破解“時(shí)態(tài)”、“語(yǔ)態(tài)”的六個(gè)切入點(diǎn)

“時(shí)態(tài)”、“語(yǔ)態(tài)”無論是在單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空、對(duì)話填空、翻譯、短文改錯(cuò)、單詞拼寫的考查中，還是在寫作的考查中都是“重頭戲”。但是與漢語(yǔ)不同（漢語(yǔ)不需變化謂語(yǔ)而直接用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)時(shí)間或主謂賓關(guān)系），英語(yǔ)是不斷變化謂語(yǔ)形式來體現(xiàn)時(shí)間概念及謂語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，因此很多學(xué)生“談時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)色變”。以下根據(jù)高考英語(yǔ)試題的命題特點(diǎn)，從六個(gè)方面來尋找解這類題的突破口。

一、 明確幾組易混時(shí)態(tài)的用法。

1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

① Light travels much faster than sound.（客觀事實(shí)）

② She is visiting Canada.（現(xiàn)階段正在做）

③ —Do you live here？（目前狀況）

—No. Im visiting my old friends these days. （現(xiàn)階段正在做，體現(xiàn)暫時(shí)性）

④ I sometimes work until dawn.（經(jīng)常會(huì)，習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作）

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)表示目前經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，表示客觀事實(shí)或主語(yǔ)目前的特征、狀況、能力等?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示說話人正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，體現(xiàn)它的暫時(shí)性。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.

A. hasnt lived B. didnt live

C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live

② —I dont suppose the police know who did it.

—Well， surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _______ now.

A. has been questioned B. is being questioned

C. is questioning D. had questioned

【解析】答案：① D ② B

① 表明了主語(yǔ)目前的狀況和能力，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài);②表示此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，又因是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

2. 一般過去時(shí)態(tài)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

① Yesterday I was writing a report and now Im continuing to write it.（未完成）

② Yesterday I wrote a report and now Im typing it.（已完成）

③ When you phoned I was talking with my foreign teacher.

（一般過去時(shí)態(tài)表示短暫的某一動(dòng)作;過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)為前者提供背景，起鋪墊作用）

一般過去時(shí)態(tài)側(cè)重于某動(dòng)作在過去發(fā)生的事實(shí)，體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的完成性;過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)或某階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，體現(xiàn)它的未完成性和持續(xù)性。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① I _______ you not to move my dictionary—now I cant find it.

A. asked B. was asking

C. ask D. had asked

② —Has Sam finished his homework today？

—I have no idea. He ________ it this morning.

A. did B. has done

C. was doing D. had done

④ —Did you see a man in black pass by just now？

—No， sir， Ia newspaper.

A. read B. was reading

C. would read D. am reading

【解析】答案：① A ② C

① 僅強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動(dòng)作的事實(shí)，表示“已經(jīng)告訴過”;② 從“I have no idea”及“this morning”可知“do the homework”并未完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)過程。

3. 一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

① I learned Java Language at college. （強(qiáng)調(diào)過去動(dòng)作的事實(shí)）

② I have learned Java Language.（強(qiáng)調(diào)我學(xué)過，現(xiàn)在還掌握著，并有能力勝任某種工作，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響）

一般過去時(shí)態(tài)側(cè)重于某動(dòng)作在過去發(fā)生的事實(shí)，可以和具體的過去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)所表示的事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間可能是過去，這個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，或一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① —Did you tidy your room？

—No， I was going to tidy my room but I ________ visitors.

A. had B. have

C. have had D. will have

② Danny ________ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.

A.works B. is working

C. has worked D. worked

【解析】答案：① A ② C

① 僅表示當(dāng)時(shí)有visitors，對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒有任何影響;② work這個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響，使“he is popular now”。

4. 完成時(shí)態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

① I have read David Copperfield.（完成）

② I have been reading David Copperfield.（還未完成，繼續(xù)進(jìn)行）

完成時(shí)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的完成，而完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作還會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① I got caught in the rain and my suit _________.

A. has ruined

B. had ruined

C. has been ruined

D. had been ruined

② Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School， where she ________ English for a year.

A. studies

B. studied

C. is studying ? ? ? ? D. has been studying

③ They ________ on the program for almost one week before I joined them， and now we ________ it as no need results have come out so far.

A. had been working; are still working

B. had worked; were still working

C. have been working; have worked

D. have worked; are still working

【解析】答案：① C ② D ③ A

① “my suit”被“ruin”是完成的動(dòng)作，并說明對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，另外主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);② Cathy在這個(gè)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)一年了，從第一句話可知她還在這兒學(xué)習(xí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)作會(huì)持續(xù)下去，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);③ 從before I joined them和下文“結(jié)果還沒有出來”可知work還會(huì)持續(xù)下去，故第一空用過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和過去完成時(shí)態(tài)

① I have been to Beijing for many times， so I know much about the city.

