• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Products for Earth System Science Applications

    2021-07-08 09:29:10DiXIANPengZHANGLingGAORuijingSUNHaizhenZHANGandXuJIA
    Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年8期

    Di XIAN, Peng ZHANG, Ling GAO, Ruijing SUN, Haizhen ZHANG, and Xu JIA

    National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China

    ABSTRACT Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth.With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future.As part of the space-based infrastructure, the Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites have contributed to earth science sustainability studies through an open data policy and stable data quality since the first launch of the FY-1A satellite in 1988.The capability of earth system monitoring was greatly enhanced after the second-generation polar orbiting FY-3 satellites and geostationary orbiting FY-4 satellites were developed.Meanwhile, the quality of the products generated from the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites is comparable to the well-known MODIS products.FY satellite data has been utilized broadly in weather forecasting, climate and climate change investigations, environmental disaster monitoring, etc.This article reviews the instruments mounted on the FY satellites.Sensor-dependent level 1 products (radiance data) and inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 products (geophysical parameters) are introduced.As an example, some typical geophysical parameters, such as wildfires, lightning, vegetation indices, aerosol products, soil moisture, and precipitation estimation have been demonstrated and validated by in-situ observations and other well-known satellite products.To help users access the FY products, a set of data sharing systems has been developed and operated.The newly developed data sharing system based on cloud technology has been illustrated to improve the efficiency of data delivery.

    Key words: Fengyun meteorological satellite, sensor-dependent level 1 product, inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 product, product validation

    (to be continued)

    (Continued)

    1.Introduction

    Humans have a sixty-year history of observing Earth from space beginning after the launch of the first meteorological satellite, Television Infrared Observation Satellite(TIROS), in 1960.Since then, meteorological satellites have changed the way scientists understand the earth.For example, with direct satellite data assimilation, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) has already input hundreds of satellite observations into its numerical prediction model (Florence et al.,2018).However, the climate depends not only on atmospheric processes, but also on physical, chemical, and biological processes involving other components of the earth system.Satellites have also played an important role in advancing observation of these other components of the earth system.

    The Chinese meteorological satellite series Fengyun(FY), together with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) series in the U.S.A.and the polar orbiting meteorological satellite (METOP) series in Europe,has become a main pillar used to construct Earth’s operational observation system.Since the first satellite (FY-1A)was successfully launched in 1988, four series have been developed, and seventeen additional satellites have been launched.The second-generation polar orbital mission [also called Low Earth Orbit (LEO)] FY-3 and second-generation geostationary orbital mission [also called Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (GEO)] FY-4A series have output stable data with remarkable quality (Yang et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2019a, 2020a).

    At present, seven satellites operate in orbit, including three FY-2 satellites, three FY-3 satellites, and one FY-4 satellite.FY-2 is the first-generation geostationary orbital satellite from China.Eight FY-2 satellites have been successfully launched.FY-2H, FY-2G, and FY-2F are still operating at 79°E, 99.5°E, and 112°E above the equator, respectively.FY-4 is the second-generation geostationary orbital satellite from China, which has successfully launched the first satellite of this series in the year of 2017.FY-4A has advanced earth observation capabilities and provides a better temporal resolution than the FY-2 series satellites (Yang et al., 2017; Min et al., 2017).Compared with the first-generation polar orbital satellites in the FY-1 series, the new generation polar orbital satellite FY-3 series expands the single onboard instrument to include more than 10 instruments.FY-3A and FY-3B have 11 instruments onboard, FY-3C has 12 instruments onboard, and FY-3D has 10 instruments onboard.The FY-3 series provides higher resolution images with more spectral coverage from the ultraviolet, visible,infrared, to microwave bands (Xu et al., 2010; Yang et al.,2012).Based on space-ground architecture, the National Satellite Meteorological Center (NSMC) has developed a comprehensive data service system that has been available to the public since 2005 (Chen et al., 2008).After more than 30 years of development since the first FY satellite was launched, the usage of FY satellite data has dramatically increased, not only in the meteorological community but also in remote sensing applications and other benefitting fields.With the promotion of open access to the FY satellite data, many new potential applications have been emphasized.After over three decades of development, FY satellites have recorded and com-plied extremely valuable information over a long period.These long-term datasets are especially useful in meteorological analysis, climate change monitoring, environment change detection, earth surface observation, and other related fields.

