籍萬杰
代詞是用來代替前文中的名詞、名詞短語或句子的詞,大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。根據(jù)代詞的意義、特征及在句中的作用可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞和不定代詞等。代詞雖小,作用卻很大,在高考試題的各種題型中都能見到考查代詞的題目。
一、語法填空中對代詞的考查
語法填空題考查的設(shè)空類型有兩種:給提示詞類和無提示詞類。高考對代詞的考查在這兩種類型中都有涉及。
1.給提示詞
當(dāng)括號中給出的提示詞是代詞時(提示代詞都是主格形式),考生應(yīng)根據(jù)其在句中的位置、所作成分和前文所指代的對象,判定其所使用的性、數(shù)、格。表1為代詞的不同形式。
【考例】①(2020年全國卷I)As well as looking at exhibits,visitors can play with computer simulations (模擬)and imagine? ?42? (they) living at a different time in history or? ?43? (walk) through a rainforest.
【解析】考查代詞和非謂語動詞。第42題括號中給出的提示詞是主格的they,根據(jù)句意,此處應(yīng)表示參觀者想象他們自己生活在歷史的不同時代或者穿越森林,故應(yīng)填入反身代詞themselves。第43題括號中給出的提示詞是動詞walk,根據(jù)or并列的前后關(guān)系可知此處應(yīng)與living保持平行和一致,故填walking。
②(2018年全國卷III)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find? 68? (they) alive.
【解析】括號中給出的提示詞是主格形式的代詞they,根據(jù)其在句中的位置(find后)和指代的對象(the gorillas)可知,應(yīng)填其賓格形式them。
③(2017年浙江卷)“She thought I had hurt? ?59? ?(I),” says Pahlsson.
【解析】括號中給出的提示詞是主格代詞I,根據(jù)句意可知,hurt這一動作的發(fā)出者和承受者是同一人,故應(yīng)使用I的反身代詞,意思是“她認(rèn)為我傷了我自己”,故填myself。
④(2020年全國卷I )Data about the moons composition, such as how 69 ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70? (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
【解析】句意為:關(guān)于月亮構(gòu)成的數(shù)據(jù),比如它含有多少水和其他財富,可以幫助中國決定它未來月球基地的計劃是否實(shí)用。ice是不可數(shù)名詞,應(yīng)使用much修飾,故69題填much。第70題根據(jù)其后面的名詞plans可知,此處應(yīng)使用形容詞性物主代詞its。
2.無提示詞
當(dāng)不給提示詞的空格處在句中作主語、賓語或表語時,通常需要填入代詞。此時應(yīng)根據(jù)其在句中的位置和所作成分以及所指代的對象填入恰當(dāng)?shù)拇~。近幾年高考試題特別青睞于對it的考查,考生要特別注意it作形式主語或形式賓語,代替動名詞短語、不定式短語或that從句的情況。
【考例】①(2018年浙江卷)Many westerners? ?57? ?come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap? ?58? ?can be to eat out.
【解析】考查定語從句的關(guān)系詞和形式主語it。根據(jù)語境并分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,第57題引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞是人,并且在定語從句中作主語,故填who或that。第58題在賓語從句中作形式主語,真正的主語是to eat out,故填it。
②(2018年全國卷I)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give? ?70? ?a try.
【解析】考查固定搭配。give it a try是固定搭配,意思是“試一試”。根據(jù)語境可知,it指代running,故可填it或running。
③(2017年全國 卷 II )However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using? ?67? ?every day.
【解析】空格位于動詞后作賓語,應(yīng)填入代詞。根據(jù)上文可知,此處指代the railway,故填it。
二、短文改錯中對代詞的考查
短文改錯題經(jīng)常設(shè)置代詞錯誤。代詞的錯用主要是前后指代不一致造成的邏輯錯誤,考查時往往較為隱蔽??忌幸庾R地檢查代詞指代的對象,從性、數(shù)、格三方面進(jìn)行核對。
【考例】①(2020年全國卷I )Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together. “Not that way,” my mom tried to stop us but failed. She was right. It didnt tum out as I had wished.
【解析】在pan前面加the,us改為me。第一處錯誤是冠詞的漏用,pan是可數(shù)名詞,此處指前文提到的平底鍋,因此前面加表示特指的the。第二處代詞指代邏輯錯誤,屬于“數(shù)”的誤用。根據(jù)前文的“I”以及后面的“I”可知,此處表示“媽媽試圖阻止我,但失敗了”,故將us改為me。
②(2020年全國卷II)Best of luck with yours learning kung fu in China.
【解析】yours改為your/you??疾榇~屬格的誤用。句意為:祝你在中國學(xué)習(xí)功夫好運(yùn)。動名詞前通常使用形容詞性物主代詞或者代詞的賓格作它的邏輯主語,故將yours改為your或you。
③(2020年全國卷III)I tell my mom that if were forced eat things, we may become ill. But he insists on us eating healthy food.
【解析】forced后面加to;he改為she。第一處屬于不定式符號漏用。be forced to do“被迫做某事”是固定搭配。第二處代詞邏輯錯誤,屬于“性別”錯誤。此處指代前面的mom,應(yīng)使用she。
三、閱讀理解中對代詞的考查
高考閱讀理解題中有時會考查某一代詞指代的對象,或者對某一代詞下面劃線,考查其指代的意義。英語文章中經(jīng)常使用代詞來代替上下文中的名詞或名詞短語,將上下文內(nèi)容連貫起來,使前后關(guān)系相呼應(yīng)。文章中的代詞it,that,this,I,he,him 或them等可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn),需要認(rèn)真查找;有時也需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié),才能得出代詞所指代的對象或意義。
考生解題時須返回原文找出該代詞所在的句子,然后仔細(xì)分析,正確理解句意,并且繼續(xù)向上搜索,找出離該代詞最近的名詞、短語或句子,以之替換該代詞,看句意是否通順合理。
【考例】①(2020年新高考全國 卷 I 山東,C篇)9. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Developing a serious mental disease.