② I had been to Beijing for many times before I went to Peking University.

③ The train had left when I arrived at the railway station.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)所表示的事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間可能是過去，但這個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，或一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，它強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在;而過去完成時(shí)態(tài)則表示“過去的過去”，即語(yǔ)境中一定要有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間作為陪襯，然后以這個(gè)時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)向前推移的某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。

【經(jīng)典考例】

My friend， who ________ on the International Olympic Committee all his life， is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving

C. had served D. has served

【解析】答案：D

從“is retiring next month”可知 “serve…all his life”是指從過去到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

二、 抓住對(duì)話語(yǔ)境或題干中的“明確時(shí)間”。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _______ there several years ago.

A. are going B. had been

C. went D. have been

② —Have you handed in your school work yet？

—Yes. I have. I guess it _________ now.

A. has graded B. is graded

C. is being graded D. is grading

③ At that time tomorrow _________ over the Atlantic.

A. were going to fly

B. well be flying

C. well fly

D. were to fly

④ The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympic _________ by 2006.

A. has been completed

B. has completed

C. will have been completed

D. will have completed

【解析】答案：① C ② C ③ B ④ C

① 從several years ago可知應(yīng)選用一般過去時(shí) 態(tài);② 從now及語(yǔ)境可知應(yīng)選用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，同時(shí)又構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系;③ 從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in the past years可知是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài);③ 從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)At that time tomorrow可知是將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);④ 應(yīng)說明一下，此題是2014年北京高考題，那么2016年應(yīng)為將來時(shí)間，“by +時(shí)間”引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)為完成時(shí)態(tài)，同時(shí)主謂之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故此題應(yīng)選用將來完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

*許多時(shí)態(tài)都有相應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)與其連用，如：一般過去時(shí)態(tài)可以和in 1890， two years ago， yesterday， last night等連用;現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)則可以和now， these days， sometimes， often等連用;將來時(shí)態(tài)可以和tomorrow， next week， some day等連用，完成時(shí)態(tài)就可以和before， since， in the last/past years， recently， so far， by+時(shí)間等連用。先確定現(xiàn)在、過去、將來三大時(shí)間范圍，再根據(jù)語(yǔ)境提示及幾組易混淆時(shí)態(tài)的用法，來判斷具體的時(shí)態(tài)。

三、 提煉對(duì)話語(yǔ)境或題干中的“隱含時(shí)間”。

① —It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.

—Oh， dont mention it. I ________ past your house anyway.

A. was coming B. will come

C. had come D. have come

② Months ago we sailed 10，000 miles across this open sea， which _______ the Pacific， and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

③—Thank goodness， you are here！ What _______ you？

—Traffic jam.

A. keeps B. is keeping

C. had kept D. kept

【解析】答案：① A ② B ③ D

① 從語(yǔ)境來看，我是當(dāng)時(shí)傷了你，應(yīng)該為過去時(shí)間范疇。第一空僅表示事實(shí)，而第二空為前者提供更詳細(xì)的背景，起鋪墊作用，用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。② 從語(yǔ)境來看，他們not speak發(fā)生在became friends that day 之前，故為過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。① 從上句語(yǔ)境來看，“I come past your house”是當(dāng)時(shí)正發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而不是此時(shí)此刻。② 題干出現(xiàn)的都是過去時(shí)態(tài)，很容易誤選A，但仔細(xì)琢磨一下，被叫作“the Pacific”是目前的客觀事實(shí)，應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。③ 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，“you are here”是現(xiàn)在，這之前應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。

高考中對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)考查的多數(shù)題目是在沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)情況下通過語(yǔ)境來體現(xiàn)的，這就要求同學(xué)們善于根據(jù)上下文句意和語(yǔ)境，提煉其中動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，再根據(jù)各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法確定其答案。

四、 掌握主從句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)、并列句時(shí)態(tài)的暗示、固定句型中時(shí)態(tài)的固定用法。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① —How can I apply for an online course？

—Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you.

A. see B. are seeing

C. have seen D. will see

② The flowers were so lovely that they ________ in no time.

A. sold B. had been sold

C. were sold D. would sell

③ Send my regards to your lovely wife when you _______ home.

A. wrote B. will write

C. have written D. write

④ I _______ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident ________.

A. went; was occurring

B. went; occurred

C. was going; occurred

D. was going; had occurred

⑤ By the time Jane gets home， her aunt ________ for London to attend a meeting.