    2.Instruments and sensor-depended level 1 data

    Different types of instruments were loaded onto the FY satellites to detect geophysical parameters from different layers of the earth.Four main categories of instruments have been developed and operated on the FY satellites: optical imaging instruments, microwave instruments, IR sounding instruments, and space-weather instruments.Approximately ten terabytes of raw remote sensing data are received by the ground segment and processed into hundreds of level 1,level 2 and level 3 data products by the data processing center in NSMC.Level 1 data includes sensor-dependent radiance data, which is the fundamental data used to generate other higher-level products (Xian et al., 2012).Level 1 data is generated from raw data after navigation, calibration, and reorganization.Level 2 products are retrieved from level 1 data to show the geophysical status of the land surface,water surface, atmosphere, and space around the earth.Level 3 products are defined as the spatial and temporal sampling data in view of climate averaged grades from level 2 data products.

    2.1.Visible and infrared optical instruments

    Optical instruments are the classical payloads mounted on both FY LEO satellites and FY GEO satellites, which have been operational for over 30 years.The performance of these instruments has gradually improved.A visible and infrared radiometer (VIRR) was installed on the FY satellite for series FY-1A to FY-3C but was later replaced by a higher-performance optical instrument, referred to as the medium resolution spectral imager (MERSI).The VIRR of the FY-1 series, also referred to as the multichannel visible infrared scanning radiometer (MVISR), had 5—10 channels ranging from 0.43 to 12.5 μm (FY-1A and FY-1B had 5 channels, FY-1C and FY-1D had 10 channels) with maximum 1.1 km spatial resolution.The VIRR on the FY-3 series continued to use nearly the same configuration as the VIRR on the FY-1D series.Meanwhile, a new optical instrument,MERSI, was tested on the FY-3 series.MERSI enhanced the spectral and spatial resolution to a maximum resolution of 250 m with more than 20 channels [MERSI on FY-3A,FY-3B, and FY-3C had 20 channels and MERSI-2 on FY-3D had 25 channels (0.413-12 μm)].Level 1 data from the FY-1C and FY-1D series was archived in two formats: High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) and Delayed Picture Transmission (DPT).HRPT data was received and processed in real time by ground segmentation when the satellite flew over the ground station.DPT data was temporarily stored on the satellite’s local storage and transmitted when the satellite passed the ground station.Therefore, DPT data were stored for a whole orbit, and HRPT data were stored for part of an orbit.At present, the VIRR and MERSI instruments on the FY-3B satellite are on a morning orbit taking operational global optical observations.The VIRR on FY-3C and the MERSI-2 on FY-3D operate on an afternoon orbit.

    For geostationary orbitals, the FY-2 and FY-4 satellites played an important role in monitoring the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean areas.The visible and infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR) is a stable instrument that has generated continuous full-disk earth observation data from the FY-2C satellite successfully since operation began in 2005.At present, the VISSR instrument on the FY-2F/G/H series and the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager(AGRI) on the FY-4A satellite are still operational for geostationary orbitals.

    Available visible and infrared optical instrument data from FY satellites is listed in Table 1.

    2.2.Microwave instruments

    Three kinds of microwave instruments have been installed on the FY-3 satellites since 2008: microwave radiation imagers (MWRIs), microwave thermometers(MWTSs), and microwave hygrometers (MWHSs).Level 1 data was named and archived in two parts: the ascending part and the descending part.Five microwave instruments remain, including MWRI on FY-3D, MWTS-2 on FY-3D,MWHS on FY-3B, and MWHS-2 on FY-3C/D.FY-3B started its secondary operation in July 2020.

    Available microwave instrument data from FY satellites is listed in Table 2.

    2.3.Infrared (IR) sounding instruments

    Infrared (IR) sounding technology was used on the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites targeted at detecting earth-atmosphere systems at a hyperspectral resolution.An infrared atmospheric sounder (IRAS) was installed on FY-3A, FY-3B,and FY-3D.Its successor instrument, the infrared hyperspectral atmospheric sounder (HIRAS), was installed on the FY-3D satellite, which used the world’s most advanced Fourier interference monitoring technology.The world’s first infrared sounding instrument in geostationary orbit was the geostationary interferometric infrared sounder (GIIRS),which was installed on the FY-4A satellite.Three sounding instruments are still operational, two in polar orbit (IRAS on FY-3B and HIRAS on FY-3D) and one in geostationary orbit (GIIRS on FY-4A).

    Available IR sounding instrument data from FY satellites is listed in Table 3.

    3.Earth observation products overview

    With multiple sensors on the FY satellites, approximately 90 kinds of remote sensing products have been generated in the NSMC.The objectives of these products include atmospheric, oceanic, land surface, ecologic, cryospheric,cloud, and radiation monitoring.Tables 4-1 to 4-4 show the

    Table 1.Visible and infrared optical imaging instrument data.

    Note: (O) means the instruments are operational, (S) means the instruments have been shut down.temporal and spatial specifications and formats of the FY products.Most of these products are operationally processed and are free to download.Some products are still under research and development.

    Table 2.Microwave instrument data.

