【摘要】在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,我們??梢?jiàn)到“what with...and (what with)”短語(yǔ)在句中用來(lái)列舉原因或理由,語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)。這樣的短語(yǔ)主要可以分為三類(lèi): 一、多用于指不愉快的事情的起因,例如:What with fatigue and what with hunger, I could not walk any further. 部分由于疲勞,部分由于饑餓,我再也走不動(dòng)了。二是表示通過(guò)某種方法或手段,例如:What by (taking) bribes and what by extortions, he made a lot of money. 一方面由于受賄,一方面由于勒索,他弄了很多錢(qián)。三是用來(lái)表示原因,例如:What between internal trouble and external intervention, the people of the country are leading a precarious life. 由于內(nèi)憂外患,這個(gè)國(guó)家的人民過(guò)著動(dòng)蕩不安的生活。
【關(guān)鍵詞】what with; and what with
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】劉浩,河南科技職業(yè)大學(xué)公共基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)部。
在英語(yǔ)中,what with...and what with是一個(gè)慣用結(jié)構(gòu),多用來(lái)列舉原因或理由,比表示原因或理由的介詞with語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)。但它與what by...and what by這個(gè)慣用結(jié)構(gòu)不同。此外,我們還可以見(jiàn)到what for...and what for, what through...and what through等,下面分別談?wù)勥@些結(jié)構(gòu)的含義和用法。
what with...and what with意思是“部分因?yàn)椤糠忠驗(yàn)椤薄耙环矫嬉驗(yàn)椤环矫嬉驗(yàn)椤薄耙话胍驗(yàn)椤话胍驗(yàn)椤薄盎蛴捎凇蛴捎凇保糜诹信e原因或理由,多用于指不愉快的事情的起因。
1. what with...and what with后面跟名詞(短語(yǔ))。例如:
What with fatigue and what with hunger, I could not walk any further. 部分由于疲勞,部分由于饑餓,我再也走不動(dòng)了。
What with the heat and what with the humidity, we really suffered. 一方面因?yàn)樘鞖庋谉幔硪环矫嬉驗(yàn)闈穸忍?,我們這回可真受罪。
What with drink and what with fright, he did not know what to say. 一方面由于喝了酒,一方面因?yàn)轶@恐,他不知道該說(shuō)什么。
What with overwork and what with dystrophy, he fell ill. 一半由于工作過(guò)度勞累,一半由于營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,他病倒了。
What with their inferior equipment and what with their outdated technique, they failed to fulfill their annual production plan last year. 一方面由于設(shè)備差,一方面由于技術(shù)落后,他們?nèi)ツ隂](méi)有完成年度生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。
2.可省略后面的what with,僅用what with...and…。例如:
What with the cold weather and my leg is not good, I haven't been out for weeks. 由于天氣寒冷,我的腿又不太好,我已經(jīng)幾個(gè)星期沒(méi)有出門(mén)了。
What with undernourishment and ill treatment, the boy was all skin and bones. 一半因?yàn)闋I(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,一半因?yàn)槭芘按?,這男孩瘦得皮包骨頭。
What with rained all the time and a bad hotel, we didn't enjoy our holiday much. 由于連續(xù)下雨,旅館又差,我們的假日過(guò)得不怎么樣。
3.有時(shí)可將后面的and what with整個(gè)省略,僅用what with說(shuō)出一種原因或理由。例如:
What with a series of violent storms, his return was delayed. 由于暴風(fēng)驟雨接二連三地發(fā)生,他的歸期被推遲了。
What with the prices so high, I can't afford a new car. 由于價(jià)格很高,我買(mǎi)不起新汽車(chē)。
What with his indolence, he was occupied with nothing in his freshman year. 由于他懶惰成性,他的大學(xué)一年級(jí)可以說(shuō)是無(wú)所事事。
What with the bad weather, this spring I wasn't able to do much gardening. 由于天氣不好,今年春天我未能做多少園藝活。
4.有時(shí),也可用多個(gè)(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上)what with引出多個(gè)原因或理由。例如:
What with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with the poverty, I am custom-shrunk. 由于戰(zhàn)火紛飛,勞役繁重,人命危淺,貧窮潦倒,我的生活也縮水了。
但是,在陳述多個(gè)原因時(shí),為了表達(dá)上的簡(jiǎn)潔,從第二個(gè)原因起,經(jīng)常省略what with。例如:
What with cars, sports, mobile phones and friends, young people are having a richer life than the older generation. 由于擁有汽車(chē)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、手機(jī)、朋友,年輕人的生活比老一輩人更加豐富。