A. will leave B. leaves

C. will have left D. left

【解析】答案：① D ② C ③ D ④ C ⑤ C

① 固定句型：祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陳述句（將來時(shí)態(tài)）。② 由主句had already been可

推出從句肯定是過去時(shí)態(tài)。② 主從句呼應(yīng)，都是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。③ 在由when， as soon as， if等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)將來概念。④ 在用連詞when引導(dǎo)的并列分句中，第一分句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)或be about to do（將來時(shí)態(tài)），第二分句常用一般時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)。⑤ by+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（從句），句子或主句用完成時(shí)態(tài)，而by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)將來動(dòng)作。

*英語(yǔ)句子中有很多固定結(jié)構(gòu)，時(shí)態(tài)也有固定套路或原則，掌握這些用法，也是破解時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)題的關(guān)鍵所在。

五、 吃透各種將來時(shí)態(tài)表示法的異同之處。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① In a room above the store， where a party _______， some workers were busily setting the table.

A. was to be held

B. had been held

C. will be held

D. is being held

② Look at the timetable. Hurry up！ Flight 4026 _______ off at 18：20.

A. takes B. took

C. will be taken D. has taken

③ Ladies and gentlemen， please fasten your seat belts. The plane ________.

A. takes off B. is taking off

C. has taken off D. took off

④ —Did you tell Julia about the results？

—Oh，no，I forgot. I ________ her now.

A. will be calling B. will call

C. call D. am to call

⑤ In such dry weather， the flowers will have to be watered if they _______.

A. have survived B. are to survive

C. would survive D. will survive

【解析】答案：① A ② A ③ B ④ B ⑤ B

① 從語(yǔ)境來看，此句應(yīng)為過去將來時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。② 一般時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)將來，一般用于列入日程表、不能改變的將來動(dòng)作，常用于航班、火車、班車等，與具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。③ 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)將來時(shí)態(tài)，常用于按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，趨向轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞（go， come， leave， rush等）居多。④ will/shall引導(dǎo)的將來時(shí)態(tài)，僅表示對(duì)將來的預(yù)測(cè)或臨時(shí)的決定。⑤ if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句不能用將來時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，但可以和be to do連用，表示“一定，必須”。

幾種表示將來時(shí)態(tài)的用法有它們的異同之處，同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要注意區(qū)分它們?cè)诓煌Z(yǔ)境中的使用。

六、 結(jié)合主謂一致、倒裝、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等其他知識(shí)綜合考查。

【經(jīng)典考例】

① We live day by day， but in great things， the time of days and weeks _________ so small that a day is unimportant.

A. is B. are

C. has been D. have been

② They _________ 2 free tickets to Canada， otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go.

A. had got B. got

C. have got D. get

③ So difficult ________ it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.

A. I have found B. have I found

C. I did find D. did I find

【解析】答案：① A ② B ③ D

① 此句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，主語(yǔ)為the time。②從后面句子的虛擬謂語(yǔ)（theyd never have been）來看，是指過去時(shí)間。③根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，結(jié)合倒裝。

掌握主謂一致原則、倒裝、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等其他綜合知識(shí)也是破解時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵之一。

我丈夫馬上就要回來了

A married man was visiting his “girlfriend” when she requested that he shave his beard.

“Oh James， I like your beard， but I would really love to see your handsome face.”

James replied， “My wife loves this beard， I couldnt possibly do it， she would kill me??！”

“Oh please？” the girlfriend asked again， in a sexy little voice…

“Oh really， I cant，” he replies…“My wife loves this beard??！”

The girlfriend asked once more， and he sighs and finally gives in. That night James crawls into bed with his wife while she was sleeping.

The wife is awakened somewhat， feels his face and replies “Oh Michael， you shouldnt be here， my husband will be home soon！”

一個(gè)已婚男人去拜訪他的“女朋友”時(shí)，女朋友要求他剃去胡須。

“噢，詹姆斯，我喜歡你的胡子，但我更喜歡看到你英俊的面孔?！?/p>

詹姆斯回答說，“我的妻子喜歡我的胡子，所以我不可能剃掉它，否則她會(huì)殺了我的?！?/p>

“噢，我求你了，”女朋友用一種低沉的、性感的聲音又一次說道。

“可是，我不能，”他回答道，“我的妻子喜歡這胡子?！?/p>

在女朋友再三請(qǐng)求下，他終于屈服同意了。夜里，在妻子熟睡時(shí)，詹姆斯爬上了床。

妻子朦朦朧朧地摸了摸他的臉說道，“噢，邁克爾，你不應(yīng)該在這里，我的丈夫很快就要回來了?！?/p>