    Table 3.IR sounding instruments.

    4.Typical geophysical products and their validation

    Quantitative remote sensing product validation is cru-cial to successful utilization of the products.The quality of the products dictates their ability to observe the real parameters of the earth.Every product can be validated in different ways, including by artificial identification, cross validation with similar satellite instruments, ground-based observations, or model output (Wu et al., 2019).Operational products, such as the fire or hotspot detection, lightning,vegetation indexes, aerosols, and soil moisture products of the FY satellites, have been evaluated using different evaluation methods.Below, example cases show the results of the FY satellite products used for environmental research.

    Table 4-1.FY-1 product list.

    Table 4-2.FY-2 product list.

    4.1.Wildfire monitoring product

    Forests and grasslands are very important resources in the environment.Based on the Chinese environmental resource survey, the forest coverage rate is only 16.55%,which is lower than the global average level by more than 10.48%.The grassland coverage rate is 41.7%, and the per capita occupation rate is only half of the world’s average.Wildfire detection represents an important challenge to environmental protection.Since the 1980s, researchers have used metrological satellites to monitor wildfires (Matson et al.,1984).Wildfire images from satellites were first used to combat forest fires that occurred in the Greater Khingan Range,Heilongjiang Province, in 1987 (Liu et al., 2004; Li et al.,2017.Since then, wildfire detection has become an important product of meteorological satellites.Both polar and geostationary orbital FY meteorological satellites have been used in wildfire monitoring.The VIRR and MERSI instruments onboard the FY-1 and FY-3 satellites had special bands forwildfire detection.A newer wildfire identification algorithm that utilized the infrared, mid-infrared and far-infrared bands was used in the MERSI-2/FY-3D satellites (Fig.1).Moreover, the AGRI instrument on the FY-4A satellite can be used for wildfire detection and its fire product has a higher temporal resolution.

    Table 4-3.FY-3 product list.

    The forest fire product from MERSI-2 was validated by artificial identification.For example, a forest fire was detected by MERSI-2 in Hebi city in the Henan Province of China from 1300—1500 local time on 26 March 2019.With cooperation between the NSMC and local forest fire investigators, the location of the fire detected by MERSI-2 was validated.The validation results showed that the distance between the real fire location and the estimated point wasapproximately 0.0024° to 0.0049° longitude and 0.0008° to 0.0058° latitude (Zheng et al., 2020).The positioning accuracy of the MERSI-2 wildfire product reached 250 meters,which is better than the 1 km resolution of the previously used instrument.In addition, the differences between the neighboring fire pixels were separated in the MERSI-2/FY-3D wildfire product retrieved from the far-infrared band because there was no solar radiation interference.This feature can be used in the determination of the ignition point of the fire.

    Table 4-4.FY-4 product list.

    The specifications of the FY wildfire products are shown in Table 5.

    4.2.Lightning detection product

    Lightning data are new and originate from convective detection products because lightning is closely related to convective properties, such as the content of graupel and hail,the volume of updrafts, and the maximum vertical velocity.(Carey and Rutledge, 1996).Lightning imagery sensors on tropical rainfall measuring missions (TRMMs) can be used for tropical rainfall estimation (DeMaria et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2017).Space-based lightning data can provide valuable information for meteorological and climate research (Boccippio et al., 2000; Christian et al., 2003; Cecil et al., 2005,2014).The lightning mapping imager (LMI, Yang et al.,2017; Cao et al., 2012, 2018) on the FY-4A satellite, which is one of the first lightning detection sensors employed in geostationary orbit, provides event (level 1B product) and group and flash products (level 2 product).The detector size of LMI is 400 × 600 pixels.The observation area covers China from March to September and western Australia and the South Indian Ocean from September to March (Fig.2).

    Event signals are the fundamental lightning cell detec-ted by the FY-4 LMI.Event signals are detected by the realtime event processor of the FY-4 LMI by background subtraction, threshold comparison, and pixels extraction of radiation values exceeding thresholds.With an event-groupflash tree structure, based on a clustering algorithm, cluster events are grouped into the products of group and flash.One-minute LMI event and group products are generated in NetCDF format (Fig.3).A historical and near-real-time product can be downloaded from the FY satellite data center (http://data.nsmc.org.cn).A visualized product can be found on the Fengyun Satellite Weather Platform(SWAP2.0, http://rsapp.nsmc.org.cn/geofy/en) (Xian et al.,2020a).

    Fig.1.Wildfire detection in the western part of the U.S.A.with the FY-3D MERSI-2 satellite on 12 September 2020.

    Table 5.Wildfire products from FY meteorological satellites.

    Fig.2.FY-4A LMI coverage area.