What with the air and the exercise and the good food he began to recover his spirits. 一方面因?yàn)椋ㄐ迈r)空氣,另一方面因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng),再一方面因?yàn)槊朗?,他的情緒開(kāi)始恢復(fù)了。
What with rain, wind, snow and frosts, we have had a wretched month for weather. 又是風(fēng)雨,又是霜雪,我們這個(gè)月的天氣糟透了。
5.what with...and (what with)多位于句子前面,但也可以位于句子后面。例如:
We have had a awful month for weather, what with rain, wind, snow and frosts. 這個(gè)月的天氣糟透了,又是風(fēng)雨,又是霜雪。
I couldn't visit you, what with the snowstorm and the cold I had. 我不能去拜訪你,一方面是因?yàn)楸╋L(fēng)雪,一方面是因?yàn)槲腋忻傲恕?/p>
The house wasn't hard to find, what with all the flowers around it. 那座房子的四周都是鮮花,所以并不難找。
6.what with...and (what with)后還可接動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式。例如:
What with having no exercise and being overweight he had a heart attack. 由于沒(méi)有鍛煉,加之身體超重,他心臟病突然發(fā)作了。
What with writing, lecturing, and attending to the duties of my office, I am so busy that I scarcely have time to eat. 由于寫(xiě)書(shū)、講課,再加上處理辦公室的公務(wù),我忙得幾乎沒(méi)有時(shí)間吃飯。
What with teaching, and what with dancing, his time is wholly taken up. 一方面要教學(xué),一方面要跳舞,他的時(shí)間全被占去了。
What with reaping the wheat and what with planting the rice, the time passed quickly. 一方面由于收割麥子,一方面由于栽種稻谷,所以時(shí)間很快就過(guò)去了。
7.有時(shí),還可見(jiàn)到what with...and what with后接名詞和動(dòng)詞的–ing形式混用的現(xiàn)象。例如:
What with hard work and what with taking almost no care of himself, he became quite ill. 一方面由于工作太累,一方面因?yàn)閹缀醪魂P(guān)心自己,他完全病倒了。
what by…and (what by)意思是“一方面用……,一方面用”“一方面通過(guò)……,一方面通過(guò)”“或由于……或由于……”,多表示通過(guò)某種方法或手段。what by…and (what by)后既可以跟名詞,也可以跟動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。例如:
What by threats, and what by entreaties, he accomplished his purpose. 一方面威脅,一方面懇求(一方面來(lái)硬的,一方面來(lái)軟的),他達(dá)到目的了。
What by policy and (what by) force, the English made themselves masters of all India in 1876. 英國(guó)人在1876年一半靠策略一半靠兵力征服了整個(gè)印度。
What by (taking) bribes and what by extortions, he made a lot of money. 一方面由于受賄,一方面由于勒索,他弄了很多錢(qián)。
不過(guò),what by…and (what by)有時(shí)也含有原因的意味。例如:
What by smoking heavily and drinking heavily, he became sick at last. 一方面煙抽得多,一方面酒喝得多,他最終生病了。
what between…and…意思是“由于某種原因……以及某種原因”,用來(lái)表示原因,例如:
What between internal trouble and external intervention, the people of the country are leading a precarious life. 由于內(nèi)憂外患,這個(gè)國(guó)家的人民過(guò)著動(dòng)蕩不安的生活。
What between their work and studies and examinations, those spare-time college students have no time left for recreational activities. 由于又要工作,又要學(xué)習(xí)和考試,那些業(yè)余大學(xué)的學(xué)生無(wú)暇進(jìn)行文娛活動(dòng)。
What between cooking, cleaning, washing, sewing and knitting, she was very busy. 因?yàn)橐鲲?、清掃衛(wèi)生、洗衣、縫補(bǔ)和針織,所以她非常忙。
what for (through)…and what for (through)意思是“一方面因?yàn)椤环矫嬉驗(yàn)椤薄盎蛴捎凇蛴捎凇?,也用?lái)表示原因,但不如what with...what with普通。例如:
What for official duty and what for personal business, I have no leisure. 由于公務(wù)、私務(wù)都很忙,我毫無(wú)余暇。
What for the heavy rain and what for his not knowing the way, he was late. 由于雨太大,再加上路不熟悉,所以他遲到了。
What through the bad weather and what through the heavy load on board, the freight train was late in getting to station. 一方面由于天氣不好,一方面由于負(fù)載過(guò)重,火車(chē)晚點(diǎn)到站。
What through the high price of provisions and what through occasional sickness, the family found it very difficult to live on the income. 一方面由于物價(jià)高漲,一方因?yàn)橛捎跁r(shí)有生病,這個(gè)家庭的收入難以維持生計(jì)。
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