B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
【解析】考查that替代的事情。請看原文第一段和第二段部分內(nèi)容:
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that…
根據(jù)文章第一段中的“still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea”可知,Tom Bissell回到烏茲別克斯坦的目的本來是寫一篇關(guān)于咸海是如何消失的文章。因此,劃線代詞“that”指代上文中提到的“寫文章”這件事。故選D項(xiàng)。
②(2019年全國卷II ,A篇)21. Who does “I” refer to in the text?
A. Stephen King.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. Gillian Flynn.
C. Jo Usmar. D. Roald Dahl.
【解析】考查代詞指代對象。四個選項(xiàng)中的人名在文章中都出現(xiàn)過。根據(jù)文章標(biāo)題“My Favourite Books”和第一段“Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.”可知,這篇文章是以Jo Usmar的口吻寫作的,因此,第一人稱“I”指代的是作者Jo Usmar。其他三個人是Jo Usmar最喜歡的三本書的作者。
③(2017年全國卷 I,C篇)29. What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Jazz becoming more accessible.
B.The production of jazz growing faster.
C.Jazz being less popular with the young.
D.The jazz audience becoming larger.
【解析】考查that的替代。請看原文第二段和第三段部分內(nèi)容:
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.
Its Jason Morans job to help change that…·
第三段中劃線詞that是替代詞,替代上一段中的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)上文可知,爵士樂聽眾的數(shù)量持續(xù)萎縮并且趨于老齡化,這種音樂不能與年輕一代接軌,即不受年輕人喜歡,因此選擇C項(xiàng)。
④(2015年湖南卷, A篇)59. The underlined word “they” in the third letter refers to ______.
A. accidents B. vehicles C. pedestrians D. cyclists
【解析】 原文:Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists?
Its about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be traced and there might be an opportunity to claim.
該題指代對象較遠(yuǎn)。劃線處的they與前面的兩個they指代的是同一對象,要跨越前面兩個代詞they,到上一段才能找到所指代的名詞cyclists,故選D項(xiàng)。
四、閱讀七選五中對代詞的利用
閱讀七選五題主要考查考生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。所考查設(shè)空的句子通常在語境和邏輯兩方面與上下文有著密切的關(guān)系。如果空格后面句子中出現(xiàn)代詞,則考生應(yīng)充分利用好該代詞。因?yàn)榇~是指代前面句子中的一個名詞或者整個句子,通過代詞我們就能夠找到它所指代的對象。
【考例】(2018年全國卷I ,節(jié)選)Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves.? 39? . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.
A. While all of them are useful.
B. Whatever youre looking for.
C. If youre experimenting with a color.
D. Small color choices are the ones were most familiar with.
E. Its not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces.
F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time.
G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways.
【解析】該題位于段中,應(yīng)為承上啟下句。上一段談?wù)摰氖莝mall color choices,這一段談?wù)摰氖莔edium color choices,前后構(gòu)成對比,故選G項(xiàng),意思是在這個范圍(medium color choices)的顏色選擇比small color choices在兩個主要方面上有所提升。另外,空格后面的代詞They指代的是medium color choices,并且“They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.”也符合G項(xiàng)中“in two major ways”的表述。
五、完形填空中對代詞的利用
完形填空題既考查考生的語言知識水平,又檢測其分析判斷能力和綜合運(yùn)用語言知識的實(shí)踐能力,是考生頗感棘手的題型??忌诮獯鹜晷翁羁疹}時要瀏覽全文,把握故事情節(jié)和情感變化,綜合運(yùn)用前后照應(yīng)、詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)、邏輯關(guān)系、語言褒貶等手段選擇符合文意和語境的選項(xiàng)。有時對選項(xiàng)中的四個名詞無法做出判斷,這時要注意空格后面的句子中是否有代詞出現(xiàn),如果空格后面的句子出現(xiàn)代詞,則往往暗示我們其指代的對象就是要選的答案。
【考例】①(2017年北京卷)It was a woman,? ?39? (pushing) an old shopping trolley (購物車) which was piled with? ?40? . It seemed that everything the woman owned was in them.
40. A. goodsB. bottlesC. foodsD. bags
【解析】由下一句中的them可知,本題可以使用代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。女士購物車?yán)锒褲M的到底是“商品”“瓶子”“食品”還是“袋子”?根據(jù)下一句“似乎這位婦女擁有的一切都在它們里面”可知,應(yīng)該是“袋子”,故選D項(xiàng)。
②(2016年全國卷I)Once fire and emergency people arrived, Larry and the other man? ?56? ? (backed off) and let them go to work. Then, Larry asked the? ?57? ?if he was needed or? ?58? ?(free) to go. They let him and the other man go.
57. A. womanB. policeC. manD. driver
【解析】根據(jù)上下文語境和下文中的“They”可知,本題可以借助代詞復(fù)現(xiàn)解題。Larry問是否他還有需要,問的對象肯定是這些急救人員(fire and emergency people)了。下文中的代詞“They”是復(fù)數(shù),四個選項(xiàng)中只有police是集合名詞,表示復(fù)數(shù),也符合常識,故選B項(xiàng)。