    The FY-4A lightning product was validated based on ground observations.Compared with the ground lightning imager, the total frequency of FY-4A satellite-captured lightning events was approximately ten times that of the ground observations due to the different observation methods.Figure 4 shows that the trends of lightning statistics were similar to those captured by two other types of detectors (Ren et al., 2020).However, in some situations, such as T1 and T3,the figure shows relatively high values for the ground-based observations.The T2 event shows a trend opposite to those of T1 and T3.

    The specifications of the FY lightning products are shown in Table 6.

    4.3.Vegetation monitoring product

    Changes in vegetation on the land surface influence energy flows, climatic conditions, hydrologic settings, and geochemical cycles experienced on Earth.It is also a sensitive indicator of climate change and environmental change(Yang et al., 2017).Compared with traditional methods,remote sensing can quickly obtain surface information over a large area.With this information, the surface vegetationstatus can be calculated by direct or indirect inversion.Effective monitoring of vegetation changes in recent decades has been greatly supported by the multiple continuous developments made in remote sensing instruments and technolo-

    gies, including the development of the FY satellite system.After the first FY satellite was launched in 1988, the vegetation product was generated from the FY-1 satellite observations with a 1 km × 4 km resolution for the area covering China.The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)product measured by the VIRR, MERSI, and MERSI-2 instruments of the FY-3D satellite uses the same algorithm as that of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS).Compared with AVHRR and MODIS, MERSI and MERSI-2 monitor more channels in total and have more solar bands, which can be used in more environmental applications.With the new MERSI-2 VI algorithm and high-quality cloud detection algorithm developed and operated by the NSMC (Fig.5), the MERSI-2 NDVI product shows a good correlation with the MODIS NDVI product (Fig.6).

    Fig.3.Lightning event (a) and group (b) distributions [Reprinted from (Cao et al., 2018)].This figure shows a strong convection over south of Gansu province and Jiangxi province in China.Red pixels mean more lighting events and blue pixels mean less lightning events.

    Fig.4.Comparison between LMI events and ground observations [Reprinted from (Ren et al., 2020)].This figure shows that the distribution of FY-4A LMI and ground observation were similar for June and it also shows different trends in T1, T2 and T3.

    Table 6.Lightning products from FY meteorological satellites.

    The specifications of the FY NDVI products are shown in Table 7.

    4.4.Aerosol monitoring product

    Aerosols are one of the most important key parameters used to evaluate air pollution.A number of satellites have the capability to detect aerosols because the detection of air pollution is considered to be one of the most important targets for developing remote sensing satellites.For optical instruments, aerosol products can be generated with visible band data and aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval algorithms.Aerosol products derived from MODIS have been widely used and validated since 2000.The MERSI,and VIRR instruments on the FY-3A satellite were the first Chinese-developed instruments to apply AOD retrieval(Zhang, et al., 2009; Zhang, et al., 2020b).The first AOD product started in March 2009.The dark dense vegetation(DDV) and ocean algorithm products were used to generate daily global aerosol products to evaluate air pollution.The spatial resolution of AOD is 1 km × 5 km.For the first three FY-3 satellites, the aerosol product was divided into two parts (land surface and sea surface) because different algorithms were used in the process flow of the AOD product.To help users better apply aerosol products in their work, these two products were combined into one dataset(Fig.7).The quality of FY-3 AOD products was validated using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations and the datasets were compared with MODIS (Yang et al.,2020, Fig.8).The result shows that the FY-3 AOD performs well.Since the FY-4A satellite was launched, the AGRI instrument measured the corresponding channels for the dark target algorithm, which was applied in the generation of the AOD product (Zhang et al., 2019, Fig.9).These aerosol optical property products include the AOD product,Angstrom exponent, and fine mode fraction for each pixel.The spatial resolution of AOD is 4 km for full-disk coverage.

    The specifications of the FY aerosol products are shown in Table 8.

    4.5.Soil moisture product

    Surface soil moisture is a key terrestrial water storage indicator that governs hydrological processes and influences weather and climate systems (Entekhabi et al., 2010;Du et al., 2012).Space-borne microwave radiometers characterized by a relatively low spatial resolution and a high temporal sampling enable the rapid assessment of soil moisture every 1—3 days (Bindlish et al., 2009).Among these satellite sensors, the MWRIs on the FY-3 series satellites have provided global measurements of surface wetness since 2008.The FY-3/MWRI instrument operates at five different frequencies, 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz, with dual polarization.The spatial resolution of the FY-3B/MWRI soil moisture product is 25 km (Table 9).The long-term and continuous operation of the MWRI instru-ments benefit a variety of applications, including effective crop yield assessment and drought risk mitigation (Sun et al., 2014).

    Fig.5.FY-3D MERSI-2 global NDVI product for July 2020.

