今未能合理化電動(dòng)汽車價(jià)格，使其滿足多數(shù)人的需求。在大多數(shù)東南亞國家，也許要大規(guī)模推出電動(dòng)摩托車才能解決這個(gè)問題。

根據(jù)皮尤研究中心2014年的數(shù)據(jù)，印尼、馬來西亞、泰國和越南超過80%的家庭都擁有一輛摩托車。但當(dāng)調(diào)查汽車擁有量時(shí)，情況則大不相同：雖然馬來西亞家庭汽車擁有量達(dá)到80%，但泰國這一數(shù)字為51%，印度尼西亞為4%，越南為2%。

目前，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境規(guī)劃署正與馬來西亞、菲律賓、新加坡和泰國等國的私營部門展開合作，尋求向電動(dòng)摩托車過渡的方法。泰國還計(jì)劃推出電車以舊換新計(jì)劃，但目前該計(jì)劃仍處于擱置狀態(tài)。

隨著東南亞地區(qū)逐漸從疫情中復(fù)蘇，該地區(qū)的電動(dòng)汽車和電池行業(yè)必將大放異彩。

·來源：《今日東盟》

·編譯：陳志瑩

The COVID-19 catalysed the development of digital economy， attracting the attention of many investors. In Vietnam， in the first quarter of 2021， due to the rising consumption during the New Year holiday， the digital economy gained great momentum， with fast transformation speed.

The first case of the UK variant of the virus was discovered in Hai Duong Province in February and quickly spread to 13 provinces and cities throughout Vietnam， resulting in over 910 new community cases since the beginning of this third wave.

The sensitive timing of the outbreak elevated health and safety concerns as many Vietnamese had travel plans for reunions and family festivities. The government issued several social isolation orders in major cities， limiting inbound and outbound travel. The Ministry of Health and the World Health Organizations office in Vietnam recommended people celebrate the New Year safely with the message goes like “health is the most precious gift we can give each other this holiday”.

New Year is prime time for increased spending thanks to a lasting tradition of gift-giving， drinking and dining with friends and family， and sprucing up the home for the holidays. The health measures and social distancing orders therefore dampened the Vietnamese economy.

Amid this looming crisis， more and more Vietnamese turned to e-commerce platforms and digital financial services for New Year preparation. Tiki， one of the four largest online shopping platforms in Vietnam， reported that its transaction volume in January surged 50% compared to the same period last year. Due to the new outbreak leading up to New Year， it is likely that all e-commerce platforms experienced a massive surge in activity. The National Payment Corporation of Vietnam （NAPAS） reported a significant surge in the numbers of transactions in e-commerce and interbank funds transfers since 28 January， continuing to rise after the holidays.

Many Vietnamese businesses and services have also taken measures such as speeding up digital transformation projects and offering new services to meet this new demand. ZaloPay， one of Vietnams largest electronic wallets， strongly promoted its new service， a new digital approach to the tradition of elderly people giving lucky money to children. Many supermarkets， including Big C and Coop Mart， teamed up with digital wallets and online shopping platforms for marketing campaigns to promote online shopping and delivery services.

These campaigns are gaining traction and could potentially help companies expand their customer bases as they address health and safety concerns. Such concerns have been an important driver of the surge in usage of e-commerce and digital financial services， especially among elderly consumers， during the last two waves of the COVID-19 in Vietnam.

The COVID-19 pandemic， for all its negative impacts on health， society and economy， is expediting the growth of Vietnamese e-commerce and digital finance， paving the way for the country to fulfill its digital potential. Traffic on e-commerce platforms in 2020 was 150% higher than the previous year， with approximately 3.5 million visitors per day on various platforms.

Usage of digital financial services， including internet banking， e-wallets and mobile money， have also risen significantly， placing Vietnam among the top three countries in Southeast Asia for e-commerce growth. Revenue in the sector is projected to reach US$ 7 billion in 2021， an increase of 16.2% year-on-year. The number of users is expected to rise 13.5% year-on-year to 51.8 million， with an average revenue of US$ 135 per user.

Since living with the virus will likely become the new normal following the pandemic， health and safety concerns will remain important factors influencing consumers online shopping behaviour. Firms can quickly reinvent their processes and services to survive and even benefit from the pandemic by addressing these concerns. This also highlights the importance of digital transformation， which helps establish and maintain a stable channel for businesses and services despite disruptions from unpredictable shocks like the COVID-19.

Digital health is another area the healthcare industry should pay attention to. Demand for consumer health electronics and telemedicine are rising strongly in Vietnam amid growing challenges from infectious diseases such as the COVID-19 as well as from non-communicable diseases.

What has been seen in both consumers behaviour changes and in business strategies strongly points towards faster digital transformation in businesses and services due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also encouraging that businesses in Vietnam have transformed in a way that better supports equal access to healthcare， enhanced safety measures and stronger collaboration across industries. This spurs the digital transformation that is essential for emerging economies like Vietnam.

· Source： East Asia Forum