    Fig.6.Comparison between the FY-3D satellite MERSI-2 product and the MODIS NDVI product [Reprinted from (Han et al., 2020)].

    The MWRI soil moisture product algorithm was built based on the zero-order radiative transfer mode (Mo et al.,1982), where satellite-observed emissivity consists of contributions from vegetation, interactions between vegetation and the underlying soil surface, and the soil surface.For deriving soil moisture, the following steps are taken sequentially(Liu et al., 2013) to correct for vegetation and surface roughness: (a) estimate the physical temperature using the brightness temperature (Tb) at 37 GHz (Holmes et al., 2009); (b)calculate the vegetation transmissivity using vegetation water content estimated from an ancillary NDVI dataset (Jackson et al., 1999, 2010); and (c) obtain the soil moisture using a Qp-based inversion model (Shi et al., 2006).The Qp model is a parameterized soil surface emission model that has a similar accuracy as rigorous theoretical models (e.g.,the advanced integral equation model) while maintaining a simple form (Shi et al., 2006).For MWRI, the Qp-based inversion model minimizes the effects of surface roughness and derives the volumetric soil moisture (VSM) using both V- and H-polarized Tb observations in the X-band (Shi et al., 2006).

    Table 7.NDVI products from FY meteorological satellites.

    Fig.7.Global AOD distribution with the FY-3D MERSI-2 instrument [Reprinted from (Yang et al.,2019)].

    Fig.8.Verification of AOD product derived from the MERSI-2/FY-3D satellite.[Reprinted from(Yang et al., 2019)].

    Fig.9.AOD product from the AGRI/FY-4A satellite at 0400 UTC 21 June 2020.

    The MWRI soil moisture product was validated using similar instrument observations.A comparison between the FY-3D/MWRI soil moisture product and the GCOMW1/AMSR2 soil moisture product was performed.The results demonstrated that the root mean square error was within 0.06 cmcmin the medium to low vegetation cover areas.

    The comparison result between the MWRI and AMSR2soil moisture products is shown in Table 10.

    Table 8.Aerosol products from FY meteorological satellites.

    Table 9.MWRI soil moisture product from FY meteorological satellites.

    4.6.Precipitation estimation product

    Satellite precipitation estimations have significant value for severe weather forecasting and agricultural production.Compared with ground observations, satellite observations can monitor convection from space at higher resolution and greater spatial coverage, especially for mesoscale convective system (MCS).MCS events are a main source of heavy rainfall.Satellite images show important features of MCS events while they move, arrange, and evolve.Since the 1990s, the relationship between cloud top Tb of infrared channel images and rainfall has been revealed (Lu and Wu,1997; Fang and Qin, 2006; Min et al., 2020).From watervapor channel images, the ascending movement and water vapor environment in the middle and upper troposphere,which are favorable to the occurrence and development of rainstorm clouds, can be observed (Qin et al., 2005).With the development of satellite observation technology, Tb observation from visible, infrared, and microwave detection instruments on the FY-3 satellite can be used in cloud liquid water and multilayer cloud analysis (Wang et al., 2019;Yang et al., 2019).The precipitation estimation product was one of the most important products to both polar orbit and geostationary orbit FY satellites.Table 11 shows the precipitation estimation product list for FY satellites.

    Table 10.Comparison result between the MWRI and AMSR2 soil moisture products.

    Since 2005, FY-2 satellites can generate four kinds of products on precipitation estimation, which are in one-,three-, six-, and twenty-four-hour intervals, respectively.The FY-4A satellite has operational and higher frequency precipitation estimation products (Fig.10) within five minutes interval.Verification of the quantitative precipitation estimation product between FY-4A and Himawari-8 shows that the mean error is 0.11 mm and the hit rate is 99%.The global precipitation estimation product is generated from MWHS and MWRI on FY-3 satellites since 2009.

    Table 11.Precipitation estimation product from FY meteorological satellites.

    Fig.10.Precipitation estimation product from the AGRI/FY-4A satellite at 0700 UTC 19 October 2020.

    5.Data delivery and access

    Data services are very important for improving FY satellite applications.The NSMC has established a data service as of the end of the 20th century.This first-generation data service was mainly based on a broadcasting system and hard copies of a type library or disk array.A data service system on the Internet, also referred to as the Fengyun Satellite Data Center Web site (http://data.nsmc.org.cn), was built in 2005, which introduced an easy way for more users to obtain FY satellite data, especially users from outside the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) or users who do not have an antenna and data broadcasting system.With the rapid development of the FY satellite series, the number of data species and quantum analyses have rapidly increased.The third-generation data service system, which has integrated space and ground capabilities, was upgraded to fulfill more needs from users (Zhang et al., 2020a).Userscan download historical and near-real-time data and products with a quick search.FY meteorological satellite data have become very popular worldwide, especially in the Asia-Oceanic region and China’s Belt and Road area(Zhang et al., 2019; Xian et al., 2020b).Individuals from 115 countries have become users of the FY satellite data center (Fig.11).These data sources have been used in weather monitoring and forecasting, global ecology and environmental monitoring, and disaster mitigation in some countries (Xian et al., 2020b).Additional specifications, tips for downloading and deskhelp information can be found at NSMC website (http://data.nsmc.org.cn/PortalSite/Static-Content/DocumentDownload.aspx?TypeID=22¤tculture=en-US).

    5.1.Web site

    All level 1 data and products mentioned in this article can be found on the FY satellite data center Web site(http://data.nsmc.org.cn).Most data was generated in HDF5.0 or NetCDF format.Users need to register for an account before downloading data.Data can be added to the online data order.By submitting the order, users will receive data preparation notifications after the data has been prepared.Normally, a data order will be finished within 5 hours.An ftp address will be sent to the user by email or updates can be viewed on the Web site.

    5.2.Data Download Toolkit

    The NSMC released a Fengyun Satellite Data Download Toolkit in 2018.This toolkit provided a new way to help users find and obtain FY satellite data.By setting a download default folder, this software will start downloading the data automatically when the order is prepared.Furthermore, this toolkit provides a kind of data reservation mechanism.This introduced a whole new experience in obtaining satellite products by allowing the user to order the selected data or products in a customized area with temporal parameters at a maximum of three months.

    5.3.Satellite Weather Application Platform 2.0 (SWAP 2.0)

    SWAP 2.0 is an application platform that focuses on geostationary meteorological satellite data utilization, realizes a comprehensive display of the FY-4A and FY-2 series satellite data, provides interactive typhoon positioning/intensity estimations, and establishes a strong convective analysis system.SWAP 2.0 has the ability to display level 1 data, compose multiple channel data, play animation, render level 2 data, etc.SWAP 2.0 is available in two versions.The Webbased versions were released in three languages: Chinese,English, and Russian (http://rsapp.nsmc.org.cn/geofy).The stand-alone version can be installed on Windows 7 SPL or newer window platforms and has been released in two languages: Chinese and English.

    5.4.Satellite Monitoring and Remote sensing Toolkit 2.0(SMART 2.0)

    SMART 2.0 is a comprehensive application platform for ecological remote sensing, monitoring, and application using FY-3 satellite data.It offers special application tools for professionals engaged in the remote sensing of natural hazards and ecological environments.SMART 2.0 fills many great functions, such as uniform operation management, multisource data displaying, universal tools of image processing and remote sensing, thematic information deriving, geographical information system (GIS) overlaying, and thematic product generation and dissemination.

    5.5.Mobile applications

    The invention of smart mobile phones was a technology revolution that has changed people’s daily lives.To support applications on smart phones, several small applets andapplications were developed using data from the FY satellites.Two of these applets were developed based on the WeChat platform.The first applet is called the FY Global Browser.This applet shows daily real color composite images with 250 m resolution, which are generated from FY-3D MERSI-2 satellite data.The second applet is called the FY Now.Real-time RGB-composited images can be displayed in the WeChat application based on the user’s location.

    Fig.11.Global user distribution of the FY satellite data service.

    6.Summary

    As a result of the development of the FY meteorological satellites, researchers in the environmental fields have been able to utilize stable, reliable, and accurate remote sensing products.Over the next five years, six additional FY meteorological satellites will be developed and launched, and the observation area will be expanded.Meanwhile, the observation interval and capabilities will also increase.These upgrades will improve wildfire, lightning, and aerosol monitoring product quality and increase the number of potential applications.

    Many of these products have been generated to monitor environment-related parameters using the capabilities of the FY meteorological satellites.Many efforts have been made to improve the data quality, timeliness, spatial resolution, and acquisition during the processing of the FY meteorological satellite ground segment.Compared with the same types of products generated by other satellites, vegetation and aerosol products have shown good accuracy and reliability.The advantages of the FY satellites include a high temporal resolution and more band choices.The lightning products are unique and provide a new parameter for analyzing convention.Wildfire products have been tested and used to develop forest and environmental protection plans.In the future, more products, including greenhouse gas monitoring, water body environment detection, and land surface analysis products, such as soil moisture and land surface temperature, will be developed and shared with the public.

    With the rapid development of the Internet and cloud technology, new technologies will be implemented to improve FY data access and utilization.A cloud-based data sharing platform has been designed and will be built over the next two years.Massive amounts of FY data and products will be archived in this system.Users can transplant and run their own algorithms in this system with a universal plug-in standard.A scientific computing platform based on cloud computing and AI technologies will be brought to users to improve the potential FY data applications.In conclusion, FY data will be obtained and utilized in a more simple and convenient manner in the future.

    Acknowledgements.

    This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0504900, 2018YFB0504905).We thank the editor and reviewers for their constructive suggestions and comments.

    Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

    国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 韩国精品一区二区三区 | 国产精品一二三区在线看| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| av卡一久久| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 只有这里有精品99| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 在线观看人妻少妇| 51国产日韩欧美| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 亚洲av福利一区| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 男女午夜视频在线观看 | 国产一区二区激情短视频 | 一区二区三区精品91| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 自线自在国产av| 老司机亚洲免费影院| av在线播放精品| 日本午夜av视频| 高清黄色对白视频在线免费看| 久久婷婷青草| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 国产成人精品无人区| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 黄色 视频免费看| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 国产黄频视频在线观看| 肉色欧美久久久久久久蜜桃| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 色5月婷婷丁香| 午夜视频国产福利| av视频免费观看在线观看| 五月天丁香电影| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 午夜影院在线不卡| 丝袜喷水一区| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 久久久久精品性色| av福利片在线| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 高清毛片免费看| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 免费久久久久久久精品成人欧美视频 | 性色av一级| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 亚洲,一卡二卡三卡| 人人妻人人添人人爽欧美一区卜| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 丝袜喷水一区| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 午夜激情av网站| 婷婷色综合www| 人妻人人澡人人爽人人| 91精品国产国语对白视频| av天堂久久9| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 99热网站在线观看| 日本色播在线视频| 日本与韩国留学比较| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 国产 一区精品| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 插逼视频在线观看| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 大香蕉久久网| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 久久热在线av| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 夫妻午夜视频| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 成人影院久久| 夫妻午夜视频| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 国产男女内射视频| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 两性夫妻黄色片 | 欧美另类一区| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 视频区图区小说| 成人国产麻豆网| 国产欧美另类精品又又久久亚洲欧美| 一级片免费观看大全| 日本免费在线观看一区| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 日日撸夜夜添| 国产精品成人在线| 一级,二级,三级黄色视频| 18在线观看网站| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 成人国产av品久久久| 久久久久久久久久成人| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 午夜福利,免费看| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 久久99一区二区三区| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 欧美日韩综合久久久久久| h视频一区二区三区| 亚洲第一av免费看| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 婷婷成人精品国产| 丝瓜视频免费看黄片| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 国产精品熟女久久久久浪| 久久精品国产综合久久久 | 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 国产av一区二区精品久久| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区 | 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 午夜福利视频精品| 欧美成人午夜精品| 如何舔出高潮| 久久久久久人人人人人| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 国产精品熟女久久久久浪| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 夫妻午夜视频| 久久久久人妻精品一区果冻| 国产视频首页在线观看| 免费大片18禁| 综合色丁香网| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 性色avwww在线观看| 精品久久久精品久久久| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 欧美日韩av久久| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三区在线| 老熟女久久久| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 亚洲精品一二三| 岛国毛片在线播放| 国产福利在线免费观看视频| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 22中文网久久字幕| av网站免费在线观看视频| 永久免费av网站大全| 在线精品无人区一区二区三| 老司机亚洲免费影院| a级毛片黄视频| 少妇熟女欧美另类| 欧美成人午夜精品| 老熟女久久久| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 国产在视频线精品| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 国产成人欧美| 高清毛片免费看| 成年女人在线观看亚洲视频| 少妇高潮的动态图| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| a级毛片在线看网站| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| av免费在线看不卡| 黄片播放在线免费| av卡一久久| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 成人国产av品久久久| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 午夜激情av网站| 狠狠精品人妻久久久久久综合| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 欧美+日韩+精品| 一级毛片黄色毛片免费观看视频| freevideosex欧美| 午夜激情久久久久久久| www.熟女人妻精品国产 | 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 久久精品国产亚洲av涩爱| av.在线天堂| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区精品久久久 | 欧美xxⅹ黑人| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版| 两性夫妻黄色片 | 久久久久精品性色| 国产精品麻豆人妻色哟哟久久| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| av国产精品久久久久影院| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 日韩av免费高清视频| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 美国免费a级毛片| 2021少妇久久久久久久久久久| 婷婷色综合www| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 老女人水多毛片| 亚洲在久久综合| 精品福利永久在线观看| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 久久99一区二区三区| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 夫妻午夜视频| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 欧美国产精品va在线观看不卡| 超碰97精品在线观看| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲 | 国产精品偷伦视频观看了| 大码成人一级视频| 啦啦啦视频在线资源免费观看| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 成年av动漫网址| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 日韩中字成人| 一级a做视频免费观看| 久久午夜福利片| 高清毛片免费看| www.av在线官网国产| 九九在线视频观看精品| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| av免费在线看不卡| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 亚洲成人手机| 欧美成人午夜精品| 少妇精品久久久久久久| 97超碰精品成人国产| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 国产日韩一区二区三区精品不卡| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 亚洲国产看品久久| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 国产福利在线免费观看视频| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 国产无遮挡羞羞视频在线观看| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 视频区图区小说| 丝袜美足系列| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 97在线视频观看| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 免费观看av网站的网址| av免费观看日本| 日韩欧美精品免费久久| 亚洲国产看品久久| av在线观看视频网站免费| 色吧在线观看| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 在线观看www视频免费| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 中文天堂在线官网| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 综合色丁香网| 青春草国产在线视频| 人妻一区二区av| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| av片东京热男人的天堂| 性色avwww在线观看| 99久久人妻综合| 日本黄色日本黄色录像| 日本色播在线视频| 午夜福利视频精品| 日日啪夜夜爽| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| a级毛色黄片| 少妇高潮的动态图| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 国产日韩欧美视频二区| 韩国精品一区二区三区 | 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 九色成人免费人妻av| 久久久久网色| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 各种免费的搞黄视频| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 美国免费a级毛片| 国产高清三级在线| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 亚洲国产av新网站| 国产在视频线精品| 老女人水多毛片| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 人妻一区二区av| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 亚洲国产成人一精品久久久| 色94色欧美一区二区| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 精品久久久精品久久久| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 熟女电影av网| 久久久久视频综合| 人妻系列 视频| 考比视频在线观看| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 国产成人免费无遮挡视频| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 亚洲综合色网址| 少妇 在线观看| 伦精品一区二区三区| 又大又黄又爽视频免费| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 熟妇人妻不卡中文字幕| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠躁躁| 男女边摸边吃奶| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 日韩电影二区| 波多野结衣一区麻豆| a级毛片黄视频| 久热这里只有精品99| 亚洲精品视频女| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 18+在线观看网站| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 宅男免费午夜| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 亚洲国产精品一区三区| 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 亚洲中文av在线| 成人国产av品久久久| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 精品少妇久久久久久888优播| 一级爰片在线观看| 日本av免费视频播放| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀 | 国产精品免费大片| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 曰老女人黄片| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 亚洲av欧美aⅴ国产| 午夜免费鲁丝| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 亚洲成色77777| 国产成人精品婷婷| 国产一级毛片在线| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 18禁裸乳无遮挡动漫免费视频| 久久久精品区二区三区| 老司机影院毛片| 午夜免费鲁丝| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 国产精品一国产av| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频 | 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 国产av精品麻豆| 久久青草综合色| 久久狼人影院| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄| 国产精品嫩草影院av在线观看| 国产精品人妻久久久久久| xxx大片免费视频| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 满18在线观看网站| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 亚洲三级黄色毛片| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 三级国产精品片| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 国产黄频视频在线观看| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 两个人看的免费小视频| 精品国产一区二区三区四区第35| 美女国产视频在线观看| 欧美3d第一页| av.在线天堂| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 免费少妇av软件| 欧美日韩精品成人综合77777| 国产 精品1| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 亚洲国产看品久久| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 国产av精品麻豆| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 久久久久久久久久成人| 搡老乐熟女国产| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 国产av国产精品国产| av在线老鸭窝| 2022亚洲国产成人精品| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 久久久久国产网址| 精品一区在线观看国产| 亚洲伊人色综图| 制服诱惑二区| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 亚洲性久久影院| 午夜激情久久久久久久| av黄色大香蕉| 日本av免费视频播放| 欧美xxxx性猛交bbbb| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 久久午夜福利片| 18+在线观看网站| 女人精品久久久久毛片| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 宅男免费午夜| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 成人二区视频| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 午夜福利视频精品| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 亚洲伊人色综图| 视频区图区小说| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 黄色一级大片看看| 久久久久久久精品精品| 热99久久久久精品小说推荐| 一级片'在线观看视频| 日本91视频免费播放| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 妹子高潮喷水视频| 日韩伦理黄色片| 日本91视频免费播放| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| videos熟女内射| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 制服诱惑二区| 欧美3d第一页| 中文欧美无线码| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 亚洲精品第二区| 国产极品天堂在线| 一边摸一边做爽爽视频免费| a级毛片在线看网站| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线| 热re99久久国产66热| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 天堂8中文在线网| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 丝袜喷水一区| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 亚洲第一av免费看| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 国产高清三级在线| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 赤兔流量卡办理| 成人影院久久| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 人人澡人人妻人| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| av电影中文网址| 国产免费福利视频在线观看| 亚洲国产色片|